【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1． take off的用法小結(jié)：
（1） take off=become successful or popular suddenly表示“突然急升，大受歡迎”的意思。
例如：
Sales of this kind of TV sets have taken off in recent weeks.
這款電視機(jī)的銷售量最近幾個(gè)星期上升非常快。
After this play, his career took off.
（演出）這部戲以后，他的事業(yè)（一下子）騰飛了。
（2）take off=(of plane) leave the ground and begin to fly：表示“（飛機(jī)）起飛”。例如：
The plane took off despite of the heavy rain.
盡管天在下著大雨，飛機(jī)還是起飛了。
（3）take off=remove 表示“脫去，移去”。例如：
People will take their clothes off before having a shower. 洗澡前脫衣服。
Who took the handle off the door?
是誰把把手從門上拿走的？（注意：此句中的off為介詞，以上句子中的off為副詞。）
（4）take off還有“在（某期間）休息、減價(jià)”的意思。例如：
I’d like to take a month off. 我想休一個(gè)月的假。
They are taking 50% off all goods in that shop.
那家商店的所有商品打五折。
2．go: 作為系動(dòng)詞的用法：
作為系動(dòng)詞go常常表示不好的變化。如go mad/bad/blind/hungry/red/wrong等等。
例如：
Fish goes bad easily in summer.
夏天魚很容易變質(zhì)。
After that terrible experience, he went mad.
那次可怕的經(jīng)歷以后，他瘋掉了。
He went red with anger because of what he saw there.
在那里看到的東西氣得他臉都紅了。
The machines that we bought yesterday went wrong.
我們昨天買的機(jī)器出故障了。
拓展：
（1）作為系動(dòng)詞，turn也可以在后面接形容詞做表語，但它經(jīng)常表示“從某種狀態(tài)向其對(duì)應(yīng)的狀態(tài)變化的自然現(xiàn)象”。例如：
The weather has turned much warmer.
天已經(jīng)變得溫暖多了。
注意：turn后面還可以接名詞的原形作表語。例如：
That poor boy turned writer twenty years later.
二十年后，那個(gè)窮孩子成為一名作家。
（2）become作為系動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)變化過程的持續(xù)性。例如：
Gradually the boy became silent.
那個(gè)男孩漸漸變得沉默寡言了。
注意：become后也可以接名詞作表語，但它后面的名詞為普通用法。例如：
That poor boy became a writer twenty years later.
二十年后，那個(gè)窮孩子成為一名作家。
You will become a college student if you study hard.
如果努力學(xué)習(xí)，你會(huì)成為一名大學(xué)生的。
（3）get作為系動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)事件的施動(dòng)者的作用或變化的結(jié)果。例如：
Hearing that, he got excited.
聽到這件事，他激動(dòng)起來。
（4）come大都表示向好的方面變化。例如：
His dream came true after years of hard work.
經(jīng)過多年的辛苦工作，他的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
二、詞義辨析
1． reason, cause與excuse的區(qū)別：
cause, reason與excuse這組同義詞的一般含義是“原因”或“理由”
（1）cause用于表示具有明顯因果關(guān)系的原因，是某一結(jié)果的“起因”；reason有時(shí)能與cause換用，但上下文必須有能夠查得出的或可以解釋得出的因果關(guān)系，表示“導(dǎo)致某種結(jié)果/做出某種行為的理由”。如果某“結(jié)果”是不言而喻的，也可以用reason表示“原因”。
例如：
Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom?
噪音是病因呢，還是對(duì)噪音的抱怨僅僅是一種癥狀呢？
Every effect must have an adequate cause.
每一種結(jié)果都必須有充分的原因。
They are trying to find out the reason (or cause) of the terrible fire.
他們正在努力查尋那次可怕的火災(zāi)的原因。
The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then.
這個(gè)飛機(jī)場(chǎng)是在大戰(zhàn)期間建造的，但是由于某種原因當(dāng)時(shí)沒有能夠使用。
The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle.
其原因是，這架飛機(jī)又是一輛自行車。
（2）excuse指“（為免受指責(zé)和推卸責(zé)任而找到的）理由，借口”。例如：
Too much work is no excuse for not studying.
工作太忙不能成為不學(xué)習(xí)的理由。
Have you any excuse to offer for frequent absence from collective practice?
你經(jīng)常不參加集體訓(xùn)練有什么理由解釋嗎?
“I will not listen to any excuse,” Mr. Black stopped her.
