【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點詞匯與短語
1． benefit
(1)．作名詞的用法：
a．用作不可數(shù)名詞，有“好處，益處，利益，恩惠，裨益”等意義。
例如：
She didn’t get much benefit from her stay abroad because he was ill for a long time.
由于病了很長時間，她在國外期間并沒有得到多大好處。
b．用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“善舉，義演”。
例如：
A benefit for the disaster area will be held next week.
下周將舉辦一個賑災(zāi)義演。
c．作“救濟(jì)金，津貼”講時，即可用可數(shù)名詞，也可用不可數(shù)名詞。
例如：
How much unemployment benefit does the middle-aged woman get every month?
那位中年婦女每月領(lǐng)到多少失業(yè)救濟(jì)金？
Housing benefits are given out at the end of year.
住房補(bǔ)貼在年底發(fā)放。
d．常用于一些固定表達(dá)中。
例如：
have the benefit of 獲益于，受益于
He has had the benefit of his 4-year education in America.
for the benefit of/ for one’s benefit 為了某人的利益，為了幫助某人
For the benefit of those who arrived late, I’ll go over the plan once again.
be of benefit 有益，有好處
My holiday wasn’t of much benefit to me.
（2）作動詞的用法：
a．用作及物動詞，有“有利于， 有助于，有益于”的意思。
例如：
It is an expensive investment but it will benefit the company in the long run.
這是一項花費(fèi)很大的投資，但從長遠(yuǎn)來看，它對公司有好處。
b．用作不及物動詞，有“獲益，受益，得到好處”的意思，后常用介詞from，也可用介詞by。
例如：
They will benefit from the new way of doing the business.
他們會從新的經(jīng)營方式中獲益。
He is a man who has never benefit from experience.
他是一個從不吸取經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)的人。
Who is most likely to benefit by the old lady’s death?
誰最可能因老婦人去世而獲益呢？
（3）Benefit的形容詞形式是beneficial，副詞形式是beneficially。
be beneficial to 有利于… …,
例如：
The new policy is beneficial to car drivers.
新的法規(guī)對汽車駕駛員有利。
Fresh air and good food are beneficial to the health.
新鮮空氣和優(yōu)良的食物有益于健康。
2．demand
（1）demand作動詞是 “要求, 需求”的意思, 經(jīng)常指認(rèn)為有用, 公正, 正確, 恰當(dāng)或必需而提出要求. 注意: demand后接不定式, 不能接動名詞; 被要求的人作為賓語時用of引出.
例如:
I demanded an answer of him.
我要求他答復(fù).
All this was demanded of me.
這些都是向我要的.
demand后跟賓語從句時, 后面從句要用虛擬語氣, 應(yīng)用 “should+動詞原形”, should可省略.
例如:
I demand that one of you (should) go there at once.
我要求你們中間的一個人立即到那里去! (美國用法省略should)
不能用 “demand+賓語+不定式”這種句型, 而應(yīng)去掉賓語用demand to do sth。 這個句型. 例如:
He demanded to know what was going on there.
他要求知道那里發(fā)生了什么事.
She demanded to see the headmaster.
她請求見校長
（2）demand作名詞是 “要求, 需求; 請求”的意思, 后面常接介詞for. 常用于demand for sb, to do sth.或demand for sth/that…結(jié)構(gòu).
例如:
Ives listened to the workers’ demand for more money.
艾夫斯聽著工人們要爭取更多錢的要求
There is a great demand for such books.
