【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點詞匯與短語
1．bother：
（1）作“打擾；煩擾”講，bother為及物動詞，其后可以直接跟賓語。例如：
Will it bother you if I turn the television on? 我開電視會不會吵著你?
I'm busy, don't bother me. 我正忙著，不要打擾我。
I'm sorry to bother you, but can you direct me to the railway station?
勞駕,你能不能告訴我到火車站怎么走?
（2）作為不及物動詞bother常與about, with, to連用，意思是“麻煩，煩惱，操心”。
例如：
Don't bother with/about it. 別為此操心。
Don't bother about it. 不用麻煩了。
Don't bother about answering his letter. 你不必回復(fù)他的信。
（3）bother可以作名詞使用，此時它是不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“麻煩，不便”。
例如：
We had a lot of bother in repairing the press machine.
修理這臺印刷機費了很大勁。
They had a lot of bother on the trip because they were not so familiar with that area.
路上他們遇到了很多麻煩，因為他們對那個地區(qū)不是很熟悉。
We had a lot of bother finding our way.
我們經(jīng)過很多麻煩才找到這里。
The guests had a lot of bother finding their way here.
客人們費了很大勁才找到這里。
（4）習(xí)慣用語：主要作表示不高興的強調(diào)用語。
例如：
Bother the lot of you! 你們這些人真討厭！
Bother it! 討厭!
2．由make構(gòu)成的常用詞組：
be made from…：由…制成（看不見原材料）
be made of…：由…制成（看得見原材料）
be made into…：制成…
be made in…：由…制造（in后接制造地）
be made up of…：由…構(gòu)成、組成（=be composed of=consist of=constitute）
make up：編造；和解，言歸于好；化妝，打扮
make up for…：彌補…
make use of…：利用…
make up one’s mind：打定主意，決定
make sense：講得通，有意義
make fun of…：取笑…
例如：
Paper is made from wood.
紙是由木材制成的。
This bridge is made of stone.
這座橋是石頭砌成的。
Wood can be made into many useful things, such as tables, chairs, etc.
木材可以制成很多有用的東西，比如桌子、椅子等等。
That beautiful car is made in China.
那輛漂亮的車是在中國制造的。
Our class is made up of 36 boys and 16 girls.
我們班由36名男生和16名女生組成。
He made up a very wonderful story for his being late.
他為自己的遲到編造了一個很精彩的故事（借口）。
Did he make up to you?
他給你和解了嗎？
You should make up for what you have lost.
你應(yīng)該把失去的東西彌補回來。
We should make full use of our precious time.
我們應(yīng)該充分利用我們寶貴的時間。
They have made up their minds to come tomorrow.
他們已經(jīng)打定主意明天來。
What you said doesn’t make any sense, so I can’t make sense of it.
你說的話毫無意義，所以，我無法理解。
二、詞義辨析
1．bear, suffer, endure, tolerate, stand這組動詞都有“忍受”的意思
（1）bear 和 suffer 可以表示“對強加的任何東西的忍受”，bear 側(cè)重于表示“忍受沉重或難辦的事”。
例如：
In the end I could not bear it. 最后，我受不了啦。
When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.
當(dāng)老朋友布賴恩慫恿我接受一只香煙時，我就受不住了。
（2）suffer 側(cè)重于表示“忍受或經(jīng)受令人不愉快的、甚至于痛苦的事”。
例如：
No benefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the university city has suffered.
捐款和科研經(jīng)費決不能彌補大學(xué)城所經(jīng)受的性質(zhì)上的變化。
（3）endure 強調(diào)“長時間的忍受痛苦而不屈服”。
例如：
What can't be cured must be endured.
治不好的病就必須忍受。（諺語）
Travelers in space have to endure many discomforts in their rockets.
宇宙旅行家不得不在火箭中忍受許多不舒適的東西
（4）tolerate 和 stand 都表示“忍受令人生厭的事”。tolerate 的內(nèi)涵是“為了和平或融洽而不反對”。
例如：
Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond my ken.
為了農(nóng)村生活的模糊的好處，人們?yōu)楹胃试溉淌苊刻煸诼飞匣ㄋ膫�小時，這便超越了我的見識了。
Considering his home situation, he had to tolerate his wife.
考慮到家中的情形，他不得不忍讓妻子了。
（5）stand 常與 bear 通用，如果用詞確切，stand 總包含著“不退讓”、“不畏縮”的“忍受”。
例如：
He can stand more pain than anyone else I know.
