勇氣的英語作文

時間：2024-05-24 09:26:09 勇氣我要投稿

（合集）勇氣的英語作文

　　在日常的學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中，大家都接觸過作文吧，作文是一種言語活動，具有高度的綜合性和創(chuàng)造性。相信許多人會覺得作文很難寫吧，下面是小編精心整理的勇氣的英語作文，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。

（合集）勇氣的英語作文

勇氣的英語作文1

　　Hemingway often thought of courage as a person's ability to be calm and controlled in the face of death.His theme is presented in his novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls?" the story "The Old Man and the Sea" and in our textbook "A Day's Wait".By misunderstanding a different thermometer the boy thought he was running a high fever and would soon die.But he took his death bravely and waited quietly for it.The boy showed us he had courage.

　　I think such a definition of courage is far from enough.Courage should not be limited and related only to death.In ordinary life there are common things that also show a person's courage.For example,on a bus trip,a thief was trying to steal a girl's purse.Some people saw it,but kept quiet.They were afraid to be revenged by the thief.The brave stood out and stopped the thief.

　　Courage means truth and justice to me.The person in a high position often hear songs in praise of him.Some people are sincere.Some are only flattering the superior in their own favor.The leader also needs courage to welcome criticism as well as those who have the courage to criticize him.Such courage may come from mutual understanding.I think a man of courage will value truth and justice,and not hesitate in his actions to do what he thinks is right,There is no such word as fear in his dictionary.

　　【參考譯文】

　　海明威經(jīng)常把勇氣看作是一個人面對死亡時保持冷靜和控制的能力，他的主題在他的小說《喪鐘為誰而鳴》中呈現(xiàn)。故事《老人與海》，在我們的教科書《一天的等待》中，由于誤解了一個不同的溫度計，這個男孩以為他在發(fā)高燒，很快就會死去，但他勇敢地接受了死亡，靜靜地等待著，男孩向我們展示了他有勇氣。

　　我認(rèn)為這樣一個定義的勇氣是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。勇氣不應(yīng)該是有限的，只有死亡。在平凡的生活中有共同的東西，也可看出一個人的.勇氣。比如，在公共汽車上，一個小偷在偷一個女孩的錢包。有人看見它，但保持安靜。他們害怕被報復(fù)的小偷。勇敢的站出來制止小偷。

　　勇氣意味著真理和正義的我，在一個很高的位置經(jīng)常聽到贊揚他的歌的人。有些人是真誠的。有的只是奉承上級自己青睞。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人還需要勇氣，以及那些有勇氣去批評他歡迎批評。這種勇氣來自相互理解。我覺得一個有勇氣的人將真理和正義的價值，他會毫不猶豫地行動做他認(rèn)為正確的事，沒有這樣的詞的恐懼在他的字典。

勇氣的英語作文2

　　Never shall I forget the first English lesson given by MiLiu.On that day， when she entered the classroom， we found that she was a young and beautiful lady with a big smile on her face.

　　Then she introduced herself saying that we should call her MiLiu instead of Teacher Liu， a moment later， she let all of us go to the blackboard and say something about ourselves in English in turn. When it was my turn， I felt so shy and fearful that I didn’t dare to say a word before the class.

　　She came up to me and said kindly， “Don’t be afraid. I believe you can do it. Come and have a try.” My face turned red when I heard that. At last， I went to the blackboard and was able to do it quite well. She praised for what I had done. Up to now， I can still remember her words in the first English lesson： “Practice makes perfect. Don’t lose your courage when you meet with difficulties. Try on and on until you succeed.”

　　Don’t Lose Your Courage

　　Never shall I forget the first English lesson given by MiLiu. On that day， when she entered the classroom， we found that she was a young and beautiful lady with a big smile on her face. Then she introduced herself saying that we should call her MiLiu instead of Teacher Liu， a moment later， she let all of us go to the blackboard and say something about ourselves in English in turn. When it was my turn， I felt so shy and fearful that I didn’t dare to say a word before the class. She came up to me and said kindly， “Don’t be afraid. I believe you can do it. Come and have a try.” My face turned red when I heard that. At last， I went to the blackboard and was able to do it quite well. She praised for what I had done. Up to now， I can still remember her words in the first English lesson： “Practice makes perfect. Don’t lose your courage when you meet with difficulties. Try on and on until you succeed.”

　　We Must Face Failure

　　As we all know, "Failure is the mother of success." But few people can really understand what the saying means.In the world, I am sure that no one dare say he hasn't met any trouble all his life. So we must face failure. In fact, failure is not fearful, but important thing is how to face it correctly. Facing failure, people will never take their fate lying down. They will try their best to work harder and harder until at last they succeed.