這種書需要量很大
（3）習(xí)語:
have many demand on/upon one’s time時間不夠支配
in (great )demand需要量很大; 許多人都需要
make demand of/on對……提出要求; 有求于….
meet the demand滿足需要; 符合要求
on demand在要求時, 一經(jīng)請求; 在要求支付時
demand of/from向…要求; 向…索取
（4）同義詞: require v.要求
反義詞: supply v.提供
3．插入語用法小結(jié)
插入語在句中主要是用來表示說話人對某事物的看法. 態(tài)度和推測. 有時起到解釋, 說明的作用, 有時表示總結(jié), 有時可以用來引起對方的注意和思考. 插入語用法很多. 在句子中的位置比較靈活, 大提而言, 可以分為以下及類:
（1）用簡短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語.這一類有: I think, I hope, I guess. I believe, I suppose, I wonder, I tell you, I say, I’m afraid, I’m sure, you see, you know, as you know, that is, that is to say, what’s more等等, 它們可以置于句中或句尾.
如:
This diet, I think, will do good to your health.
我認(rèn)為, 這個食譜對你的身體有健康有益.
It won’t be raining long, I hope.
我希望雨不會老下個不停
You will have to work harder, you know, if you want to succeed.
你當(dāng)然清楚, 想成功就必須努力奮斗
（2）副詞或副詞斷語用作插入語. 這類插入語一般放在句首或句尾.
如:
Happily for him, his father’s second wife was kind to him, too.
幸運(yùn)的是, 他的繼母對他也很好.
You’ll be able to pass the coming exam, surely.
可以肯定地說, 你能通過下次考試.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
說實話, 我現(xiàn)在還不需要它.
Luckily for him, he didn’t hurt in the accident.
（3）介詞或介詞斷語作插入語, 這類插入語一般放在句首, 有時也可放在句中.
如:
Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither bothers nor sisters-- in other words, I’m an only child.
像大多數(shù)同學(xué)一樣, 我沒有兄弟姐妹, 換言之, 我是獨(dú)身子女
By the way, Bob sends his best wishes.
順便說一句鮑伯也向你問好
In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
簡而言之., 自從學(xué)校實現(xiàn)減負(fù)以來, 情況開始有了改善.
（4）分詞短語作插入語.
如:
Judging from your accent, you must be from England.
根據(jù)口音判斷, 你準(zhǔn)是英格蘭人.
Generally speaking, be is the best student in our class.
一般說來, 他是我們班最好的學(xué)生.
Compared with China, the USA is smaller.
與中國相比, 美國略小一點
（5）不定式短語做插入語.
如:
To put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.
說得婉轉(zhuǎn)些, 他的身體不算太好.
To tell you the truth, I don’t want to see her.
說實話, 我不想見她.
To conclude, it was a great success.
總之，這是一次巨大的成功。
二、詞義辨析
advantage; benefit; gain; profit的區(qū)別
advantage; benefit; gain; profit這四個詞都可用作名詞表示 “好處; 利益”.
（1）advantage側(cè)重表示某人或某物在價值, 等級或地位方面的優(yōu)勢或好處.
如:
Her beauty proved to be of great advantage to her in her stage career.
她的美貌使她在舞臺生涯中占了很大的便宜
（2）benefit側(cè)重表示某人在身體, 智力精神或物質(zhì)等方面的受益.
如:
This medicine will be of real benefit to you. Take it.
這種藥對你的病會很有效的, 快吃吧.
（3）gain側(cè)重表示物質(zhì)利益方面的好處或利益, 常用復(fù)數(shù)形式.
如:
We have made some very exciting gains in the past year.
去年我們?nèi)〉昧丝上驳氖找?
（4）profit既可指物質(zhì)或前財方面的收益, 亦可指一般意義上的益處.
如:
Coal and steel interests were merging for mutual profit.
煤礦和鋼鐵界為了共同的利益合并起來.
三、重點句型
a)It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech “I Have a Dream”, which inspired people of all races to fight for equality. 他就是在1963年的 “向華盛頓進(jìn)軍”活動期間發(fā)表了演說<<我有一個夢想>>, 這激勵著各種種族的人民為爭取平等而斗爭.
本句用了It was…that…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型, 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時間狀語during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963.
又如:
It was last night that John wore a white suit at the dance.
which在此引出了一個非限制性定語從句, 修飾前面的speech, which在從句中作主語.