他比我認識的任何人都更能忍受痛苦。
He stood the test of war. 他經(jīng)受住了戰(zhàn)爭的考驗。
2．but, however, while的區(qū)別：
（1）but作“但是，然而”講，是并列連詞。
例如：
I was going to write, but I lost your address.
我本來要寫信的，可是把你的地址弄丟了。
The journey was long but interesting. 旅途雖然長，但是很有趣。
（1）however也作“然而，可是”講，但它是副詞。它的用法比but更正式，可以用在句首、句中和句尾，前后必須有逗號和其它成分隔開。
例如：
He hasn't arrived. He may, however, come later.
他還未到，不過，他可能過一會兒來。
"I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full."
"我很想和你一塊兒去,可是我忙不過來。"
（2）but和however含有轉(zhuǎn)折的意味，而while則強調(diào)前者和后者的對比，這時while為連詞。
例如：
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
雖然我理解你的意思，但我還是不同意。
You like tennis, while I'd rather read. 你愛打網(wǎng)球，但我愛看書。
三、重點句型
1．I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis.
這個句子中，when引導(dǎo)的句子表示“就在那時，突然”的意思。不要翻譯成“當(dāng)…的時候”。再如：I was cooking in the kitchen when the telephone rang loudly. 我正在廚房做飯，突然/就在那時，電話鈴聲大作。
2．It was a time in which many sad things happened to her.
此句中的a time表示一個時期，in which引導(dǎo)一個定語從句。要注意：something happen to somebody表示“某人出了什么事情”，此處to為介詞；而我們還會看到以下句型：I happened to meet him in the street. 在這個句型中， to是不定式符號，此句意思與下一句相同：=It happened that I met him in the street.
3．Oprah Winfrey is not just a very successful TV personality in the US, she is also a woman who has inspired millions.
此句中的“not just…also…”表示“不僅…而且…”，再如：Einstein was not just a great scientist, he was also a music lover. 另外這個句子中的動詞inspire的用法也要注意，除了本句的主動語態(tài)外，它還經(jīng)常用于被動語態(tài)。例如：
I was inspired to work harder than ever before.
我受激勵比以往任何時候都更加努力地工作。
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
主謂一致:
1．由and連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，一般情況下謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但是如果and所連接的兩個名詞指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例如：
Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students. (指不同的人)
李明和張華是好學(xué)生。
Both the teachers and the students are here. (指不同的人)
老師和學(xué)生都在這里。
The writer and poet lives in the village. (指同一個人)
這位作家兼詩人主在這個村子里。
Husband and wife forms a family.
夫妻組成家庭。
Note: 1).由 every, each, many a, no ...等詞修飾的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例如:
Each man and each woman is invited. 每個男人和女人都邀請了。
No boy and girl is there now. 現(xiàn)在那里沒有一個男孩和女孩。
Many a boy and many a girl has been invited. 很多男孩和女孩都被邀請了。
In China every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
在中國每個男孩和女孩都有接受教育的權(quán)利。
（2）.當(dāng)兩個主語為不可分的東西時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例如：
A watch and chain was found on the desk. 桌子上發(fā)現(xiàn)了表。
Bread and butter is nutritious. 奶油面包有營養(yǎng)。
2．由or, not only... but also..., either...or, neither...nor...連接主語時,謂語與靠近的主語一致，即就近一致的原則。
例如：
Either you or I am mad. 要么是你要么是我瘋了。
Neither you nor he is right. 你和它都不對。
Not only the teacher but also his family were friendly to me.
不僅老師，而且他的家人都對我很友好。
3．當(dāng)主語后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等詞時,謂語動詞根據(jù)前面的主語變化。
例如：
All but one were here just now.
除了一個，剛才其他所有的（人）都在這里。
A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation.
有著五千本書的一個圖書館提供給了國家。
She as well as the other teachers is going to another park.
她和其他老師都要去另一個公園。
A farmer together with some workers is about to help us.
一個農(nóng)民和幾個工人即將來幫助我們。
4．某些詞結(jié)尾字母為s, 但并不是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如: physics, maths, economics (經(jīng)濟學(xué)), politics, news, means, works(工廠), 作主語時用單數(shù)形式。
例如：
Physics is very important. 物理是很重要的。
Every means has been tried. 每一種方法都已經(jīng)試過了。
This works was built in 1982. 這家工廠是1982年建的。
5．表示雙部分工具的名稱,衣服名稱等作主語時, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如: trousers, shoes, glasses, goods, clothes. 如果這些詞由 pair, piece, kind + of 修飾,則用單數(shù)形式.
