Unit19
1 way, method, means
way可指一般的方法，也可指個人的或特殊的方法或方式。如：生活方式way of life。另外，當way作先行詞時，定語從句引導詞可以是in which也可以是that，也可以不用引導詞。常用短語：in this way用這種方式；by the way順便說；in a way在某種程度上；in no way決不；in the way妨礙某人；lose one’s way迷路；on the/one’s way在路上；make one’s way前進。
method指理論的或系統(tǒng)的方法。Our teacher is showing us a new method of writing.
老師告訴我們一種書寫的新方法。
There's not much method in the way they do their accounts. Will you come to help them?
"他們記賬的方法沒有什么條理,你能來幫幫他們嗎?"
條理；秩序； 有條不紊If you had used more method, you wouldn't have wasted so much time.
要是你安排得更有條理些，就不會浪費那么多時間了。
means指具體的“方法、手段、工具”，其單復數(shù)相同。常用短語：by this means用這種方式；by all means無論如何；by means of以……方式；by no means一點也不。
Exercises:
(1). I think this is the best _____ to deal with the waste.
(2). Now teaching the text is done in a very lively _____ in English classes.
(3). He introduced the Western _____ of teaching in class.
(4). Follow her _____ of cooking.
(5). Every possible _____ has/ All possible _____ have been adopted.
2 produce\production\product
3 shortage缺乏， 匱乏；缺乏之量
a shortage of water缺水
The total shortage was $500.不足的總額為500美元。
"In the developed countries, there's a great shortage of labour / work force."
發(fā)達國家勞動力非常缺乏。
4 guide n.領路人, 導游者, 向?qū)? 引導者, 指南a Guide to English Grammar
vt.指導, 支配, 管理, 帶領, 操縱
They guided us to the office.他們帶領我們到了辦公室。
5 condition：可以用作動詞和名詞。主要義項有：條件；狀況；狀態(tài)；決定；調(diào)整狀態(tài)。
Eg. He conditioned himself for the race.
I conditioned the dog to bark at strangers.
Ability is one of the conditions of success in life.
用作名詞表示“條件”時可以構成以下短語：on condition that在……條件下；
Eg. We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
on this/ that/ no/ what condition在這種（那種，沒有的，什么）條件下。
Eg. You should on no condition visit that place.
表示“狀態(tài)”時可以構成的短語有：in good condition(s)情況良好；
Eg. My car is old but in good condition.
in/ out of condition健康狀況良好（不佳）
Eg. He is not in a condition to make a long trip.
The car is in very good condition.這輛汽車情況良好。
注意：比較相似詞語：situation形勢，局勢；state狀態(tài)(Matter has three states.)；surrounding環(huán)境
Situation n.形勢；狀況；事態(tài)The situation is very difficult.處境很困難。
地勢；地理位置an island situation島國地勢
State n.狀況；情形；狀態(tài)
Everything was in a state of disorder.一切都處于紊亂狀態(tài)。
The messy garden is in a state of neglect.這個又臟又亂的花園處于無人管理的狀態(tài)。
焦慮或興奮狀態(tài)She is in a worried state of mind.她心情很焦急。
The whole country was in a state of ferment that year.那一年這個國家全部處于動亂狀態(tài)。
6 remove vt., vi.（常與from連用）拿走；撤走，除去
to remove your hat脫掉你的帽子
to remove a child from a class把一個孩子從班上帶走
（常與from連用）撤職，免職
7 word n.詞，單詞；話，言語
Tell me in your own words.用你自己的話告訴我。
簡短的話，幾句話
'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily.'我一句也聽不見了!'我憤怒地說。
Can I have a word with you?我能和你說幾句話嗎？
消息No word has come from the battle front.前線還沒有消息傳來。
承諾I give you my word that I will return.我向你保證我會回來的。
The boy kept his word.那孩子信守諾言。
eat one's words承認說錯了話
have words吵嘴；爭論
in other words換句話說
word for word逐詞地；原原本本地
Tell me what she said, word for word.把她說的一五一十地告訴我。
8 stand by袖手旁觀；忠于；信守；幫助或者支持：
to stand by one's promise遵守諾言；stands by her friends.支持她的朋友
stand for代表，表示；意指；象征；倡導或者支持：接受；容忍：
We will not stand for impertinent behavior.我們不會容忍不禮貌的行為
stands for freedom of the press.倡導新聞的自由
stand out明顯；醒目；突出；杰出；堅持；支撐
to stand out a crisis挨過危機
stand in當替身；代替
stand up耐久；耐用；成立
Will the charge stand up in court?這個指控在法庭上能成立嗎？
stand up for維護；擁護；支持
9 go against：反對, 違反, 不利于
Eg. It goes against my interests.