又如:
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.
b)Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance one degree centigrade. 熱能量是一種物質(zhì)升高一攝氏度所需要的能量
it takes…to do…是固定句式, 可表示 “做某事需要……”之意.
如:
It will take a lot of courage to tell the truth.
it takes…to do…多指 “花多少時間去做某事”.
It took him three years to write the book.
亦有it takes…for sb. to do sth.句型.
It usually takes ten minutes for a taxi to get to the hotel.
c)What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect, share the rights to work, good housing conditions and education and be treated equal to other people in all ways. 所有這些組織都有一個共同的目標(biāo), 那就是要求得到尊重, 享有工作的權(quán)利, 有良好的住房條件, 能獲得教育, 能在各方面與其他人平等對待.
what在此做關(guān)系代詞, 引出一個主語從句, what在從句中作have的賓語. 又如:
What he often keeps in mind is how to serve the people well.
equal to是固定搭配. 在此句中是形容詞短語, 用作主語補(bǔ)足語, 意為 “與……平等或相等”.
如:
Everyone was born equal to one another.
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
(一) 情態(tài)動詞的某些特殊用法
情態(tài)動詞的一些習(xí)慣用法
1．Used to+動詞原形（表過去的習(xí)慣）， 含有與現(xiàn)在比較的意思，即過去做，現(xiàn)在不做了。
would經(jīng)常和表示過去時間的短語或句子連用，或通過上下文可明確是過去的事，而 used to則不必。
如：
He used to smoke.
他過去總是抽煙。（但現(xiàn)在不抽了）
When he was young he would smoke a lot.
年輕時，他總是抽很多煙。（現(xiàn)在也許抽，也許不抽）
2．be used to sth. (doing sth.)習(xí)慣于
Li Ming was used to sitting up all night during the war.
戰(zhàn)爭期間，李明習(xí)慣于熬夜。
3．表“寧愿做某事”的習(xí)慣表達(dá)
would do something
would rather do than do somethingn
would do something rather than do something
would rather sb. did something
prefer to do something
prefer to do rather than do something
prefer doing something to doing something
應(yīng)熟記其結(jié)構(gòu), 以便應(yīng)付高考
can’t…too/enough越……越好，無論……也不過分
You can not be too/enough careful when crossing the street
過馬路時，你越小心越好。/再小心也不過分
3．can not but +do sth.
不得不，只好
I can not but admire your bravery.
我不得不佩服你的勇氣。
I could not but choose to go
我只好去。
（二）被動語態(tài)
被動語態(tài)常用在沒有必要或不可能說明動作的執(zhí)行者的句子里，被動語態(tài)由be+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，應(yīng)該注意的是：語態(tài)變化要在動詞上體現(xiàn)，助動詞放在動詞前。
一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：
1．一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are done
2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am/is/are being done
3．在完成時：have/has been done
4．一般將來時：will be done
5．將來完成時：will have been done
6．一般過去時：was/were done
7．過去進(jìn)行時：was/were doing
8．過去完成時：had been done
9．過去將來時：would be done
二、被動語態(tài)的用法：
1．沒有必要或不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時。
Teachers are needed everywhere in China.
在中國到處都需要老師。
Smoking is not allowed here.
禁止抽煙。
Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway.
在高速公路上到處都能看到這樣的牌子。
2．似下列無主語句子已構(gòu)成固定句子。
It’s said…據(jù)說
It’s reported…據(jù)報道
It’s believed that…大家相信
It’s thought that...大家認(rèn)為
It’s known that…眾所周知
It’s must be pointed out that…必須指出
It is taken for granted that…被視為當(dāng)然
3．漢語中，當(dāng)主語泛指某些人時，往往用被動語態(tài)。
When he was asked to have a rest, he always smiled and said, “Thank you, but I’m not tired.”