例如：
My trousers are white and his clothes are black.
我的褲子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。
A pair of shoes is lying here.
一雙鞋放在那里。
These kinds of glasses are popular. (kinds為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))
這幾種玻璃很流行。
6．動名詞, 不定式, 從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般要用單數(shù)。
例如：
To see is to believe. 眼見為實。
Reading is a good way to become educated. 讀書是變得有教養(yǎng)的一種好方法。
When he will come is not known. 他會什么時候來還不知道。
7．集體名詞, 如: people, police, cattle, youth 作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例如：
The police like to help people.警察樂于助人。
The youth of our country are happier than the other people.
我們國家的年輕人比別的國家的更幸福。
8．集體名詞, 如: family, crowd, class等, 如把它們當(dāng)作整體看,謂語動詞用單數(shù); 如把它們當(dāng)作若干個體來看,用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如：
Our family is very happy. 我們的家庭很幸福。
My family are all football fans. 我的家人都是足球迷。
9．表示距離, 時間, 長度,價值, 金額, 重量等的詞,用復(fù)數(shù)形式時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果要表示具體的多少，強調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)的意義時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例如：
Two thousands dollars is a large sum. 兩千美圓是一大筆錢。
Two hours is enough. 兩個小時就足夠了。
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
獲勝者三個小時就走完了這五十英里。
10．more than one+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù); more than two, three ...+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如：
More than one boy has been there. 不止一個孩子去過那里。
More than two boys have been there. 不止兩個孩子去過那里。
11．英語中，“the + 形容詞”可以相當(dāng)于名詞使用。這個結(jié)構(gòu)指人時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù), 指物時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如：
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it. (同意...反對)
有錢人支持這個決定但是窮人反對它。
The green is hers. 這件綠色的東西是她的。
12．關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。
例如：
I, who am only a common worker, will retire in two years.
只是個普通工人的我兩年后就要退休了。
【考點透視 考例精析】
[考點] 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
[考例1] I failed in the final examination last term and only then _________ the importance of studies.
A．I realized B．I had realized C．had I realized D．did I realize
[解析] Ｄ “only+狀語”放在句首時，主句部分就要倒裝，把助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或者be動詞提前。因為這個句子是一般過去時，所以在主句前加上did，謂語動詞要還原成原形。
[拓展] 這種倒裝句要特別注意助動詞提前以后，后面的動詞要用原形，而被加上的助動詞要體現(xiàn)句子的時態(tài)。例如：
Only in this way can we do the work well. (只有用這種方法，我們才能把工作做好。)
Only after they came did we returned home. (只是等他們來到以后我們才回家。)
[考點] 考查it的用法-強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。
[考例2] Could it be in the room _______ we had a talk last night _______ you left your keys?
A．in which, when B．which, when C．where, that D．where, when
[解析] Ｃ 這是強調(diào)句的一般疑問句形式。被強調(diào)的部分為“in the room where we had a talk last night”，其中where引導(dǎo)一個定語從句修飾room。
[考點] 考查主謂一致。
[考例3] Every possible means ________ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A．is used B．a(chǎn)re used C．has been used D．have been used
[解析] Ａ 第二個句子的時態(tài)可以判斷出第一句應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．We all a_________ her for the way she saved the drowning boy.
2．The young heiress（繼承人） was so g_______ that she gave all her money away in a couple of years.
3．Some of my r__________, my mother's aunt and uncle, live in America.
4．It's not s________ the company's in debt - it's been completely mismanaged(錯誤經(jīng)營).
5．The table had a shiny s________ , but underneath it was dull and rough.
6．He lives at the _________(極端) edge of the forest.
7．That small country is a ___________(多山的) country.
8．At the _________ （底部）of the stairs there is some rubbish.
9．At the __________(畢業(yè)) ceremony, the headmaster handed him the certificate.
10． __________(農(nóng)業(yè)) plays an extremely important part in a country’s economy.
二、單項填空：
1．Each soldier and each sailor ______ a rifle.
A．a(chǎn)re given B．was given C．being given D．were given
2．I don’t skate now, but I _______ when I was a child.
A．used to B．a(chǎn)m used to it C．used D．used to do
3．Who is it up ________ the first company ________ is run by the state?
A．to take charge of, which B．to to take charge of, that
C．for to take charge of, that D．to to take charge of, which
4．People in the western countries make ______ a rule to buy Christmas present for their relatives and friends.