“我不想聽任何借口。”布萊克先生阻止她說。
（3）cause還可以作為動(dòng)詞使用，意思是“引起；使；促成”。例如：
The heavy rain caused the flood. 大雨引起了洪水。
The wound isn't serious, but may cause some discomfort.
傷口并不嚴(yán)重,但可能會(huì)引起一些不舒適。
（4）excuse 可以作為動(dòng)詞，常與for連用。意思是“寬恕；原諒；辯解；開脫”。例如：
Please excuse me. 請(qǐng)?jiān)彙?/p>
Please excuse me for being late. 對(duì)不起，我遲到了。
She said 'Excuse me' when she stepped on my foot.
她踩了我的腳時(shí)說了聲'對(duì)不起'。
Nothing will excuse his cruelty to his children.
任何事都不能開脫他虐待兒童的罪行。
2．live, alive, living, lively的區(qū)別：
這幾個(gè)詞都與“活“有關(guān)，其區(qū)別如下：
（1）live作為形容詞，意思是“活的，有生命的，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的”。表示“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播”還可以作為副詞使用。表示“活的，有生命的”，主要作定語；常用來修飾物，不能指人。
例如：
There is a live fish in the basket. 籃子里有一條活魚。
It was not a recorded show; it was live.
"那不是錄音節(jié)目,是實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。"
That program is broadcast live.
那個(gè)節(jié)目是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的。
（2）alive: 通常作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或后置定語，意思是“活的，有生命的”。
例如：
The fish we caught is still alive. 我們捉的魚還活著。
In most cases, both parents were still alive and still married to each other.
大多數(shù)情況下,他們的父母都還活著,而且仍然保持著婚姻關(guān)系。
（3）living：通常作表語或者前置定語，意思是“活著的，有生命的；逼真的”。
例如：
The living are more important to us than the dead. （注意：the+adj.此處等于名詞，指“在世的人”） 對(duì)我們來說在世的人比去世的人更重要。
She has no living relatives.
她沒有還健在的親戚。
She is the living image of her young mother.
她活像她母親年青時(shí)的樣子。
The old lady is still living at the age of 108.
那位老太太已經(jīng)108歲，仍然健在。
（4）lively：意思是“活潑的；生氣勃勃的”。常作前置定語和表語。
例如：
A lively person is full of life and is always doing things.
一個(gè)生氣勃勃的人，總是充滿活力并且總在做事。
Children usually have a lively imagination.
兒童們往往有豐富的想像力。
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.
此句中，when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語也是由從句省略而成的；另外，somebody owe something to somebody是一個(gè)重要詞組，意思是“把某事歸功于某人”。例如：
I owe my success to Mr. Zhao. 我把成功歸功于趙先生。
2．She becomes very worried and determined to bring Huike back safely.
動(dòng)詞determine后面可以接不定式，表示“決定做某事”；我們還可以用determine的過去分詞作動(dòng)詞使用，構(gòu)成短語be determined to do something，意思也是“決定做某事”。但是，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。
例如：
They were all determined to go there the next Sunday.
他們決定下個(gè)星期日到那里去。
3．Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
此句中包含有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，第一個(gè)“having good table manners”作主語；第二個(gè)“knowing, for example, how to use …”作賓語。
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
定語從句復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分：
1．關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的詞，在從句中作狀語。
（1）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must give in. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Shandong is the place where (in which) I was born. 山東是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) they didn’t come ? 這就是他們不來的理由嗎？
（2） that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后面，取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，
例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived twenty years ago. 他不大可能找到他二十年前居住過的地方。
（3）在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，選擇介詞一般依據(jù)以下幾個(gè)原則：
①根據(jù)先行詞來選擇介詞。例如：
The pencil with which I wrote my homework was very long.
我用來寫作業(yè)的那支鉛筆很長(zhǎng)。
②根據(jù)從句的動(dòng)詞來選擇介詞。例如：
The girl to whom you spoke at the lecture hall yesterday is the most beautiful girl in our class（speak與to搭配，表示“給某人說話”）
昨天在講座廳你給她說話的那個(gè)女孩是我們班最漂亮的。
③根據(jù)意義來選擇介詞。例如：
He made a telescope, through which he could study the skies.
他做了一架望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過這架望遠(yuǎn)鏡他能夠研究天空。
My glasses, without which I was almost blind, fell to the ground and broke.
我的眼鏡掉在地上摔碎了，沒有眼鏡我?guī)缀跏裁炊伎床灰姟?/p>
2．定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是主句不可缺少的部分，不可以去掉；非限制性定語從句是對(duì)主句的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開，
例如：
This is the car which we bought last month.