當(dāng)人們請他休息時，他總是笑笑說“謝謝，我不累”。
4．需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時，往往用被動語態(tài)， 用“為……所，受……”詞語來表達(dá)。
The delegation was warmly welcomed.
代表團(tuán)受到熱烈歡迎。
三． 注意事項
1． 注意斷語動詞和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，切不可丟掉后邊的介詞或副詞。
The old man was often laughed at.
那位老人經(jīng)常被人嘲笑。
Time must be made good use of.
時間一定要充分利用。
The doctor has been sent for.
已經(jīng)派人去請大夫了。
The plan will be given up.
那計劃要被放棄了。
He must be prevented from going.
必須阻止他去。
2． get+過去分詞可表示被動，此用法較口語化。
He got married last week.
他上周結(jié)婚了。
The relics get damaged.
文物遭到了破壞。
3． 主動語態(tài)不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的情況。
（1）感觀動詞表狀態(tài)或結(jié)果時，這類動詞有：
smile, smell, sound, seem., look, remain, prove, appear, fall, turn
The milk smells slightly sour.
這牛奶有點酸了。
（2）當(dāng)賓語起狀語作用時，表示重量“數(shù)量、大小、程度”時，這類詞有：
cost, weigh, number, keep, sell, drink, wash
The jade weighs one ton.
The book sells good.
（3）“主語+have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，因為它本身即具有被動含義。
I had my tooth pulled yesterday. 不能說成 I had my tooth to be pulled yesterday.
（4）當(dāng)賓語是不定式或動名詞時：
We all want to be teachers.
They enjoy playing cards in the evening.
4． 用主動語態(tài)表被動語態(tài)的含義：
（1）be worth doing sth.
The novel is well worth reading.
（2）主語+want/need/require/doing（=to be done）此句型主語大多為物
The flowers need/require/want watering (to be watered).
【考點透視 考例精析】
[考點] attempt 用作名詞，“努力，嘗試，企圖”的意思。attempt 也可用作及物動詞。
[考例1] A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night.
A．a(chǎn)dvised B．a(chǎn)ttended C．a(chǎn)ttempted D．a(chǎn)dmitted
[點撥] 選C。句義是：“一個涉嫌參與昨夜謀殺的人正在接受審訊”。
[考點] which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，關(guān)系代詞which 在從句中作介詞in 的賓語，介詞in可以提前。
[考例2] The English play ________ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A．for which B．a(chǎn)t which C．in which D．on which
[點撥] 選C。in which 表示“在這個英語話劇中”。
[考點] 動詞-ing短語作定語。
[考例3] When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians ________ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.
A． wearing B． to wear C．worn D．having worn
[點撥] 選A。wearing 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示“正穿著”。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．The two friends ________ (分享)all that they had when they were studying abroad.
2．The ______ (氣候) here doesn’t agree with me clearly.
3．The ______ (平均) age of the students in our class is fifteen.
4．Bird ______ (流感) can spread quickly if the government didn’t take quick actions.
5．After he finished the ______ (實驗), he draw a conclusion.
6．The t_____ of the article is “On Value”.
7．The c_____ needle always points south at any time.
8．At present the doctor can’t c_____ her of her cancer.
9．Our school supplies us with modern office e_______.
10．You’d better f_____ the doctor’s instructions.
二、單項選擇
1．Nuclear science should be developed to ______the people rather than harm them.
A．benefit B．contribute C．protect D．a(chǎn)ffect
2．For more than 20 years, we’ve been supporting educational programs that ______from kindergartens to colleges.
A． spread B．move C．shift D． range
3．When I opened the door, I found my father sitting in his chair, completely ______a magazine.
A．a(chǎn)bsorbing in B．a(chǎn)bsorbed in C．a(chǎn)bsorbing to D．a(chǎn)bsorbed to
4. The teacher asked a difficult question, but Ted, finally, managed to ______a good answer.
A． put up with B．keep up with C．come up with D．go through with
5．We regret to inform you that there are no tickets ______for Friday’s performance.
