Reading
詞匯：Cosmetic n.化妝品adj.化妝用的
1 link vt., vi.（常與together, to, with連用）連接
The two towns are linked by a railway.這兩個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)由一條鐵路連接起來。
（與on, to, in to連用）聯(lián)合
link up（與with連用）會(huì)合
2 advertise vt., vi.-tised, -tising vt.登...的廣告；登廣告征求或推銷商品；通告; 宣布
宣揚(yáng); 大肆宣傳；發(fā)出廣告
I advertised him of my plans.我把我的計(jì)劃通知了他。
The company advertised for a new secretary.公司登廣告招聘一名新秘書。
We should advertise for someone to look after our children.我們?cè)摰莻�(gè)廣告聘人來照管孩子們。
advertise for登招請(qǐng)[待聘等]廣告
advertise oneself (as)自吹(是)
advertising un.廣告業(yè), 廣告 adj.廣告的
advertising agency廣告公司 advertising agent廣告經(jīng)紀(jì)人 advertising expense廣告費(fèi)
advertising is one of the biggest businesses in America.廣告是美國最大的行業(yè)之一。
Advertisement n.廣告(= ad)
The wall was covered with advertisements.墻上貼滿了廣告。
It has many advertisements and many different sections.星期日?qǐng)?bào)有很多廣告和許多欄目。
They like advertisements which show women in office, planes, and cars.
婦女們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)婦女在辦公室工作、乘飛機(jī)旅行、駕駛著汽車等情形的廣告。
3 aim vt., vi.（常與at連用）瞄準(zhǔn)；對(duì)準(zhǔn)
He aimed with the gun.他用槍瞄準(zhǔn)。
He aimed the gun at the enemy officer.他用槍瞄準(zhǔn)了敵軍官。
以…為目標(biāo)
I aim to be a lawyer.我要當(dāng)個(gè)律師。
The factory must aim at developing new models of machines.該工廠必須致力于研制新型機(jī)械。
Aim n.瞄準(zhǔn)；對(duì)準(zhǔn)The hunter took aim at wolf.獵手瞄準(zhǔn)狼。
目標(biāo)；目的What is your aim in life?你生活的目的是什么?
The aim is not just to keep busy.其目的不僅是為了使每個(gè)人不致閑著。
aim at向...瞄準(zhǔn); 旨在, 針對(duì); 志在
take aim (at)瞄準(zhǔn)
4 involve vt. involved, involving（常與in連用）牽涉；拖累
Don't involve other people in your trouble.別把別人牽涉進(jìn)你的麻煩中去。
（常與in連用）使陷入
包括，涉及All the children were involved in the school play.所有的孩子都參加了學(xué)校排練的劇。
This lesson involves a lot of work.這一課需要做的工作有很多。
be involved in trouble卷入糾紛 be involved in disaster陷入不幸
a task which involves much difficulty困難重重的任務(wù)
He was involved in working out a plan.他專心致志地制訂計(jì)劃。
be involved in包含在...; 與...有關(guān); 被卷入; 專心地(做)
be involved with涉及 become involved in卷入, 陷入
get involved with給...纏住
5 promise n.諾言
He broke his promise and did not come to see me.他不遵守諾言，沒來看我。
希望；展望The news brings little promise of peace.這消息使和平無望。
Promise vt., vi.（常與to, that連用）允諾；承諾
He has promised to behave better henceforth.他答應(yīng)從今以后要表現(xiàn)得好些。
She promised her brother that she would write to him.她答應(yīng)弟弟將給他寫信。
預(yù)示；給予…希望Early mist promises fair weather.晨霧預(yù)示好天氣。
This year promises to be another good one for harvests.今年看來又是個(gè)豐收年。
break [go back] one's [a] promise違背諾言, 違約
give [afford, show] promise有希望, 有前途
I promise you.我敢肯定; 說句老實(shí)話; 我警告你。
keep [redeem] one's [a] promise遵守諾言, 守約
make [give] a promise答應(yīng), 許諾
of great [high] promise大有希望的, 前程遠(yuǎn)大的
promise well很有希望, 前景很好
6 present adj.出席的；到場(chǎng)的
How many people were present at the meeting?會(huì)議有多少人出席？
There are twenty children present.在座的有20個(gè)孩子。
現(xiàn)在的；現(xiàn)存的the present government
What is your present job?你現(xiàn)在的工作是什么？
I don't need the literature at present. Thank you very much all the same.