　　Not being courageous to face setbacks, people have no chance to enjoy the pleasure of success. So they have nothing to do but feel sad and empty all day and all night. In fact, they lose the chance of succethemselves.My friend, whenever in trouble, please remember, "Failure is the mother of success."

勇氣的英語作文3

　　never shall i forget the first English lesson given by miss liu. on that day， when she entered the classroom， we found that she was a young and beautiful lady with a big smile on her face.

　　then she introduced herself saying that we should call her miss liu instead of teacher liu， a moment later， she let all of us go to the blackboard and say something about ourselves in English in turn. when it was my turn， i felt so shy and fearful that i didn’t dare to say a word before the class.

　　she came up to me and said kindly， “don’t be afraid. i believe you can do it. come and have a try.” my face turned red when i heard that. at last， i went to the blackboard and was able to do it quite well. she praised for what i had done. up to now， i can still remember her words in the first English lesson： “practice makes perfect. don’t lose your courage when you meet with difficulties. try on and on until you succeed.”

勇氣的英語作文4

　　Courage is very important. Everyone needs it. We will meet many difficulties in our life and sometimes we will fail, but we can’t lose courage. If we lose courage, we can’t do anything, because we don’t dare to do anything; we are afraid of failure. This is my Chinese teacher me in the first class. I agree with him. For example, we don’t have the courage to hands up to say our answer, how can we know we are right or wrong. I will remember his word forever,” never lose courage .”

　　勇氣是很重要的。每個人都需要它。我們在生活中會遇到許多困難，有時我們會失敗，但我們不能喪失勇氣。如果我們失去勇氣，我們什么也做不了，因為我們不敢做任何事情;我們害怕失敗。這是我的.語文老師，我在一等艙。我同意他的觀點。例如，我們沒有勇氣舉手回答，我們怎么知道自己是對的還是錯的呢?。我將永遠(yuǎn)記住他的話：“永遠(yuǎn)不要喪失勇氣。”

勇氣的英語作文5

　　Courage is very important.

　　Everyone needs it. We will meet many difficulties in our life and sometimes we will fail, but we can’t lose courage. If we lose courage, we can’t do anything, because we don’t dare to do anything; we are afraid of failure. This is my Chinese teacher me in the first class. I agree with him. For example, we don’t have the courage to hands up to say our answer, how can we know we are right or wrong.

　　I will remember his word forever,” never lose courage .”

勇氣的英語作文6

　　I am not a brave girl, I am afraid of losing face in front of my friends and parents, so I always let the chance go and refuse to try. Once, I have a chance to take a performance in the Christmas show, but thinking about if I performed badly, all my friends would laugh at me, so I gave up the chance. But now, I am tired of letting so many chances to go, I want to try, after seeing my friends take all the chances to try, I am not going to be the outsider all the time, I want to live my own life and make some differences. People say failure is not terrible, the unforgettable thing are to lose the courage to try and then making all kinds of excuses. Let’s take out our courage and do what we want to do.

　　勇氣

　　我不是一個勇敢的女孩，我怕在我的朋友和父母面前丟了面子，所以我總是讓機(jī)會去拒絕嘗試。有一次，我有機(jī)會參加圣誕秀演出，但想著如果我表現(xiàn)不好，我所有的.朋友會笑我，所以我放棄了機(jī)會。但現(xiàn)在，我累了讓那么多機(jī)會去的，我想試試，看我的朋友們把所有的機(jī)會去嘗試之后，我不會成為局外人的時候，我要過我自己的生活，使一些差異。人們說，失敗并不可怕，令人難忘的東西都失去勇于嘗試，然后做出各種借口。讓我們拿出我們的勇氣，做我們想做的事情。

勇氣的英語作文7

　　In the matter of courage we have our limits. There never was a hero who did not have his bounds. I suppose it may be said of Nelson and all the others whose courage has been advertised that there came times in their lives when their bravery knew it had come to its limit.

　　I have found mine a good many times. Sometimes this was expected--often it was unexpected. I know a man who is not afraid to sleep with a rattle-snake, but you could not get him to sleep with a safety-razor.

　　I never had the courage to talk across a long, narrow room. I should be at the end of the room facing all the audience. If I attempt to talk across a room I find myself turning this way and that, and thus at alternate periods I have part of the audience behind me. You ought never to have any part of the audience behind you; you never can tell what they are going to do.

勇氣的英語作文8

　　人人都說上課發(fā)言需用勇氣，誰說不是呢。今天老師說了只要沒上過臺的小組就要挨罰。我們組據(jù)差點挨罰了呢!