A．a(chǎn)vailable B． spare C．convenient D．a(chǎn)ffordable
6．He was thrown into prison for being ______the march the day before.
A．by B．for C．on D．a(chǎn)t
7．Smoking is bad for health. It is ______in many public places.
A． refused B． rejected C．forbidden D． prevented
8．Before the operation, the doctor ______the nurse to be careful.
A．kept B．demanded C．required D．hoped
9．In 1965, a new Voting Rights Bill became law, ______all black people had the right to vote from then on.
A． that B．by which C． by what D． which
10． –What do you think of this piece of wood?
--I’m sure it ______a very good shelf.
A． will make B． is making C．is made D． can be made
【能力拓展】
Misery and setbacks are not always as terrible as one imagines. Hard times can offer new ways of looking at life that would otherwise never be known. And, if you are a writer, this can be the source of much of your success.
Popular British author, Charles Dickens' (1812-1870) family could hardly make ends meet (入不敷出). They could only afford to send one of their six children to school.
Dickens was not that child.
His parents chose to send a daughter, who had a talent for music, to an academy. Then at the age of 12, Dickens' life took another turn for the worse.
His father, a clerk, was placed in prison for unpaid debts. And, being the oldest male left at home, Dickens took up work at a factory. His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing.
His father was freed three months later and inherited (繼承) a small amount of money. Dickens was then sent to school.
From 1836 to 1837, he wrote a monthly series of stories. Thus the "Pickwick Papers" (《匹克威克外傳》), came into being, which brought fame to the 23-year-old man.
Throughout his career, Dickens covers various situations in his novels. He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor in "Oliver Twist" (《霧都孤兒》), the French Revolution in "Tale of Two Cities", and social reform in "Hard Times" (《艱難時世》). He also wrote "David Copperfield" (《大衛(wèi)科波菲爾》), a book thought to be based on his own life.
"I do not write bitterly or angrily: for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am," he once said.
His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became, as well as his writing career. There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters, including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
Like the author, all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success.
"Minds, like bodies, will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort," he once wrote.
On June 9th, 1870, aged 58, Dickens died, leaving one unfinished work. The words on his tombstone read: "He was a sympathizer (同情者) to the poor, the suffering and the oppressed (受壓迫者), and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."
1．The book that called public attention to Dickens was ______.
A．the Pickwick Papers B．Oliver Twist
C． Tale of Two Cities D． David Copperfield
2．The phrase “shades of” in bold means “_____”.
A．various shapes of B．situations of
C． different experiences D．reminders of
3．How did Dickens see his childhood?
A．He felt grateful for it.
B．He felt it a pity that things weren’t in his favour.
C．He loved writing about it.
D．He chose to forget the bitterness about it.
4．From the story, we can see Dickens’ attitude towards an easy life is ______.
A．to enjoy it B．to hate it
C．not to indulge in (沉湎于) it D．to work hard for it
參考答案
高二部分
Units 13-14 (B2)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1． shared 2．climate 3．a(chǎn)verage 4．flu 5．experiment 6．title
7．campus 8．cure 9．equipments 10．follow
二、1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．C 9．B 10．A
能力拓展
1-4 ADAC
1． A 細(xì)節(jié)題。文中 From 1836 to 1837, he wrote a monthly series of stories. Thus the “Pickwick Papers”, came into being, which brought fame to the 23-year-old man.一段說明讓23歲的狄更斯出名的作品是: the “Pickwick Papers”。
2． D 猜詞義。得出答案。
3． A 推斷題。從文章第一段, 及引用DICKENS 的幾句話,我們可以推斷出: DICKENS對自己童年經(jīng)歷的態(tài)度和看法。 容易誤選C。 C項只提供了一個事實, 并不能反映態(tài)度。
4． C 推斷題。文中"Minds, like bodies, will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort," he once wrote. 一段明顯流露出他的觀點。