"我現(xiàn)在還不需要這些文獻(xiàn),但我還是要感謝你。"
at present現(xiàn)在；目前At present, he is on holiday.目前，他正在度假。
for the present眼前；暫時(shí)
vt.贈(zèng)予；頒予
They presented flowers to their teacher.他們獻(xiàn)花給老師。
The mayor presented the winner with a silver cup.市長(zhǎng)把銀杯授予了獲勝者。
提出；呈遞The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.委員會(huì)將于下星期提出調(diào)查報(bào)告。
介紹；引見；舉薦May I present Mr Robinson to you?可否讓我向你介紹羅賓遜先生?
The new ambassador was presented to the president.新大使被引見給總統(tǒng)。
at present現(xiàn)在, 目前 be present to出現(xiàn)在...面前
for the present暫時(shí), 暫且 live in the present順應(yīng)當(dāng)前形勢(shì), 只顧眼前
up to [until] the present直到現(xiàn)在
7 sue vt., vi.sued, suing
起訴（常與to, for連用）控告
sue at (the) law起訴 sue to sb.請(qǐng)求某人
sue for a woman's hand向女子求婚 sue out a pardon求得寬赦
sue for為...提出訴訟, 訴請(qǐng)..., 請(qǐng)求; 乞求
sue out【律】請(qǐng)求法院而得到 (赦免, 賠償?shù)?
sue sb. for控告某人違犯...; 向法院起訴要求某人賠償
8 avoid vt.避開；避免
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
我橫穿馬路以便避開他,但他看到了我并朝我跑過來。
To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colours.為避免混淆,兩隊(duì)分穿不同顏色的衣服。
Young ladies should learn to spend money carefully and avoid extravagance.
年青的婦女要學(xué)會(huì)花錢審慎小心,避免浪費(fèi)。
逃避Are you trying to avoid me?你是不是想躲開我？
9 ensure vt.ensured, ensuring使…必然發(fā)生 （亦作： insure）
We can ensure that the work shall be done in the right way.我們可以保證把工作做好。
I fitted a new lock to ensure that the bicycle would not be stolen.我裝了一把新鎖以保證自行車不致失竊。
保護(hù); 使安全(against, from)
保證給, 賦予(to, for)ensure success [safety, supplies]
保證成功[安全, 供應(yīng)]ensure sb. against[from] danger
10 apply vt., vi. applied, applying
請(qǐng)求；申請(qǐng)I want to apply for the job.我想申請(qǐng)這項(xiàng)工作。
應(yīng)用；使用；適用The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings.
勤儉節(jié)約的原則適用于一切事業(yè)。
涂，敷，抹A nurse is applying some medicine to his wound.有個(gè)護(hù)士正在給他的傷口敷藥。
產(chǎn)生作用；有直接關(guān)系What I have said does not apply to you.我說的話與你無關(guān)。
This rule does not apply.這個(gè)規(guī)則不適用。
專心；集中精力 apply oneself to專心從事，埋頭于…
The new comer applied his mind to the job.新來的職員工作專心致志。
Students should apply themselves to their study.學(xué)生們應(yīng)該專心致志地學(xué)習(xí)。
apply to the consul for a visa向領(lǐng)事申請(qǐng)簽證
apply a theory to practice把理論應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐
apply one's mind to專心于...
We must apply our energies to finding a solution.我們必須全力想出一個(gè)解決的辦法。
常用短語：be applied to適用于, 應(yīng)用于, 施加于, 用來表示, 與...接觸
apply for申請(qǐng); 請(qǐng)求, 接洽
apply oneself to致力于, 集中精力做某事
apply sth. to把...施于...; 把...運(yùn)用于...
apply to關(guān)系到, 牽涉到；適用于; 運(yùn)用于；向...詢問, 向...接洽
11 back vt., vi.
