【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1．英語中常見的復(fù)合賓語主要有以下幾種類型:
（1）名詞 (或代詞)+形容詞.
例如：
He said waltzes made him dizzy.
他說華爾滋舞使他頭暈.
She had proved them all wrong.
她證明他們?nèi)e(cuò)了
（2）名詞 (或代詞)+名詞.
例如:
He appointed her Secretary of State.
他任命她為國(guó)務(wù)卿.
They call this numerical control.
他們把這稱作數(shù)字控制
（3）名詞 (或代詞)+不定式.
例如:
He told me to be cautious.
他要我謹(jǐn)慎
I often saw him do this.
我常常看到他這樣做.
（4）名詞 (或代詞)+分詞.
例如:
He saw two men fighting in the street.
他看見兩個(gè)人在街上打架.
I’ll get your blood tested.
我讓人給你驗(yàn)一下血
（5）名詞 (或代詞)+介詞短語或副詞.
例如:
I found her in excellent condition.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)她處于極佳狀態(tài)
You won’t find him in at this time.
這時(shí)候你不會(huì)在家里找到他
2．matter
（1）matter當(dāng) “物質(zhì)”講, 是不可數(shù)名詞.
如:
Most matter has three states.
大多數(shù)物質(zhì)具有三種狀態(tài).
（2） matter 當(dāng) “事情， 問題”講, 是可數(shù)名詞.
如:
Don’t do bthat. It will only make matters worse.
別這么干, 那只會(huì)把事情搞得更糟糕
（3）matter還可以表示 “麻煩事, 毛病”, 是可數(shù)名詞, 通常表示 “什么事, 怎么了”.
例如:
Is anything the matter?
有什么問題嗎?
（4）matter還可以作為動(dòng)詞, 意思是 “關(guān)系重要, 要緊”.
例如:
He said it didn’t matter whether we stayed or went.
他說, 我們?nèi)ゲ蝗ザ伎梢?/p>
（5）同義詞: material, substance 物質(zhì), 物體;
affair, thing, business事情, 情況, 事態(tài);
problem, question, issue (討論, 考慮)的問題;
trouble, problem, worry毛病, 麻煩事
（6）習(xí) 語:
a matter of大約
matter cycle物質(zhì)循環(huán)
as a matter of fact事實(shí)上
in the matter of至于, 關(guān)于
matter in hand當(dāng)前問題
matter of personal whim個(gè)人好惡?jiǎn)栴}
matter in dispute爭(zhēng)執(zhí)事件
matter of expediency 權(quán)益之計(jì)
matter energy物質(zhì)能量
matter of record有案可查的事項(xiàng)
二、詞義辨析
1．below; under; beneath; down; underneath的區(qū)別
（1）below指高度低于某物, 但不一定在其正下方.
如:
We are below the stars
我們?cè)谛枪庀?/p>
（2）under指在某物的正下方, 或直接低于.
如:
He stood under a tree.
他站在一棵樹下
（3） beneath是正式用詞, 并有緊接, 靠近的意思.
如:
He lies beneath the ground.
他長(zhǎng)眠于地下
（4）down常與表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞連用, 指從高至低的運(yùn)動(dòng).
如:
The sun went down.
太陽落山了
(5). underneath制某物的直接下面.
如:
Someone was pushing underneath.
有人在下面推.
2．huge; enormous; gigantic; immense; vast的區(qū)別
（1）Huge “巨大的”, 通常指體積的巨大.
如:
I saw a huge dog in the street.
我在街上看到一條很大的狗.
（2）enormous指超出比例的, 異常的和過分的 “巨大的”.
如:
The fat man in the circus is enormous.
馬戲團(tuán)里的那個(gè)胖子太胖了.
（3）gigantic指有如巨人一般 “巨大”.
例如:
He has a gigantic appetite and eats gigantic meals.
他的食量很大, 能吃很多東西.
（4）immense指各方面都極大, 非一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所能衡量.
如:
The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be immense.
太陽和地球間的距離可以說是巨大的
（5）vast通常指范圍”巨大的”.
例如:
There is a vast expanse of desert in Sinkiang.
新疆有一片廣闊的沙漠
三、重點(diǎn)句型
a）In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他們努力求生時(shí), 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己就在怪獸的身體表面上, 結(jié)果怪獸竟然是一艘潛水艇.
in one’s efforts to do sth. “在某人試圖做某事時(shí)”, 通常在句中作狀語.