這是我們上個(gè)月買的那輛車。（限制性定語從句，不可省略）
He was the only person who/that could unlock the door.
他是唯一一個(gè)能夠打開那扇門的人。（限制性定語從句，不可省略）
The house, which we bought last year, is very large.這幢房子面積很大，是我們?nèi)ツ曩I的。（非限制性定語從句，可以省略）
3．由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可以代整個(gè)主句。在句中可以作主語、賓語、或者表語，二者經(jīng)常可以互換；但as可以放在句首或者插入句中、放在句尾，which只能放在句尾。
例如：
She failed in the exam, which/as was natural.
她考試不及格，這很自然。
As we know, the earth goes around the sun.
正如我們都知道的，地球圍繞著太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太陽給地球熱量，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們非常重要。
Mr. Zhang, as we all know, is an honest person.
正如我們大家都知道的，張先生是個(gè)老實(shí)人。
特別注意：as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都可以指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
（1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。 例如：
As we can see, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.（as在從句中作賓語）
正如我們可以看到的，海洋覆蓋了地球的百分之七十以上。
（2） as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語經(jīng)常用行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式；若為行為動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。
例如：
As is expected, they arrived on time.
正如所預(yù)料到的，他們按時(shí)到達(dá)了。
They are hollow, which makes them very light. （從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為makes，所以只能用which。）它們是中空的，這一點(diǎn)使得它們的重量很輕。
（3）as常和動(dòng)詞expect, see, say, hope, happen, know等連用。當(dāng)從句和主句語義一致時(shí)，as常翻譯成“正如”。
例如：
As often happens, he is late again.
正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的，他又遲到了。
The Great Wall, as is well-known, is one of the wonders in the world.
眾所周知/正如大家都知道的，長(zhǎng)城是世界上的奇跡之一。
（4）注意：as與the same, such 等連用時(shí)，引導(dǎo)的定語從句不是代表整個(gè)主句。例如：
Such people as you described just now are common these days.= People such as you described just now are common these days.
像你剛才描述的那種人這些日子很常見。
They have the same problems as you do.
他們遇到了和你們相同的問題。
4．關(guān)系副詞和人稱代詞、指示代詞的區(qū)別：
在高考中，經(jīng)常把關(guān)系代詞和人稱代詞、指示代詞一起安排在選項(xiàng)里面。要做對(duì)這些題目，就必須從分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)入手。如果兩句之間有逗號(hào)隔開而且沒有其它連詞，就要選關(guān)系代詞；如果第二個(gè)分句中有連詞，兩句之間有分號(hào)或者句號(hào)，則是并列句，就應(yīng)該選人稱代詞或者指示代詞。
例如：
It was carved in rock and had on the outside four large statues, each of which was 20 meters high.
It was carved in rock and had on the outside four large statues and each of them was 20 meters high.
它是被雕刻在巖石上的，在它表面有四個(gè)大石頭雕像，每個(gè)都高達(dá)20米。
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考點(diǎn)] 考查定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇。
[考例1] The film brought the hours back to me ___________ I was taken care of in that far-away village. (NMET2001)
A．until B．that C．when D．where
[解析]Ｃ本句的意思是“這部電影把我?guī)Щ氐轿以谀莻�(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的村子里由別人照顧的日子里。”空格里應(yīng)該選擇關(guān)系副詞when，它引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾hours，同時(shí)when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。
[考點(diǎn)] 考查序數(shù)詞前的冠詞用法。
[考例2] The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have _______ third one because ________ second one is rather too small.
A．a(chǎn), a B．the, the C．a(chǎn), the D．the, a
[解析]Ｃ序數(shù)詞前使用不定冠詞表示“又一個(gè)，再一個(gè)”的意思，相當(dāng)于another，不是強(qiáng)調(diào)順序的，而定冠詞放在序數(shù)詞前強(qiáng)調(diào)順序。
[拓展] 序數(shù)詞前選用冠詞問題是一個(gè)常考到的類型。不定冠詞表示“在原提到的數(shù)量基礎(chǔ)上的又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”，翻譯時(shí)要注意。再如：
He has tried three times but failed, but he has decided to try a fourth time.
他已經(jīng)試驗(yàn)過三次都失敗了，但是他決定要再試一次。
[考點(diǎn)]考查具體語境中動(dòng)詞的選擇。
[考例3] --Will you go to study in Australia next fall?
--No, I can not __________ the right cost.
