【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1．lack
（1）lack表示 “缺乏; 欠缺”之意時(shí)可作及物與不及物動(dòng)詞.作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)常與介詞for連用.
例如:
I don’t seem to lack anything.
我好像什么也不缺.
They lacked for nothing.
他們什么都不缺.
（2）作為一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞, 用于 “缺乏或缺少”之意的lack, 主要和in一起用于現(xiàn)在分詞.
例如:
You will not be lacking in support from me.
你會(huì)得到我的幫助.
（3）lack作名詞表示 “欠缺; 不足; 沒有”時(shí), 常為不可數(shù)名詞, 后接介詞of.
例如:
He cannot do the work for lack of skill.
由于缺乏技術(shù), 他不能做這項(xiàng)工作.
（4）lack作名詞表示 “缺少的東西; 需要的東西”時(shí), 常為可數(shù)名詞.
例如:
There has been a lack of rain and the ground is very dry.
此地缺少雨水, 地面非常干燥.
（5）習(xí)語: for (by, from, through) lack of因缺乏……
lack in在……缺少/不足
no lack of不缺乏; 很多.
supply the lack補(bǔ)缺
（6）同義詞: need n需要
反義詞: presence n存在
2．英語中的 “同源賓語”現(xiàn)象
英語中有少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞后面能跟一個(gè)特定的名詞作賓語. 這個(gè)名詞和前面的動(dòng)詞在詞根上是相同的或者在意義上是相近的. 這樣的賓語就叫做同源賓語.
（1）常見的能帶同源賓語的動(dòng)詞有: live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run 等.
例如:
Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants are living a happy life.
在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下., 農(nóng)民過著幸福的生活.
I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
昨晚, 我做了一個(gè)噩夢.
Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.
去年八月份, 我們的戰(zhàn)士在與洪水作斗爭時(shí), 打了一個(gè)漂亮仗.
（2）同源賓語前面可帶形容詞作定語. 這時(shí), “動(dòng)詞+定語+同源賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上相當(dāng)于 “動(dòng)詞+與定語意義相同的狀語”. 二者相比, 前者語氣更強(qiáng)一些.
例如:
We slept a comfortable sleep last night. =We slept comfortably last night.
昨晚我睡得很舒服
Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday. =Professor Smith died suddenly last
Wednesday.
史密斯教授上星期突然去世了.
[注意]同源賓語前通常帶有不定冠詞.
例如:
fight a good fight; breathe a deep breath; laugh a foolish laugh; smile a forced smile.
（3）同源賓語的修飾語是形容詞最高級(jí)或含有最高級(jí)意義時(shí), 該同源賓語常常可以省去.
例如:
You should run your fastest (race).
你應(yīng)該盡快地跑
The old man breathed his last (breath)this morning.
那位老人今天早晨停止呼吸, 撒手西去了.
二、詞義辨析
1．英語中via, by way of, through三個(gè)詞都可以表示 “經(jīng)過; 經(jīng)由;”, 區(qū)別如下:
2．（1）via這個(gè)詞的詞義是 “經(jīng)過; 取道” (by way of). 常與travel, shipping等詞連用.
例如:
Mr Wang is on his way to Hangzhou via Shanghai
王先生在經(jīng)由上海前往杭州途中.
[注意]A. 美國人也常將其用于表示通過某種運(yùn)送手段或交通工具的意思, 相當(dāng)于by.
例如:
You are going via car or railroad?
你打算乘汽車還是坐火車去.
這種用法在美國用于正式的場合.
例如:
Via Air Mail (航空郵遞; 英國人則用By Air Mail).
B．此外, 美國人還把via作為 “用”的意思使用; 相當(dāng)于by means of.
例如:
An American officer pleaded vainly with him via radio to turn back.
一個(gè)美國軍官用無線電向他懇求要他回來; 但沒有結(jié)果.
（2）by way of等于via, 意思也是 “經(jīng)由; 經(jīng)過”(using a route through), 二者常可以互換.
例如:
He went to Hangzhou by way of Shanghai,
他經(jīng)由上海前往杭州.
By way of其他常用的意思如下:
A．表示 “當(dāng)作”, 相當(dāng)于as. 例如:
Fred was employed by way of experiment
弗雷斯是作為試用而雇傭的.
B．表示 “作為, 為了”, 即for the purpose of, with the intention of..
例如:
We make inquiries by way of learning the facts of the case.