如:
In his efforts to come to work earlier, he got caught in a traffic jam.
find oneself +介詞短語，意為“（突然）發(fā)現(xiàn)自己處在。。。。。。”。
如：
On hearing this, I found myself in an embarrassing position.
b）Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. 無論中國(guó)將來會(huì)有什么樣的偉大成就, 其中許多很有可能就誕生在北京的西北部.
whatever在此引出一個(gè)讓步狀語從句, 相當(dāng)于no matter what, 意為 “無論; 不管”.
如:
Whatever you many think, I’m going ahead with my plans.
it is likely that…是常見句型, 其中it是形式主語, that從句作句子的真主語.
如:
It is likely that we will be given another chance.
c）At the beginning of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, one of his most famous novels, ships are disappearing all over the world and it is believed to be caused by a sea monster. <<海底兩萬里>>是他最有名的小說之一, 該書的開頭描寫: 全世界的輪船都快全部消失了, 這據(jù)說是一個(gè)海洋水怪造成的.
it指前文中的ships are disappearing這件事, 這是it的用法之一.
如:
There is a lot of air in loose, and it helps to keep the cold out.
be believed to…是固定句式, 意為 “據(jù)說, 人們認(rèn)為, 有人相信”, 其中不定式有幾種變化:to be…; to do…; to be doing; to have done.
如:
The little boy is believed to be sleeping in the room.
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
1．部分否定:
英語中的概括詞all, every, both, 以及與every構(gòu)成的合成詞everybody, everything用于not否定句時(shí), 只表示部分否定, 常譯成 “并非……都”.
例如:
Both of the books were not published in Britain
這兩本書不都是在英國(guó)出版的.
Everything isn’t ready.
并不是一切都準(zhǔn)備好了
Not everyone likes this garden.
并不是每個(gè)人都喜歡這個(gè)花園.
以上句子如果表達(dá)全部否定, 則必須運(yùn)用完全否定詞語none, neither, no one, nothing等.
例如:
None of the answers are correct.
所以答案都錯(cuò)了
Neither of the books are published in Britain .
這兩本書都不是在英國(guó)出版的
Nothing is ready.
什么都沒準(zhǔn)備好
No one likes this garden.
沒有人喜歡這個(gè)花園.
[注意]任何人不經(jīng)允許不能離開這個(gè)聚會(huì)
[誤]Anybody can’t leave the party without permission.
[正]Nobody can leave the party without permission
any…not的表達(dá)形式不符合英語習(xí)慣.
2．現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式均可作結(jié)果狀語, 區(qū)別如下:
分詞作結(jié)果狀語, 通常表示一個(gè)比較自然的, 意料之中的結(jié)果, 是主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的直接結(jié)果. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語, 通常表示發(fā)生的一個(gè)出乎意料, 事先沒有想到的結(jié)果.
例如:
He hurried to the station. Only to find the train had gone.
他急急忙忙趕到車站, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了. (他未料到)
He lifted a rock only to have it drop on his own feet.
他搬起石頭, 結(jié)果卻砸了自己的腳.
3．構(gòu)成法(一)----合成法
合成詞的概念
將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞組合在一起而形成新的詞, 叫做合成詞.