　　事情是這樣的：我們今天有兩節(jié)課，第一節(jié)課的氣氛好不錯，有許多小組都上臺展示了，為了是這種濃厚的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛更充分的在班內(nèi)洋溢，老師就在下課的時候說每個小組必須上臺，不然就有加罰。這可為難了我們組。

　　為了不能加罰我們是拼了命的練習(xí)，終于上課了。一上課老師就開始進(jìn)行小組展示，第一個上的是王佩云他們組，說實話他們組展示的.還真不錯，加入了許多人物對話和動作。

　　當(dāng)我們組要向他們組發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)時，老師居然沒叫我們。接下來一連好幾次都是這樣。最后我們組生氣了，老師讓我們交流完第八段后，我們毅然的舉起了手，老師叫我們了。我們太興奮了，以至于興奮的忘了詞。輪到我們的時候我忘了怎莫說。還好因為周老師問大家是不是沒準(zhǔn)備好。大家說是，所以我們又準(zhǔn)備了一會。

　　這一會為了證明我們是有勇氣上臺的，所以我們大聲自信的說出了那句話，贏得了大家的掌聲，還為小組加了一顆星，那一刻我太高興了。

　　發(fā)言需要勇氣，我就是我，是顏色不一樣的煙火!

勇氣的英語作文9

　　In the matter of courage we all have our limits. There never was a hero who did not have his bounds.

　　I suppose it may be said of Nelson and all the others whose courage has been advertised that there came times in their lives when their bravery knew it had come to its limit.

　　I have found mine a good many times. Sometimes this was expected--often it was unexpected.

　　I know a man who is not afraid to sleep with a rattle-snake, but you could not get him to sleep with a safety-razor.

　　I never had the courage to talk across a long, narrow room.

　　I should be at the end of the room facing all the audience.

　　If I attempt to talk across a room I find myself turning this way and that, and thus at alternate periods I have part of the audience behind me.

　　You ought never to have any part of the audience behind you; you never can tell what they are going to do.

勇氣的英語作文10

　　"For the win."

　　Doing everything needs enough courage, no courage can't overcome difficulties, no courage, no success. In our study, the life; Work, courage is very important.

　　But I was lack of courage.

　　If I didn't have the courage to let my mother come to their senses the little duck away, maybe it won't starve to death in the street.

　　If I have the courage to raise your hand to speak in class, so many honors will not pass with me.

　　If I have the courage to call dad, and give me $1 COINS to the hair full of stains or spots are begging to pedestrians granny, let her eat a bowl of porridge, fill the stomach.

　　If I have the courage to give at that time and a few German shepherd against risks to save the dog, maybe it has a chance to live, but I don't have, I stood there watching for a long time, ten minutes... Twenty minutes, my in the mind have emerged that battle, I think I how so weak, even a dog can't save.

　　Don't have the guts to makes people sad, later I must have more sharpening, correct this shortcoming.

　　We must summon up courage, in the way of life bravely "go!"

　　“狹路相逢勇者勝”。

　　做任何事都需要十足的勇氣，沒有勇氣就克服不了困難，沒有勇氣就取得不了成功。在我們的學(xué)習(xí)、生活中;工作中，勇氣是至關(guān)重要的.。

　　而我卻缺乏了勇氣。

　　如果我當(dāng)時有勇氣讓媽媽回心轉(zhuǎn)意不把小鴨子趕走，也許它也不會餓死在街頭。

　　要是課堂上我有勇氣舉手發(fā)言，那么許多榮譽(yù)也不會與我擦肩而過。

　　如果我有勇氣叫住爸爸，并給我一元硬幣送給那位白發(fā)斑斑正在向行人乞討的老奶奶，讓她吃碗稀飯，填飽肚子。

　　如果我有勇氣在當(dāng)時舍身冒著和幾條狼狗對抗的風(fēng)險去救那只小狗，也許它還有活著的機(jī)會，可是我沒有，我站在那兒看了好久，十分鐘……二十分鐘，我心里一直浮現(xiàn)那場爭斗的畫面，我想我自己怎么那么懦弱，連一只小狗也救不了。

　　沒有勇氣會使人傷心，以后我一定多多磨練自己，改正這個缺點。

　　我們一定要鼓起勇氣，在人生的道路上勇敢地“沖”!

勇氣的英語作文11

　　Courage is very important. Everyone needs it.

　　We will meet many difficulties in our life and sometimes we will fail, but we cant lose courage. If we lose courage, we cant do anything, because we dont dare to do anything; we are afraid of failure.

　　This is my Chinese teacher me in the first class. I agree with him. For example, we dont have the courage to hands up to say our answer, how can we know we are right or wrong. I will remember his word forever,” never lose courage .”