我們?yōu)榱肆私馐虑榈恼嫦喽M(jìn)行探詢.
I called on him by way of returning compliments.
作為回訪, 我拜訪了他.
C．表示 “有……的習(xí)慣”, 即in the habit of…..
例如:
The Greens were by way of luring me away from my duty.
格林一家慣于引誘我離開職守.
（3）through的意思是 “通過”, 在乘坐火車, 輪船且全線不換車船時(shí)用.
例如:
He went to Hangzhou through Shanghai.
他途徑上海直達(dá)杭州
3．proper, fit suitable和appropriate的區(qū)別
這幾個(gè)詞語都有 “合適的; 恰當(dāng)?shù)摹币馑?
（1）fit是常用詞, 指 “能適合某些條件, 環(huán)境, 目的 或要求的”, 有 “吻合的”含義.
例如:
The dress is not fit to wear.
這衣服不適合穿.
（2）suitable指 “符合某時(shí)或某一環(huán)境下的要求或需要的”.
例如:
The shoes are suitable to travel.
這鞋適于旅游.
（3）proper指 “正當(dāng)?shù)? 正確的”.
例如:
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空.
（4）appropriate指 “恰如其分的”, 比fit和suitable有更強(qiáng)的正面意義.
例如:
His quotation from Shakespeare is appropriate.
他引用沙士比亞的話恰如其分的.
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．If we were to get hurt trying to save someone, we would not be able to help. 如果我們?cè)谠噲D救某人時(shí)受了傷, 我們就不能幫助別人了.
get hurt意為 “受傷”. “get+過去分詞” 是一種被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式, 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作.
如:
Our team got beaten by the visitors.
trying to save someone是現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語, 相當(dāng)于when we were trying to save someone. 現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語通常放在句首, 但也可放在句末.
如:
He got knocked down by a car crossing the main street.
2．Seconds count in an emergency, and knowing what to do can mean the difference between life and death. 在緊急情況下, 每秒鐘都是重要的, 懂得應(yīng)做些什么可能意味著生死之差別.
knowing what to do 是動(dòng)名詞短語作主語.
又如:
Being short of money led to the failure of the plan.
3．“If I were to live long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor, helping these ALDS patients,” Xiaohua says. 小華說: “如果我能活到參加工作, 我要選擇醫(yī)生這個(gè)職業(yè), 幫助這些艾滋病患者.”
I were to live是虛擬語氣. 在虛擬語氣中, 不管主語是第幾人稱, be動(dòng)詞一般都要用were.
If I were you, I would accept his offer.
helping是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語, 表示補(bǔ)充說明.
如:
He wrote me a letter, encouraging me to study hard.
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考例1] ―― Why did you leave that position?
―― I _______ a better position at IBM.
A．offer B．offered C．a(chǎn)m offered D．was offered
[點(diǎn)撥] 選D．offer sb. sth 的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。
[考點(diǎn)] 過去分詞短語作定語。
[考例2] The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well _______.
A．to spend B．spent C．being spent D．spending
[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。spend和money是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這里要用過去分詞作定語。
[考點(diǎn)] 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語，表示目的。
[考例3] _______ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.
A．To find out B．Finding out C．Find out D．Having found out
[點(diǎn)撥] 選A。動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。To find out more about university course表示撥打這個(gè)電話的目的。
[考點(diǎn)] 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號(hào)中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．Do you know how many ______ (競賽者) went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Olympics in 1992?
2．Does Radio Beijing ______(播送) news every day?
3．They are ______ (量) the speed of the passing cars.
4．Abraham Lincoln was ______(認(rèn)為) as one of the greatest of all the American presidents.
5．As a ______ (結(jié)果), they saved ninety percent of the trees.
6．You don’t need any thing ______ (特別的), do you?
7．I ______ (想知道) if it is going to rain tomorrow.
8．He ______ (更喜歡) walking to riding.
9．The little girl has already learned more than two hundred Chinese______ (漢字).
10．His English was so ______ (有限的) that he could not understand what the native speakers said.
二、選項(xiàng)填空
1．Runners for the Olympic Games have to ______before and after the race.
A．get test B．get testing C．get tested D．get to test
2．This computer doesn’t work properly, because a certain virus has ______the operating system.
A．broken up B．broken down C．broken out D．broken away
3．Out defeat was due to a lack ______experience.
A．in B．for C．of D．to
4． ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.
A．Collection B．Competition C．Contact D．Consumer
5．–Why is the university doing so much building?