A．spare B．share C．spend D．a(chǎn)fford
[解析] Ｄ本題中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞的含義及用法各不相同。Spare表示“節(jié)省”；share表示“分享”；spend表示“花費(fèi)”；而afford表示“花費(fèi)得起，付得起”。只有D項(xiàng)符合題意：“我付不起相關(guān)費(fèi)用”。注意：afford常與can/could連用。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、據(jù)所給首字母或括號(hào)中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1． He is one of the d__________ of the famous film.
2．She had to make a c__________ between the two dresses.
3．I've received a gift from him, but I'm not going to a__________ it.
4． What were your first i_________ of London?
5．Traffic in the city was i__________ by a snowstorm.
6．Because of his father’s help, he succeeded in his __________(職業(yè))。
7．But when ____________(工業(yè)) became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller.
8．The little boy _________（表現(xiàn)）with great courage in the face of the gunman.
9．He made a _________ (評(píng)價(jià)) about the bad road.
10．Deaf people and dumb people are _________（殘疾的）too.
二、單項(xiàng)填空：
1．Though Mr. Smith has tried many ways, he still __________ a job in the city.
A．failed finding B．failed to find C．missed to find D．lost to find
2．When the village ___________ storm, my friends were staying in it, which made me feel worried.
A．was beaten of B．was attacked with
C．was knocked on D．was hit by
3．Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class was ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. [06 重慶卷]
A．why B．that C．where D．because
4．Do you know the boy __________ under the big tree?
A．lay B．lain C．laying D．lying
5．Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago? (NMET2005, 春季北京)
A．where B．when C．hat D．what
6．The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _________ the sailing time was 226 days. (NMET 全國卷I，28)
A．of which B．during which C．from which D． for which
7．It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (NMET2000, 春季北京)
A．that B．while C．which D．when
8．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _________ was very reasonable. (2000年上海，28)
A．which price B．the price of which
C．its price D．the price of whose
9．The wrong you’ve done him is terrible, ________ you should make an apology to him, I think.
A． to which B．for which C．to what D．for that
10．--Can you tell me where he once lived?
--Oh, it’s the very house __________ you have just visited.
A．what B．that C．where D．in which
【能力拓展】
You might not know it, but there is something wonderful at your fingertips. You can make people happier, healthier and more hard-working just by touching their arms or holding their hands.
Doctors say that body touch is a kind of medicine that can work wonders. When people are touched, the quantity of hemoglobin--a type of matter that produces the red color in blood--increases greatly. This results in more oxygen reaching every part of the body and the whole body benefits. In experiments, bottle-fed baby monkeys were separated from their mothers for the first ten days of life. They became sad and inactive. Studies showed the monkeys were more probable to become ill than other babies that were allowed to stay with their mothers.
Human babies react in much the same way. Some years ago, a scientist noticed that some well-fed babies in a clean nursery became weak. Yet babies in another nursery were growing healthily, even though they ate less well and were not kept as clean. The reason, he concluded, was that they often had touches from nurses.
Experiments show that most people like being touched. And nearly all doctors believe touch helps to reduce patients’ fear of treatment. Of course there is time when a touch is not welcome. But even if we don't like being touched, a smile can make us feel better. Smiling increases blood flow and starts the production of "happy brain" chemicals.
So let's have a big smile and don't forget to keep "in touch".
1．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Everyone knows that body contact can make people happier.
B．People may work harder because of body contact.
C．Your fingertips can do something wonderful.
D．People may not understand the importance of touching.
2．According to the passage, _________.
A．human brains need oxygen and blood supply now and then
B．touches from doctors and nurses have nothing to do with treatment
C．new-born baby monkeys should stay away from their mothers
D．not all people like being touched
3．The underlined word "benefits” in the second paragraph probably means"_____”.
A．becomes useful or helpful B．gets something useful or helpful
C．falls ill D．gets hurt
4．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Comfortable Touch B．Smile
C．Wonders of Touch D．Keep in Touch
參考答案
高一部分
Units 5-6 (B1)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1． directors 2．choice 3．a(chǎn)ccept 4．impression 5．interrupted 6．career
7．industry 8．behaved 9．comment 10． disabled
二、1-5 BDBDC 6-10 ADBBB
能力拓展
1-４ ADBC
1．A 這是一個(gè)全文理解題。根據(jù)文章的意思，并非每個(gè)人都明白這個(gè)道理。
2．D 倒數(shù)第二段主要討論了這個(gè)問題。大多數(shù)人喜歡，但并非所有人都喜歡。
3．B 這是一個(gè)根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)意思的題目。根據(jù)文章的意思，就是“對(duì)…有益處/有好處”。
4．C 這是一個(gè)判斷文章標(biāo)題的題目，答案從全文得出。