如:
international, worldwide, telephone, broadband, mankind, extremely, hi-tech, e-mail
合成形容詞的常見構(gòu)成方式:
1．形容詞+名詞+ed: kind-hearted, cold-blooded
2．形容詞+doing: good-looking, easy-going, finesounding
3．名詞+doing: eye-catching, painstaking, peaceloving, breath-taking
4．副詞+done: widespread, widely-used, wellknown
5．名詞+形容詞: homesick, carefree, seasick, airsick
6．基數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞:four-year-old, twometer-tall, ten-foot-deep
合成名詞的常見構(gòu)詞方式:
7．名詞+名詞:bookworm, silkworm, blood-test
8．doing+名詞:sleeping-car, washing-machine, sleeping-pill
9．動(dòng)詞+名詞:pick-pocket, break-water
10．名詞+doing: handwriting, sun-bathing, sand-bathing
11．動(dòng)詞+副詞:break-through, get-together
合成動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成方式:
12．名詞+動(dòng)詞:sleep-walk
13．副詞+動(dòng)詞:overthrow, undergo, undertake
14．形容詞+動(dòng)詞:blacklist, white-wash
其他常見合成詞: maybe, myself, moreover, forever, everything, however, nevertheless
5．構(gòu)詞法(二)---派生法
派生詞一般由詞根 (root)+前綴 (prefix)/后綴 (suffix)構(gòu)成
構(gòu)成方式
1．加前綴:詞義變化,但詞性不變. 反義詞常用詞綴如下:
前綴 意思 例 子
Un- 不 unhappy untrue uncomfortable
做相反的動(dòng)作 uncover undo unpack
Dis- 不 dislike dishonest disagree
做相反的動(dòng)作 disown disinfect disconnect
In- 不 informal inaccurate inconvenient
Im- 不 impossible impolite immoral
Ir- 不 irregular irresistible irresponsible
Il- 不 illegal illogical illegitimate
Non- 非 Non-violence Non-smoker Non-conductor
2．表示其他意思的常用前綴:
re-:重新, 再, 又; mis-:錯(cuò)誤地; co-:共同地, 合作的; anti-:反對(duì); over-:過于, 過火; under-:不夠; ex-:前任的,向外的, 多余的; pre-:預(yù)先, 在…之前; post-:之后的; super: 超級(jí)的; sub-:次……,亞……; inter-:相互的; tele-:遠(yuǎn)距離的; trans-:跨越, 移植, 轉(zhuǎn)移; micro-:微觀的; macro:宏觀的; mini-:特小的; max-特大的; semi-:半; mono-:單; bi-:雙; tri-:三; multi-:多; auto-:自動(dòng)的
3．個(gè)別前綴可以引起詞性的變化:en-+名詞或形容詞=動(dòng)詞(encage, enlarge, enrich, encase, endanger); a-+名詞=形容詞或副詞(asleep, aside, aboard, arise, awake)
常用名詞后綴以及例子:
后 綴 例 子
-er reader thinker Pain-killer
-or actor sailor transistor
-ist scientist socialist dentist
-ee (表承受者) employee interviewee examinee
-ess (表陰性) hostess waitress tigress
-ian musician magician technician
-ese Chinese Japanese Pekinese
-ism(主義) socialism racism heroism
-(a)tion attraction dictation addiction
-ion explosion revision decision
-ship membership citizenship partnership
-hood Motherhood childhood brotherhood
-age shortage leakage postage
-al arrival survival refusal
-ure pleasure exposure pressure
-dom freedom kingdom condom
-th warmth width depth
-ance resistance reliance assistance
-ence dependence persistence reference
-ful plateful mouthful handful
常用形容詞后綴以及例子:
后 綴 例 子
-ful hopeful peaceful grateful
-less careless homeless fearless
-ish childish selfish reddish
-ive active decisive destructive
-ous dangerous famous enormous
-able capable drinkable agreeable
-ic realistic scientific artistic
-ly friendly lively daily
-y rainy sunny snowy
-ent different current independent
-ary imaginary revolutionary secondary
-some troublesome awesome handsome
-en golden wooden woolen
-an European Canadian Russian
-like childlike gentlemanlike manlike
其他常見詞性的后綴:
后 綴 例 子
動(dòng) 詞 -ize (使…化) popularize realize modernize
-en deepen widen strengthen
-ify beautify amplify simplify
副 詞 -ly really happily terribly
-ward backward forward homeward
-wise otherwise clockwise likewise
數(shù) 詞 -teen fourteen nineteen fifteen
-ty forty ninety fifty
-th forth ninth fifth
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考點(diǎn)] 名詞性從句作表語。
[考例1] Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ________ it was 20 years ago, ________ it was so poorly equipped.
A．what; when B．that; which C． what; which D．which; that
[點(diǎn)撥] 選A。what引導(dǎo)表語從句，且在從句中作表語；when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。全句的意思是：“它不再是20前設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)陋的時(shí)候那個(gè)樣子了。”
[考點(diǎn)] attract 用作及物動(dòng)詞，“吸引，招引”的意思。
[考例2] The company is starting a new advertising campaign to ________ new customers to its stores.
A．join B．a(chǎn)ttract C．stick D．transfer
[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。句義是：“那家公司正開始新的廣告戰(zhàn)役來吸引顧客到它的商場(chǎng)買東西。”
[考點(diǎn)] 名詞性從句作賓語。
[考例3] I want to know ________ the thief was caught on the spot.