向后退The car backed through the gate.車子倒退著開出大門。
（用金錢）資助，支持，援助
The organization is backed by The U.N..該組織由聯(lián)合國資助。
Will you back me against the others?你會(huì)支持我反對(duì)其他的人嗎？
back down讓步，退卻；放棄They refused to back down.他們不愿讓步。
Since most of the people present agreed with her, I had to back down.
大多數(shù)到會(huì)的人都同意她的意見,我只好放棄原來的意見了。
back up支持，援助The new evidence backed up my argument.新的證詞有助于我的辯論。
倒退，后退‘Don't shoot!’ he said and backed up.“別開槍！” 他說著往后退。
be laid on one's back臥病在床
be on one's back仰臥; [口]臥病; [口]毫無辦法, 一籌莫展
back and forth來回; 往復(fù)
12 pursue vt.追趕, 追蹤, 追擊, 繼續(xù), 從事
pursue the enemy追擊敵人 pursue pleasure尋歡作樂
pursue a calling從事一種職業(yè) pursue a discussion繼續(xù)討論
pursue one's studies從事研究
Illness pursued him till his death.疾病一直糾纏著他, 直到他去世。
We have always pursued a friendly policy towards the people all over the world.
對(duì)世界人民我們一貫奉行友好政策。
vi.追, 追隨(after)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行
13 ignore vt.
忽視, 不理睬; 抹煞(建議)【律】駁回; 忽略(不計(jì))
He completely ignored all these facts as though they never existed.
他完全無視這一切, 好象它們根本不存在似的。
She saw him coming but she ignored him.她看見他走過來, 但裝做沒看到他。
14 ban vt. -nn-（法律上）禁止Smoking is banned in school.在學(xué)校禁止吸煙
n.禁止There is a ban on smoking.有一個(gè)禁煙令。
15 promote vt.-moted, -moting
（常與to連用）提升；擢升
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster.我們的老師已被提升為校長(zhǎng)了。
積極籌劃Who is promoting this boxing match?誰在籌劃這次拳擊賽？
宣傳，推銷（商品）Do you have any idea how to promote the sales of this product?
如何來推銷這種產(chǎn)品你有什么好辦法嗎?
promote growth [prosperity, understanding]促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)[繁榮, 了解]
be promoted (to be [to the rank of]) first mate被提為大副
16 in funds手頭有錢; 有資本no funds存款不足(銀行退回空頭支票時(shí)用語)
out of funds缺錢
fund vt. 為…提供基金
The work is funded by the government.這項(xiàng)工程由政府提供基金。
17 remark n.備注, 評(píng)論, 注意, 注釋
vt.評(píng)論, 注意, 談及vi.談?wù)?/p>
（常與that連用）說
He remarked that it was getting late.他說天色漸晚了。
（常與on, upon連用）談?wù)摚辉u(píng)論
make [pass] a remark on就...發(fā)表意見, 對(duì)...品頭品足
pass without remark置之不理, 置若罔聞; 默認(rèn)
remark on [upon]談?wù)? 議論, 評(píng)論
general remark一般說明
remarkable adj.不平常的, 非凡的, 值得注意的, 顯著的
18 cause n.原因, 導(dǎo)致某事發(fā)生的人或事, 動(dòng)機(jī), 理由, 根據(jù), 目標(biāo), 理想, 事業(yè)
vt.引起, 惹起, 使(發(fā)生), 促成
The heavy rain was the cause of the flood.大雨是導(dǎo)致洪水產(chǎn)生的原因。
There is no cause for anxiety.不必焦慮。
There is no cause for concern, for the windstorm was not too serious.那場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴不太厲害,沒必要擔(dān)心。
fight for the cause of world peace為世界和平而戰(zhàn)
She has made up her mind to fight for the cause of peace all her life.她已下定決心為和平事
V What caused his failure?什么使得他失敗了?