勇氣的英語作文12

　　What do you need for success? Seeing this problem, I think of a thing that I will never forget.

　　It was a year ago in the summer, when I liked sports very much and I like to follow fashion trends. No, this year, the popular "snake skateboard" I also bought one with my own pocket money. However, no matter how I worked, the final result was two words "failure" and I was badly hit. I gave up.

　　Two months later, the whole community, all the children will play, only I can not. I feel very dishonest. But I can't learn more now, because I go downstairs and learn to be laughed at by others. I don't have the courage to have no confidence in myself.

　　After her mother knew it, I took me to the Tianhe square to learn the skateboard, because the place there was big and flat, and no one knew me. No one would laugh at me, so I let go of my courage and try it again and again. Practice again and again. Fall over and over again and again. Again and again climb up. I don't know how many times I went through. But I don't give up being discouraged. I've summed up a lot of experience from a failure and found a lot of tricks.

　　At last, in this time, I learned patience and courage. I succeeded! I skate on the skateboard, and the joy of success doesn't know how to express it in language.

　　In this study, I not only learned the skateboard, but also felt the happiness of success. It takes patience and courage to know more about success. Success belongs to the person who is brave enough to pay.

勇氣的英語作文13

　　There is a valuable and cracked gem. If we can divide the beautiful gem into two halves, it will become two precious stones. Facing such a difficult choice is experience important or courage important?

　　In case of such a valuable jewel, there is a mistake. No doubt, it must be compensated. Even then rich experience, old age craftsman again big also dare not rashly, all decline, are not willing to try, adventure.

　　In the end, the two halves of the jade are not a skilled craftsman. The unexpected is: a lack of experience of the apprentice myself, willing to try. Don't look at the apprentice young age, lack of experience, but his courage is full of courage, no matter how difficult things will be nothing difficult, of course the young apprentice split this piece of jade is relatively simple.

　　I believe that anyone will succeed with courage.

　　If you don't have the courage to try, you will never get the fruit of success!

　　This is like learning, each classroom teacher put forward, don't belittle, must actively answer, even if wrong do not be afraid of the students laughed at, perhaps your classmates will therefore worship you, appreciate you, as long as you dare to try. Even if it is wrong, it doesn't matter, at least you are several times better than those who don't dare to try, and dare to try, and you will take the first step to the road to success.

　　Riding a bike is so, not everyone is born to ride a bike, the bicycle also need courage, if you sit up, did not dare to try, afraid of falling, only you dare to try, not afraid to fall, not afraid of pain, even once a fall from the car, you have a once again to sit for a long time, naturally learned how to ride a bicycle.

　　Let's give you an example. English is a most important lessons, everyone knows, if you want to learn English well you must read, speak and sing, there may be some shy students, because of their English reading fluency that other students do not want to, will not dare to read aloud, also did not dare to speak, dare not sing. To learn English, the most important is cheeky, even if you don't read fluently, you have to take you to learn English and learn English well of courage, perseverance. Read repeatedly every day, and over time, your English will be surprisingly good!

　　Chances are not by waiting, but by ourselves.

　　With courage, "success" will appear.

　　A man's life is like splitting stones. Only if you don't fear difficulties, meet setbacks and go forward bravely, believe in yourself and win all your frustrations on your own courage, you must have succeeded.

勇氣的英語作文14

　　我不是一個勇敢的女孩，我害怕在我的朋友和父母面前丟臉，所以我總是讓機(jī)會去拒絕嘗試。有一次，我有機(jī)會在圣誕晚會上表演，但是想到我表現(xiàn)不好，我所有的朋友都會笑話我，所以我放棄了機(jī)會。但是現(xiàn)在，我已經(jīng)厭倦了讓這么多機(jī)會去，我想嘗試，在看到我的朋友嘗試所有的.機(jī)會，我不會一直是局外人，我想過我自己的生活，做一些分歧。人們說失敗并不可怕，令人難忘的是失去勇氣去嘗試，然后做出各種借口。讓我們拿出勇氣，做我們想做的事。

勇氣的英語作文15

　　勇氣是人類文明亙古不變的主題，但是對勇氣的系統(tǒng)性研究卻是最近才開始的。什么是勇氣？勇氣從何而來？它在身體和大腦中是如何體現(xiàn)的？為何我們會對它如此之摯愛？沒有恐懼感是不是件好事情呢？本文將一一予以解答。

　　In his 20 years as a firefighter and paramedic in Colorado Springs, Bruce Monson, 43, has had his little fist-bumps with death: a burning roof collapsing on top of him, toxic fumes nearly suffocating him.

