初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
一、什么是總結(jié)
總結(jié)，漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)，讀音為zǒng jié，意思是總地歸結(jié)。
二、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（精選6篇）
總結(jié)就是把一個(gè)時(shí)間段取得的成績(jī)、存在的問(wèn)題及得到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行一次全面系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)的書(shū)面材料，它可以明確下一步的工作方向，少走彎路，少犯錯(cuò)誤，提高工作效益，是時(shí)候?qū)懸环菘偨Y(jié)了。那么你知道總結(jié)如何寫(xiě)嗎？下面是小編精心整理的初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（精選6篇），僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)1
構(gòu)詞法：
英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))
名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：
1、專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。一盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書(shū))
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如：
2、[注解]：
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
1、謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú);fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))
代詞：
1、代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱(chēng)代詞：人稱(chēng)代詞代替人和事物的名稱(chēng),分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)2
一、一般時(shí)態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒(méi)有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的'動(dòng)作，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1)表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過(guò)渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，這是一類(lèi)表示“感覺(jué)，感情，存在，從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺(jué)的詞);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“顯得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“尋找”)
2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時(shí)態(tài)
完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ);副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)
將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子;when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時(shí)態(tài)一致
時(shí)態(tài)一致是英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)。一般原則是：
1、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句的謂語(yǔ)必須使用過(guò)去范圍的時(shí)態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒(méi)有時(shí)間概念的真理時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語(yǔ)用了過(guò)去式的各種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
4、從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況
利用時(shí)態(tài)一致原則確定從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意，若主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、要求、建議、勸告等的動(dòng)詞，從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不能遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
五、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)
(1)在英語(yǔ)中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞(包括短語(yǔ))容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式
常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過(guò)去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來(lái) shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過(guò)去 should be asked should have been asked
將來(lái) would be asked would have been asked
3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開(kāi)或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來(lái)表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖拢侵鲃?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結(jié)婚)
5.能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)被保留下來(lái)。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)能帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
6.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read(讀起來(lái))，clean(擦起來(lái))，wash(洗起來(lái))，write(寫(xiě)起來(lái))。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)3
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與非實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
根據(jù)其含義和句子功用，動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和非實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(包括時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞等)。如：
He bought a story book. 他買(mǎi)了一本故事書(shū)。(buy 為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
He has read the story book. 他已讀過(guò)這本故事書(shū)。(has 為時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，read為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞)
He should read the story book. 他應(yīng)該讀讀這本故事書(shū)。(should 為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,red為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
上面對(duì)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與非實(shí)義動(dòng)詞知識(shí)的內(nèi)容講解學(xué)習(xí)，相信同學(xué)們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧，希望同學(xué)們考試成功。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)4
構(gòu)詞法
英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)5
【一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法的】一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去確定的時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)或者是在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示寧愿某人做某事
Id rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。
1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般過(guò)去式與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所表示的很相像，但一個(gè)表示過(guò)去，一個(gè)表示的是現(xiàn)在所發(fā)生的。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)6
【need】didnt need to do的意思是過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。而neednt have done則表示過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全：need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didnt need to do表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。.
neednt have done表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didnt need to walk back home. 約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have walked back home. 約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒(méi)有遇上John的車(chē)。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustnt have hurried B. couldnt have hurried C. must not hurry D. neednt have hurried
答案D。neednt have done. 意為 "本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。
Mustnt have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldnt have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。
【初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)】相關(guān)文章：
3.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)工作總結(jié)
4.最常考的七個(gè)初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
6.關(guān)于初中學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)