His absence caused me much trouble.他的缺席給我?guī)砹嗽S多麻煩。
Necessity caused me to come.我不得不來。
Cause reason都含“原因”的意思。
cause 指“產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的原因” 或“使某事發(fā)生的原因”, 如:
Carelessness is the cause of his failure.粗心是他失敗的原因。
reason 指“根據(jù)事實(shí)、情況或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論的理由或道理”, 如:
The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.那場(chǎng)大雨是發(fā)生洪水的原因。
Word Formation
Prefix Example Meaning
anti- anti-cloning, anticancer against, opposed to
dis-
un- disappear, disagree
unfair, unwilling not, apposed of
in-
il-
im-
ir- incorrect, incomparable
illegal, illogical
immoral, immodest
irresponsible, irregular
not, without
pre- preview, preserve early, before
pro- pro-cloning in favour of, supporting
re- recreate, repeat, renew again
Some other commonly used prefixes
Prefix Example Meaning
de- decompose, declassify apart, from
mal- maltreatment, malnutrition badly, ill
non- non-smoker, non-alcoholic, non-profit not
inter- international, interaction, interrupt between
tele- telescope, telegram, telecommunication far off
trans- transport, translate, transnational across
mis- misunderstand, mislead, misdeed wrong
sub- subtitle, subway, submarine under
over- overeat, overwork, overact too much
tri- triangle, tricycle, tricolor three
auto- autobiography, autoalarm, automobile self
Suffixes
Suffix Example Meaning
-able comfortable, noticeable worthy of, able to be
-ful cheerful, thoughtful full of, characterized by
-ist scientist, novelist someone who does something
-less hopeless, aimless without
-ment agreement, treatment indicate a state or condition
-ness dryness, madness indicate a quality, state or character
Some other commonly used suffixes
-al cultural, national, original of or concerning
-ion invitation, competition, protection action or condition of…
-ship hardship, scholarship, relationship state of being, skill
-dom freedom, kingdom condition or state of…
-ish childish, selfish of the nature of…
-proof waterproof, fireproof, soundproof protect against
-en widen, sharpen, shorten make or become
-ward eastward, homeward, backward in the direction of
-like womanlike, childlike similar to
Listening skills(P68-P73)
Pharmacy n.藥房, 藥劑學(xué), 配藥業(yè), 制藥業(yè), 一批備用藥品 ; staff n. 支柱, 全體職員, [軍]參謀機(jī)構(gòu) ; press release n.新聞稿 ;
1 value vt.-ued, -uing估價(jià)；定價(jià)
He valued the ring at $80.他估計(jì)這枚戒指值80美元。
尊重；珍視
I value your advice.我尊重你的勸告。
of no value沒有價(jià)值的
put [set) little value on [upon]對(duì)...評(píng)價(jià)不高; 不怎么重視
put [set] much [a high] value on [upon]對(duì)...給予高度評(píng)價(jià); 重視(I don't put much value on what he says.我不重視他所說的話)
set a value on估價(jià), 評(píng)價(jià)(I asked him to set a value on the pictures. 我請(qǐng)他對(duì)這些畫估個(gè)價(jià)。)
value at估(某物的)價(jià)為
value oneself on [upon]以...自豪; 以...夸耀自己
2 recommend vt.推薦；推舉
Can you recommend a good dictionary?你能介紹一本好詞典嗎？
勸告；忠告I recommend you to wait.我勸你等一等。
recommend to try a new medicine建議試服一種新藥
（與to連用）交付；托付
The dying man recommended his soul to God.這垂危病人把靈魂交付上帝。
recommend a child to sb.把小孩子托給某人照管
recommend that sb should do…
Writing(P77-P79)
Perishable adj.容易腐爛的; spoilage n.食物變質(zhì)，食物腐壞; prolong vt.延長(zhǎng), 拖延
Aesthetic adj.美學(xué)的, 審美的, 有審美感的;
1 argue vt.辯論, 爭(zhēng)論;說服, 勸說;主張, 認(rèn)為, 論證
They argued the case for hours.他們就這件事爭(zhēng)論了數(shù)小時(shí)。
They tried to argue him into joining them.他們?cè)噲D說服他參加。
Her accent argues that she is from Dalian.