　　在其作為科羅拉多斯普林斯（Colorado Springs）市消防員和急救人員的20年生涯里，43歲的布魯斯·蒙遜（Bruce Monson）跟死神有過小小的親密接觸：一座燃燒的屋頂從他頭頂坍塌，有毒氣體幾乎令其窒息。

　　Yet far more terrifying than any personal threats are what Mr. Monson describes as the "bad kid calls," like the one from a mother who had put her 18-month-old son down in his crib right next to a window with a Venetian blind and its old-fashioned cord.

　　但是比所有的個人威脅都要恐怖得多的，是被蒙遜先生描述為"搗蛋鬼電話"的，就像是一位媽媽打過來的電話一樣，這位母親把自己18個月大的孩子放到了嬰兒床上，而嬰兒床則正好靠近一個帶有軟百葉窗和老式繩索的窗戶。

　　"The kid had grabbed the cord and gotten it twisted around his neck, and the mother came in and found him hanging there," said Mr. Monson. "I'm the first one in the door, she's in a panic, and she shoves the kid into my arms, crying, 'Please save him, please save him!' "

　　"小孩抓住了那條繩子，然后被繩子繞住了自己的脖子，接著母親進(jìn)來就發(fā)現(xiàn)他懸在那里了"，蒙遜先生說："我是第一個上門的，她還在恐慌之中，一把就將孩子塞到我手臂里，哭著說，'請救救他，快救救他！'"。

　　The child's body was blue, but Mr. Monson and his fellows met parental despair with professional focus and did everything they could. "We worked on him for over an hour," said Mr. Monson. "It's like a state of calm. You're so tuned in to what you're doing, you're not thinking about the reality of the situation."

　　孩子的身體都已經(jīng)發(fā)紫了，但蒙遜先生和同伴的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)遭遇了父母的絕望眼神，他們竭盡所能。"我們在孩子身上努力了一個多鐘頭"，蒙遜先生說："那就好像是進(jìn)入了一種入定的狀態(tài)。你對自己的正在做的事情是如此的全神貫注，以至于到了棄現(xiàn)實情況于不顧的地步"。

　　Their best was not enough, however, and later, at the hospital, the terrible sadness settled in.

　　然而，盡其所能仍回天乏力，隨后在醫(yī)院里傳來了噩耗。

　　As Mr. Monson filled out his report, the mother sat in the trauma room's designated "bereavement rocking chair," rocking her dead son, saying her goodbyes, while family members filed in and wailed at the sight.

　　正如蒙遜在報告中所寫的那樣，那位母親坐在創(chuàng)傷室指定的"喪親搖搖椅"上，不斷搖晃著她死去的孩子，喃喃著自己的告別，此情此景，一旁的家庭成員也哀嚎不已。

　　An image of that mother in her rocking chair comes to Mr. Monson's mind every time he answers another "bad kid" call, spurring him to keep going, to never give up or grow sloppy or cynical, to simply do his job; and through doing his job, he has saved far more lives than he has lost.

　　每次接到一個又一個的"搗蛋鬼"電話時，蒙遜先生的腦海總會浮現(xiàn)出那位母親坐在搖搖椅上的景象，激勵著他不斷前進(jìn)，永不放棄，永遠(yuǎn)都不能麻痹大意或者是憤世嫉俗，只想著做好自己的工作；通過他的努力，他所救活的生命遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了失去的。

　　Only once did he allow the furniture connection to spook him — when his own wife was at the same hospital having emergency surgery for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and his young daughter happened to climb onto the bereavement seat. "I knew it was a totally irrational thing to do," he said, "but I made her get out of that chair."

　　這種聯(lián)想只有一次讓他被嚇到了—— 當(dāng)他自己的妻子因為宮外孕破裂在同一家醫(yī)院接受急救手術(shù)的時候，他年輕的女兒恰巧爬上了那張喪親之椅。"我知道，這完全是一件荒謬的事情"，他說："但是我把她從椅子上弄下來了"。

　　Courage is something that we want for ourselves in gluttonous portions and adore in others without qualification. Yet for all the longstanding centrality of courage to any standard narrative of human greatness, only lately have researchers begun to study it systematically, to try to define what it is and is not, where it comes from, how it manifests itself in the body and brain, who we might share it with among nonhuman animals, and why we love it so much.

　　勇氣是某種我們希望自己富有并無保留地仰慕別人擁有的東西。在人類文明的任何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)記敘當(dāng)中，勇氣的中心地位一直是屹立不倒的，盡管如此，但是研究者也只是最近才開始對它進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性的研究，試圖去定義什么是勇氣，什么不是勇氣，勇氣從何而來，它在身體和大腦中是如何體現(xiàn)的，在非人類的動物里面我們會跟誰分享勇氣，以及為何我們會對它如此之摯愛。

　　A new report in the journal Current Biology describes the case of a woman whose rare congenital syndrome has left her completely, outrageously fearless, raising the question of whether it's better to conquer one's fears, or to never feel them in the first place.