A．that B．it C．this D．a(chǎn)s
5．The Foreign Minister said,”______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A．This is B．There is C．That is D．It is
6．It is reported that the United States uses _______ energy as the whole of Europe.
A．a(chǎn)s twice B．twice much C．twice much as D．twice as much
7．A lot of children at the school do not live in the town, but come from the _______ countryside.
A．surrounded B．surrounding C．surroundings D．surround
8．Is it less than a single day ________ the girl ________ father is a barber to change her hair from black to white?
A．when, whose B．when, that
C．that it takes, that D．that it takes, whose
9．What the boss said at the meeting _______ the urgentest problems in our company at the moment.
A．referred to B．referred to… as
C．referred to …for D．referred back to
10．The manager _______ many foreign people when he was abroad.
A．keep into contacts with B．came into contact with
C．make contacts with D．keep in contacts with
【能力拓展】
閱讀理解：
You might not want a holiday in your home town, but there is probably someone who does. And in exchange, you could have a cheap vacation anywhere in the world.
Just picture the scene: you’re watching the sunset from the balcony（陽臺）of a Caribbean island house. It’s large and free, as long as you don’t mind the owners living in your home at the same time.
All you need to be a home-swapper is the Internet and a rough idea of when and where you want to go on holiday. When you find someone whose dates match yours , and who wants to visit your area, you’re all set swap（v.交換）.
The advantages are numerous; you can save a fortune in accommodation（膳宿）costs. You could get to use the owner’s car, boat, bikes, pool or gym. You might even be able to come to an arrangement about looking about after each other’s pets!
You also get to live like a local, and you might be invited round to neighbor’s homes for tea, barbecues（吃烤肉的野餐）and tips on the area. People say that these cultural experiences are the memories that last. Plus, instead of one tiny hotel room, you have an entire house where you can make yourself at home. And it’s not cold and impersonal like a hotel room.
Of course, there are disadvantages. A lot of effort and communication are needed before the arrangements are finalized（）. Nobody wants a stranger living in their house, sleeping in their bed and using their bathroom, so you have to get to know each other well beforehand（預(yù)先）.
Some people are concerned about theft or property damage, but in reality, this is very rare. Most home-exchangers have the view that “If they can trust me with their house, I can trust them with mine.”The worst complaint people have is the difference in standards of cleanliness.
If you’re interested in home-exchange for your next holiday, start by contacting a famous agency like homelink.org and intervac.co.uk. These agencies will also have advice about preparing for a home-exchange.
1．What will you remember most probably if you have swapped your home with another?
A．The sunset B．The car or boat of the home owner.
C．The pet of the home owner D．A gathering in his neighborhood.
2．The underlined word “tips” refers to _______.
A．the pointed ends of something B．gifts of money given for small service
C．helpful pieces of advice D．places where unwanted waste is left
3．If you want to exchange your home with another, you should do all of the following EXCEPT _______.
A．inviting your neighbors home for tea B．trying to know each other
C．surfing the Internet for information D．finding someone who wants visit your area
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Where to Live When You Are on a Trip?
B．Home Away from Home.
C．Do You Want a Holiday in Your Hometown?
D．Advantages and Disadvantages of Home-exchange.
參考答案
高一部分
Units 17-18 (B1)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1. admired 2. generous 3. relations 4. surprising 5. surface 6. extreme 7. mountainous 8. bottom 9. graduation 10. Agriculture
二、1-４ BABBD 6-10 DBDAB
能力拓展
1-４ DCAB
1．D 細節(jié)題。第五段“People say that these cultural experiences are the memories that last.”一句中that last是the memories的定語從句，句意為：人們說這些文化經(jīng)歷是延續(xù)長久的記憶。
2．C 詞義理解題。在四個選項都是tip的意義，但從上下文可知，此處tips指的是“在陌生的鄰里之間得到的東西”，而其后的on the area意為“關(guān)于這個地區(qū)”，所以選C,即鄰里會告訴你一些在這個地區(qū)旅游的建議。
3．A 綜合推斷題。A項與第五段句首“…and you might be invited round to neighbor’s homes for tea”有出入，而其它選項文中都有依據(jù)。
4．B 主旨大意題。首段的“exchange”，文中的“home-swapper”、“swap”，以及最后兩段的“home-exchangers”、“home-exchange”等說明互換住房是文章介紹的內(nèi)容，所以應(yīng)選B項，該句意為“離家后的住房“。