argue about\ on \over辯論[爭(zhēng)論]某事
argue against反駁;顯示出與...相反的結(jié)論, 證明...是站不住腳的
argue down駁倒某人
argue for贊成; 為...而力爭(zhēng)
argue sb. into說服某人(做某事或接受某種意見)
argue sb. out of說服某人不做某事, 打消某種念頭
2 behalf n.為, 利益
‘Don't trouble to do it on my behalf.不要為了我去麻煩了。
on behalf of代表, 為了
on sb.'s behalf以某人的名義; 為了某人; 代表某人
My husband could not be here tonight, but l want to thank you on his behalf.
我丈夫今晚因故不能前來, 我代表他向你們致謝。
3 estimate vt.估計(jì)，判斷
（常與that連用）估價(jià)
（常與at連用）估計(jì)
I estimate her age at 35.我估計(jì)她有35歲。
at a rough estimate據(jù)粗略估計(jì)
by estimate照估計(jì)
form an estimate of給...作一估計(jì); 評(píng)價(jià)
make an estimate of給...作一估計(jì); 評(píng)價(jià)
4 perish vi.毀滅, 滅亡, 死去;枯萎, 腐爛, 腐朽
The city perished in an earthquake.這城在一次地震中毀滅。
5 evident adj.明顯的
It's evident that you are tired.顯然你累了。
6 reputation n.名聲; 名譽(yù);聲望, 名望;榮[信]譽(yù), 體面; 著名
a man of no reputation沒有聲望的人
a person of reputation有信譽(yù)的人, 體面的人
build up a reputation博得名聲
have a good [bad] reputation名譽(yù)好[壞]
have a reputation for sth. (=have the reputation of)因...而著名, 以...聞名
live up to one's reputation不負(fù)盛名; 名副其實(shí)
lose [ruin] one's reputation名譽(yù)掃地
of great[good, high] reputation很有聲望的, 享有盛名的
of no reputation聲名狼藉的
of reputation有名望的
7 merit n.優(yōu)點(diǎn)；價(jià)值；功績(jī)
These so-called merits are often offset by its undesirable effects.
這些所謂的好處往往被鞭炮產(chǎn)生的不良后果抵消了。
There's little merit in passing the driving test if you don't have a car of your own.
"如果你沒有自己的汽車,通過駕駛考試也沒什么價(jià)值。"
vt.應(yīng)得；應(yīng)受；值得
His work merits a prize.他的工作值得獎(jiǎng)賞。
He merited all the praise which had been given to him.他理應(yīng)受到人們給他的一切稱贊。
8 to a certian extent在一定程度上, 有幾分, 部分地
to a great extent很大程度上, 非常
to some extent某種程度上, (多少)有一點(diǎn)
to that extent達(dá)到那樣的程度
to the extent of到...的程度
9 cut across取捷徑；走近路;超越
a new group of members of parliament that cuts across party lines無黨派議員組成的新團(tuán)體
cut back剪枝；修剪;減少；縮小；削減
to cut back on industrial production縮減工業(yè)生產(chǎn)
cut down砍倒；砍傷；砍死;減少；減低
to cut down a tree with an axe用斧頭把樹砍倒
to cut down on smoking減少抽煙
cut in插嘴Don't cut in while I'm talking.我說話時(shí)別插嘴。
（突然）插入to cut in on a queue加塞兒
cut out剪除；切掉；割掉to cut out a dress裁剪衣服
停止；放棄to cut out smoking戒煙
cut up切碎;使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.在丈夫拋棄她之后，簡(jiǎn)痛苦極了。
10 apart from除…外
All the children like music apart from Bobby.除了博比外所有的孩子都喜歡音樂。
The writer lives apart from his family.作家不與家人同住。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don't suit me.
這條褲子不但太大,而且我穿著也不合適。
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
除了很少的幾句外,我對(duì)法語一無所知。