　　《現(xiàn)代生物學(xué)》雜志的一份新報告描述了一個案例，一位患有罕見的先天性綜合癥的女人，在全然無所畏懼的情況下徹底痊愈，報告向我們提出了一個問題，是否說克服恐懼，或者永遠(yuǎn)不把恐懼?jǐn)[在首位是不是會更好？

　　In another recent study, neuroscientists scanned the brains of subjects as they struggled successfully to overcome their terror of snakes, identifying regions of the brain that may be key to our everyday heroics.

　　在另一份最新研究中，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家掃描了成功克服了對蛇的恐懼感的研究對象的大腦，確定了有可能是我們平常英雄事跡的關(guān)鍵的大腦區(qū)域。

　　Researchers in the Netherlands are exploring courage among children, to see when the urge for courage first arises, and what children mean when they call themselves brave.

　　荷蘭的研究者正在探索兒童的勇氣之源，試圖找出什么時候會催生出勇氣來，以及孩子們自稱勇敢時其意思是什么。

　　The theme of courage claims a long and gilded ancestry. Plato included courage among the four cardinal or principal virtues, along with wisdom, justice and moderation.

　　勇氣這個主題有著久遠(yuǎn)而輝煌的歷史。柏拉圖把勇氣與智慧、正義及節(jié)制一起，列為四種體液或稱之為四美德。

　　"As a major virtue, courage helps to define the excellent person and is no mere optional trait," writes George Kateb, a political theorist and emeritus professor at Princeton University. "One of the worst reproaches in the world is to be called a coward."

　　"作為一項主要美德，勇氣幫助我們定義優(yōu)秀之人，它不是可有可無的選項"，普林斯頓大學(xué)的政治理論家和名譽(yù)教授喬治·卡泰（George Kateb）說："這個世界上最糟糕的指責(zé)之一就是被稱為懦夫"。

　　Yet defining what it means to be courageous has often proved as thistly as distinguishing the wise ones from the fools. For Plato and many other authorities, courage is above all a martial art, most readily displayed on the battlefield — the iconic brave solder running into the line of fire to retrieve an injured comrade.

　　但是，要界定什么是勇敢，往往被證明跟在愚者中區(qū)分出智者一樣的棘手。對于柏拉圖和許多其他的權(quán)威來說，勇氣首先是一種搏擊術(shù)，最容易在戰(zhàn)場上展示出來——標(biāo)志性的鐵血戰(zhàn)士沖破火線救出受傷的戰(zhàn)友。

　　But Dr. Kateb points out that if courage finds its highest expression in war, then the trait paradoxically becomes an immoral virtue, ennobling war and carnage by insisting that only in battle can men — and it usually is men — discover the depths of their nobility.

　　但是卡泰博士指出，如果說勇敢在戰(zhàn)爭中有最高表現(xiàn)的話，那么其特點就自相矛盾地成為不道德的美德，強(qiáng)調(diào)人們，通常是指男人，只有通過戰(zhàn)爭才能發(fā)掘其靈魂深處的高貴，從而把戰(zhàn)爭和屠殺高尚化。

　　Marilynne Robinson, the novelist and social critic, has observed that courage is "dependent on cultural definition" and "rarely expressed except where there is sufficient consensus to support it." Where religious martyrdom is lionized, there will be martyrs; where social or political protest is seen as glorious warfare in civvies, there will be a rash of red-faced declaimers, soapboxes on every street.

　　瑪麗琳·羅賓遜（Marilynne Robinson），小說家和社會評論家，她已經(jīng)注意到勇氣"依賴于文化定義"，"很少被表達(dá)出來，除了在得到足夠的輿論支持的場合"。在為宗教而罹難者被奉為圣人的地方，就會有殉道者；在社會或政治抗議被視為光榮的平民斗爭的地方，每一條街道臨時搭建的演講臺上就都會充斥著面紅耳赤、激昂陳詞的演說家。

　　In pioneering work from 1970s and beyond, Stanley J. Rachman of the University of British Columbia and others studied the physiology and behavior of paratroopers as they prepared for their first parachute jump.

　　在上世紀(jì)70年代及之后的開創(chuàng)性工作中，不列顛哥倫比亞大學(xué)的斯坦利.J.拉赫曼（Stanley J.Rachman）等人在其首次跳傘準(zhǔn)備的過程中研究了傘兵的生理及行為特征。

　　The work revealed three basic groups: the preternaturally fearless, who displayed scant signs of the racing heart, sweaty palms, spike in blood pressure and other fight-or-flight responses associated with ordinary fear, and who jumped without hesitation; the handwringers, whose powerful fear response at the critical moment kept them from jumping; and finally, the ones who reacted physiologically like the handwringers but who acted like the fearless leapers, and, down the hatch.