A．The; have increased B．A; have increased
C．The; has increased C．A; has increased
6．–You don’t like football, do you?
--_______, I like it very much.
A．Not at all B．On the contrary C．Next to never D．On all sides
7．Many new ______will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.
A．opportunities B．necessities C．realities D．possibilities
8．I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ．
[06 安徽卷]
A．went; was occurring B．went; occurred
C．was going; occurred D．was going; had occurred
9．They have put the bird in a cage to ______it from flying away.
A．prevent B．a(chǎn)void C．defend D．hold
10．If I ______your advice, I ______so much trouble.
A．had taken; would not have met B．took; would not have met
C．have taken; would not meet D．take; will not have met
【能力拓展】
With the advent of fast food chains from the West such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut, the Chinese are being introduced to a diet that markedly increases the death rate from certain diseases in any population.
The main killers in North America, the degenerative diseases such as heart attack and stroke as well as colon cancer, will become a way of death, not death, not life, in this country if the Chinese do not act quickly and compete with these health destroying food chains.
Scientific studies from all over the world show that a diet high in animal foods such as pork, beef, including sugar, white flour, white noodles and even white rice, undermines one’s health. Deposits of animal fat cling to the walls of arteries, blocking the blood supply to various organs.
This causes diseases in almost every organ, but in particular it damages two of the most vital ones, the heart and brain.
Compare these problems with the excellent health one may enjoy if one consumes good Chinese food. The cook goes out every day, procures great-tasting, fresh vegetables, then cooks them for just a few minutes so that their nutritional value is preserved and afterwards serves them in a most artistic and elegant fashion. Please cling to your traditional ways of eating. They are far superior to those of the West.
Certainly the fast food chains make lots of money, but who wants to fill the pockets of a foreign food chain that proceeds to ruin the health of the Chinese people?
Another reason Western fast food restaurants make money is that the food they serve, which comes from assembly lines, will not attract bugs or spoil easily.
How the Chinese could patronize these fast food places when Chinese cook such delectable food, not just in this country but over the entire world, is beyond my comprehension.
Western restaurants are clean and tastefully decorated. Moreover, these restaurants also do indeed have “good service and an inviting dining atmosphere”. However, Chinese food chains could do likewise if they would organize themselves as the Western chains do.
These lessons in management and décor are the only ones worth learning from the invasion of this country by the Western fast food chains. In other words only imitate the style of the restaurants, not the content of the food or the menus in any way, shape or form.
Do not let the desire for money destroy the wonderful tradition that China has established in producing absolutely fantastically tasty as well as healthful food.
1．The following are fast food chains from the West except ___________
A．McDonald’s B．Kentucky Fried Chicken
C．Pizza Hut D．Chinese food
2．A diet high in animal foods and refined foods will cause diseases, particularly damage ___________
A．the heart and brain B． the walls of arteries
C．a(chǎn)ll organs D．the blood
3．The underlined word “undermines” in the 3rd paragraph may have the similar meaning with “ ” .
A．improves B．damages C．a(chǎn)ffects D．strengthen
4．What will be worth learning from the Western fast food chains?
A．The content of the food.
B．The menus.
C．The lessons in management and decoration.
D．Shape or form of the food.
5．In the passage, the author thinks _________
A．Chinese should learn everything from Western fast food restaurants.
B．Chinese should say no to Western fast food.
C．Western fast food restaurants offer healthy diets.
D．Chinese food don’t contain enough nutrition.
參考答案
高二部分
Units 7-8 （B2）
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．competitors 2．broadcast 3．measuring 4．considered 5．result 6． Special 7．wonder 8．prefers 9．characters 10．limited
二、1.C 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.A
能力拓展
1-5 DABCB
1．D 細(xì)節(jié)題。CHINESE FOOD 不屬于西方快餐連鎖店。
2．A 細(xì)節(jié)題。相關(guān)信息句在第四段： This causes disease in almost every organ, but in particular it damages two of the most vital ones, the heart and brain.
3．B 猜詞義。根據(jù)情景,這里undermines 是 “破壞”的意思。
4．C 主旨大意題。文章倒數(shù)二段： These lessons in management and décor are the only ones worth learning from the invasion of this country by the Western fast food chains. 說明了西方快餐店值得學(xué)習(xí)的地方：管理及店面的裝飾。
5．B 推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)：全文講述西方快餐食品并不是健康食品, 由此我們應(yīng)該能推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)。