A．which B．that C．what D．whether
[點(diǎn)撥] 選D。句義是：“我想知道小偷是否被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲的。” whether 引導(dǎo)賓語從句， 表示“是否”。這里whether可以用if 替換，但引導(dǎo)主語從句，表示“是否”時(shí)，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. （這句話中whether 引導(dǎo)從句是主語從句，不能用 if 替換。）
[考點(diǎn)] that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語。由于主語從句較長(zhǎng)，為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，常用it 作形式主語。
[考例4] ________ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A．What is required B．What requires C．It is required D．It requires
[點(diǎn)撥] 選D。it 是形式主語， that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的主語。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號(hào)中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．Different countries have different ________ (節(jié)日) all over the world.
2．In China people give gifts of m_______ when the Mid-Autumn Festival comes.
3．You can i______ your vocabulary by reading English Newspapers.
4．The o______ of this old custom is still unknown.
5．I must a_______ for not being able to meet you on time.
6．It’s ________ (明顯) he is lying to his father.
7． he shopping mall is full of _________ (顧客).
8．After the disease she ate more v______ like beans, potatoes and mushrooms.
9．Playing piano well requires a lot of p______.
10．There has been a 50% growth in the _______(市場(chǎng)) for personal computers.
二、單項(xiàng)填空
1．We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is ______to come this evening.
A．likely B．possible C．probable D．believable
2．The President is now on a visit to Russia, ______at expanding relations between the two countries.
A． aims B．to aiming C．being aimed D．a(chǎn)imed
3．This experiment turned out to be ______failure, but, as we know, success often comes after ______failure.
A． a; a B．不填; 不填 C．a(chǎn); 不填 D．不填; a
4．To my delight, I found the new flat ______in pleasant surroundings.
A．located B．locating C．to locate D．being located
5．These doctors are busy day and night, ______a cure for ALDS.
A．bringing on B．pulling on C．taking on D．working on
6．You are smart, diligent and determined, which, I’m sure, will ______this plan a success.
A．get B．lead to C．cause D． make
7．Suddenly there came a cry for help from the river, which attracted his ______.
A．care B．concern C．eye D． attention
8．Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate ______me for help.
A．a(chǎn)sking B．to ask C．in asking D． to asking
9．Jules’ father sent him to Paris to study law, but ______he developed his love for the theatre.
A．besides B．moreover C．therefore D．instead
10．We were surprised that your parents came with us and spent the whole day ______in the snow.
A．to play B．played C．playing D．to playing
【能力拓展】
閱讀理解：
It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.
We’ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is there something instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe is expanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution(演變) of the universe.
We’ll crack（破譯）the genetic（基因）code and conquer cancer. Thanks to 20th-century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work, many serious diseases ---cancer, for one ---will become less threatening. Using manufactured “therapeutic”(治療的) viruses, doctors will be able to replace cancer-causing damaged DNA with healthy genes.
We’ll live longer (120 years?). If the normal aging process is basically an invisible contest in our cells ---a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells’ ability to repair that damage ---then 21st –century progress in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process.
We’ll manage Earth. In the 21st century, we’ll stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. We’ll gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth, its climate and its ecosystems(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)). And with that knowledge will come an increasing willingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.
We’ll have a brain “road map”. This is the real “final frontier” of the 21st century: The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons, each connected to as many as 1,000 others.
1．In the 20th century, __________ made the serious disease become curable.
A．genetic code B．healthy genes C． antibiotics D．DNA
2．Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
A．In the 21st century, we will be more willing to manage the working of our planet
B．The brain contains about 1000 billion neurons.
C．The 21st century progress in genetic may let us control the aging process.
D．The universe must have started at a definite time in the past.
3．What’s the main idea of the text?
A．People will live longer and become much stronger in the 21st century.
B．There will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century
C．Science will develop more quickly in the 21st century.
D．People will know more about our world
參考答案
高二部分
Units 11-12 (B2)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．festivals 2．mooncakes 3．improve 4．origin 5． apologize 6．obvious 7． customers 8．vegetables 9． practice 10．market
二、1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．D 7．D 8．B 9．D 10．C
能力拓展
1-3 CBB
1． C 從第三段Thanks to 20th-century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills看出，20世紀(jì)多虧了抗生素antibiotics的出現(xiàn)，曾經(jīng)那樣可怕的不治之癥現(xiàn)在成了服點(diǎn)藥片就萬事大吉的事情了。
2． B 從“The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons”看出B是不對(duì)的。
3． B 主旨大意題，文章第一段就開門見山的說了據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)21世界科學(xué)將出現(xiàn)五大突破。