　　這項工作發(fā)現(xiàn)了三個基本組別：超乎尋常的大無畏者，很少表現(xiàn)出心跳加速、血壓升高、手心出汗及其他的與平常恐懼有關(guān)的戰(zhàn)或逃反應(yīng)，在跳傘的時候總是毫不猶豫；躊躇緊張者，在關(guān)鍵時刻其強(qiáng)大的恐懼反應(yīng)令其不敢跳下；以及最后一組，在生理反應(yīng)上與躊躇緊張者一致，但卻像無畏的跳傘者一樣行動、最終跳下艙口的人。

　　These last Dr. Rachman deemed courageous, defining courage as "behavioral approach in spite of the experience of fear." By that expansive definition, courage becomes democratized and demilitarized, the property of any wallflower who manages to give the convention speech, or the math phobe who decides to take calculus.

　　其中最后一組被拉赫曼博士視為勇敢，即"棄恐懼體驗于不顧的行為方式"。按照這種擴(kuò)展性定義，勇氣變得民主化和非軍事化，它是任何一位設(shè)法進(jìn)行提名演講的局外人的專屬，或者是一位對數(shù)學(xué)恐懼的人決定去學(xué)微積分。

　　Through interviews with some 320 children aged 8 to 13, Peter Muris of Erasmus University Rotterdam and his colleagues found that children also equate courage with the conquering of one's fears, and more than 70 percent of the respondents claimed they had performed one or more brave acts, including rescuing a little brother who'd fallen in the swimming pool, saving a cat from a tree, biking home through the woods at night, and stealing money from one's mother's purse — yes, that will make the heart race, all right.

　　通過對大概320位年齡在8歲到3歲之間的小孩的采訪，鹿特丹大學(xué)（Erasmus University Rotterdam）的彼得·繆里斯（Peter Muris）及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，孩子們也把克服恐懼等同視為勇敢的表現(xiàn)，超過70%的調(diào)查對象聲稱自己進(jìn)行了一或多項勇敢的行為，包括搭救跌落泳池的小弟弟，拯救樹上的一個小貓咪，晚上穿越樹林騎車回家，以及從媽媽錢包里偷東西——是的'，這些都會令心跳加速，好吧。

　　Joel Berger, a biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society and the University of Montana, also distinguishes between animals that behave boldly for lack of experience — like mockingbirds unfamiliar with humans that will alight on the rim of a person's cup to take a drink — and those that are aware of a danger but proceed in the face of it.

　　喬爾·博格（Joel Berger），野生動物保護(hù)協(xié)會及蒙大拿大學(xué)的一位生物學(xué)家，也把缺乏經(jīng)驗而行為大膽的動物區(qū)分出來——像不熟悉人類的嘲鳥會飛落到某人杯子的邊緣喝上一口——而那些意識到危險的則會棄之不顧繼續(xù)飛行。

　　He cited the time he and his colleagues had immobilized a young bison in preparation for taking blood samples, and when they returned, an unrelated adult male bison was standing guard over the yearling, refusing to let the scientists approach.

　　他舉了一個例子，某次自己和同事固定住一頭年輕的野牛，準(zhǔn)備采血樣，當(dāng)他們回來的時候，一頭不相干的成年雄性野牛卻守衛(wèi)在小牛的周圍，拒絕讓科學(xué)家靠近。

　　"He knew that he could be attacked by us, and there was no genetic kinship involved," said Dr. Berger. "Courage may be a human construct, but I'd call this a courageous, even heroic act."

　　"它知道自己有可能被我們攻擊，而且它們之間也沒有遺傳的親緣關(guān)系"，博格說："勇敢也許是人類行為，但是我會把這一舉動稱為有膽量、甚至是英勇行為"。

　　Seeking to capture the sensation of courage in real time, Yadin Dudai, a neurobiologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues scanned the brains of people with a known phobia toward snakes as they were confronted with a live, large, harmless but indubitably serpentine corn snake.

　　為了能實時捕捉到勇敢的體驗，以色列雷霍沃特魏茨曼科學(xué)研究所的也丁·杜代（Yadin Dudai）及其同事，在一個放有一條大型的、活體的、無害的但是的確是蛇無疑的玉米錦蛇的現(xiàn)場掃描了一位已知對蛇有恐懼感的人的大腦。

　　Lying in the scanner, the subjects could choose either to allow a box holding the snake to come closer, or to keep it away. As reported last June in the journal Neuron, the participants who squelched their terror and pressed the "snake approach" button showed activation of a brain region called the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex.