相關歸納：（1）go ahead進步；前進；可以Eg. He is going ahead fast.
（2）go away離開；走開Eg. Did you go away or stay at home in the vacation.
（3）go by走過；時間流逝受指導；遵照，依照
Eg. Don't go by what she says.別聽她的。 Several years went by before we met again.
（4）go down下降；落下；平靜下來Eg. The wind has gone down a little.
（5）go in for從事；參加酷愛；嗜好
Eg. Young people should never simply go in for material comforts.年青人永遠也不應一味地追求物質(zhì)享受。 He goes in for sports every day.
（6）go off離去；進展；變壞；熄掉爆炸；（爆竹、鈴等）響
Eg. The signal pistol went off with a bang.信號槍砰的一聲響了。
The meeting went off very well. The milk has gone off.
（7）go over調(diào)查；復習
（8）go through經(jīng)過；經(jīng)歷；完成；做完；通過；批準
Eg. The law has gone through Parliament.議會已經(jīng)通過了這項法案。
She went through the room but couldn’t find the missing ring.
注意：go還可以用作連系動詞，構成短語：go bad“變質(zhì)”；go hungry“挨餓”；go mad“發(fā)瘋”。
（9）go about到處走動，走來走去；（輪船）掉頭，轉(zhuǎn)向從事；著手做
How shall we go about the job?我們該怎樣著手做這件工作？
How do you go about repairing this telex machine?你怎樣著手修理這架電傳機?
10 depend vi.（常與on, upon連用）視情況而定
That depends.視情形而定。
It all depends on how you tackle the problem.那要看你如何應付這問題而定。
（常與on 連用）信任，信賴；需要
Can I depend on you?我可以信任你嗎？
I haven't a car, I have to depend on the buses.我沒有汽車，只能靠公共汽車。
That depends.[口]要看情況而定。
It all depends.[口]要看情況而定。
You may depend upon it.[口]肯定無疑; 放心好了。
depend upon it[口]肯定天疑, 管保沒錯, 我敢說(用于句首或句末
Unit20
1 intend：用作動詞，主要有“意欲；打算”“原本是要……；原意要……（常用于被動語態(tài)）”等義項。主要用法有：（1）intend to do Eg. He intends to study abroad next year.
（2）intend sb. to do Eg. He intends his son to manage the company.
（3）intend that…Eg. He intends that the plan should be put into practice within a year.= He intends the plan to be put into practice within a year.
（4）be intended for/ as為特殊目的而設計； Eg. This dictionary is intended for children.
（5）be intended to do Eg. This was intended to be a picture of a cat.
注意：intend to do和mean to do有相同的用法。
Eg. I’ve made a mistake, though I didn’t intend to/ mean to.我錯了，雖然我不愿意。
be intended to (do)意思是使; 是用來
be intended to be規(guī)定為, 確定為
it is intended that企圖, 意圖是
intend for打算供...使用; 打算送給;打算使...成為; 想讓...從事某事
2 appreciate vt., vi.感激；感謝
We appreciate your efforts for the development of the company.