　　躺在掃描儀里，受試者可以選擇讓裝有蛇的箱體靠近自己，或把它拿開。根據(jù)去年6月《神經(jīng)元》雜志的報導(dǎo)，克服了自己恐懼感、按下"讓蛇靠近"按鈕的受試者，在一個被稱為亞屬前扣帶皮質(zhì)的大腦區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)有活動。

　　Located toward the front of the brain, the structure has been implicated in depression and, intriguingly, altruistic behavior, and is thought to help negotiate between emotion and cognition, impulse and calculation.

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)位于大腦的前部，與抑郁、魅力及利他行為有關(guān)聯(lián)，被認(rèn)為是在情感和認(rèn)知、沖動和考量之間起到幫助的部分。

　　The thumb-size bundle of neurons acknowledges the yellow belly within but then moves to stanch its quivering power. And it does this in large part by dialing down the activity of the amygdala, long known as the brain's central headquarters of fear.

　　這個拇指大小的神經(jīng)元束能認(rèn)知內(nèi)在的懦弱，但是隨后會轉(zhuǎn)移到平息顫抖的能量。它會在很大程度上降低黃杏體的活動，長久以來那都被認(rèn)為是恐懼的中樞。

　　For the serious cowards among us, the chronic need to conquer fear can get tedious. Why not just skip the anterior cingulate reveille and muzzle the brain's fear response for good? The story of SM, a 44-year-old woman whose rare genetic condition has selectively destroyed the brain's twinned set of amygdala, shows the clear downside of a life without fear.

　　對于我們當(dāng)中具有嚴(yán)重膽怯的人來說，習(xí)慣性的克服恐懼的需要會變得乏味起來。何不干脆一勞永逸地?zé)o視大腦前扣帶的起床號，讓大腦對恐懼的反應(yīng)緘默呢？那個SM的故事，一位患有罕見遺傳病的44歲女人選擇性地破壞其大腦孿生杏黃體集之后的結(jié)果，表明了缺乏恐懼的生活的明顯缺陷。

　　As Justin Feinstein, a clinical neuropsychologist at the University of Iowa, and his colleagues describe in Current Biology, the otherwise normal SM is incapable of being spooked.

　　正如衣阿華大學(xué)的臨床神經(jīng)心理學(xué)家賈斯汀·范士丹（Justin Feinstein）及其同事在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志中所描述的那樣，在其他方面正常的SM對受驚嚇已無反應(yīng)。

　　She claimed to fear snakes and spiders, and maybe she did in her pre-disease childhood, but when the researchers took her to an exotic pet store, they were astonished to see that not only did she not avoid the snakes and spiders, she was desperate to hold them close.

　　她宣稱害怕蛇和蜘蛛，也許她在患病前的兒童時期的確如此，但是當(dāng)她被研究人員帶到一個國外的寵物店的時候，他們驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，她不僅不回避蛇和蜘蛛，而且還拼命抓起它們套近乎。

　　The researchers took SM to a haunted house, and she laughed at the scary parts and blithely made the monster-suited employees jump. She was shown clips from famous horror films like "The Silence of Lambs" and "Halloween," and she showed no flickers of fright.

　　研究人員把SM帶到鬼屋，她卻沖著可怕的地方大笑，還快活地讓穿著怪物服裝的工作人員亂跳不已。給她看著名的恐怖片像《沉默的羔羊》和《萬圣節(jié)》的電影剪輯時，她都沒有表現(xiàn)出絲毫的恐懼感。

　　This fearlessness may be fine in the safety of one's living room, but it turns out that SM makes her own horror films in real life. She walks through bad neighborhoods alone at night, approaches shady strangers without guile, and has been repeatedly threatened with death.

　　這種大無畏也許在一個人的客廳里面是安全的，但是事實證明，SM在現(xiàn)實生活中制造了她自己的恐怖電影。她晚上獨自一人穿過其惡鄰的屋子，毫不保留地接近名聲不好的陌生人，并以多次受到死亡的威脅。

　　"We have an individual who's constantly putting herself into harm's way," said Mr. Feinstein. "If we had a million SMs walking around, the world would be a total mess."

　　"這里我們看到了一個不斷將自己置身于傷害方式的個體"，范士丹先生說："如果我們周圍有一百萬個SM在游蕩的話，整個世界都將變得一團(tuán)糟"。

　　The bad calls would keep coming, and the rocking chairs never stop.

　　搗蛋鬼電話仍在不斷打進(jìn)來，而搖搖椅則永遠(yuǎn)也不會停止搖擺。

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