我們感激你對公司發(fā)展所作的努力。
鑒賞；欣賞；賞識
I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
我認為小孩對現(xiàn)代圖畫往往比任何人都更有鑒賞力。
appreciate English poetry欣賞英詩
appreciate good food品嘗美味
appreciate sb.'s friendship珍視某人的友誼
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我們恭候佳音。
3 suffer vt.遭[蒙, 經(jīng)]受；忍受, 忍耐寬恕; 允許, 容忍
suffer pain受痛苦
suffer hunger挨餓
I will not suffer such conduct.我不能容忍這種行為。
She could not suffer criticism.她受不了批評。
I can not suffer you to be idle.我不能讓你偷懶。
suffer from患...病; 受...苦；因……而遭罪
suffer from cold and hunger饑寒交迫
suffer from floods遭受水災
She was suffering from a headache.她正經(jīng)受頭痛之苦。
The city suffered serious damage from the earthquake.
4 operate：用作動詞，主要義項有：運轉(zhuǎn)；操作；起作用；經(jīng)營；管理；動手術。
Eg. Can you operate this computer?
The sleeping pill operated at once.
The company operates ten factories.
The surgeon decided to operate on her.
名詞operation手術，操作；operator操作員，接線員。
注意：operate在表示“操作；管理；經(jīng)營”時，為及物動詞，同義詞有：run, manage等；表示“手術”時為不及物動詞，跟賓語時需使用介詞on。
5 direction n.方向, 指導, 趨勢, (常用復數(shù))指示, 用法, 說明(書)
In which direction are you going, north or south?你準備往哪個方向走？向北還是向南？
What direction does this exhibition hall face?展覽館朝什么方向?
(pl) 用法說明Full directions inside.內(nèi)附詳細說明書。
give directions予以指示
in every direction向各方面, 向四面八方
in the direction of朝 ... 方向
under the direction of在...指導下
6 look on… as把……看著。
Eg. I look on her as a promising pianist.
同義詞組：think of…as…；regard…as…；treat…as…；see…as…
相關歸納：（1）look on旁觀
Eg. Two men were fighting while people looked on.
（2）look forward to希望；盼望
Eg. I’m looking forward to seeing you.
（3）look into往里看；調(diào)查
Eg. The committee is looking into the cause of the accident.
（4）look over瞭望；越過……看；檢查
Eg. The secretary looked over the letters quickly.
（5）look through瀏覽；審查
Eg. I have to look through my notebooks for the exam
(6) look down on輕視，看不起
（7）look up在書中查到；尋訪到，探訪（某人）
When you do not understand a word, you can look it up in this dictionary.
當你不懂一個單詞時，可以查這本詞典。
"On my way home, I looked up an old friend of mine."
"在回家的路上,我去看望了一下我的一個老朋友。"
look up to尊敬
7 create, invite, discover, find, find out
create主要意思是“創(chuàng)造”，即產(chǎn)生出新的東西，其對象往往是精神是的，如藝術、文學作品中的人物以及新的科學領域等，也可創(chuàng)造出新的具體事物。名詞：creation創(chuàng)造；creator創(chuàng)造者。
discover主要意思是“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，其對象是一直存在但以往未被人們了解的東西，如元素、地域或客觀規(guī)律等。名詞：discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)；discoverer發(fā)現(xiàn)者。
find主要指發(fā)現(xiàn)、找到丟失的東西或人，“發(fā)現(xiàn)；看到；感到”。
find out“查明真相；弄清”，同義詞為make sure。
Exercises:
(1). The idea that God _____ the world is wrong.
(2). Thomas Edison _____ the first small electric lamp.
(3). They never _____ how to open the box.
(4). I was surprised when I _____ you in the bus.
(5). Did you _____ the book you lost?
(6). Please _____ who broke into the house last night.
Unit21
1 avoid：用作及物動詞，主要義項有：逃避；避免；回避。可以跟名詞、代詞或v.ing形式作賓語。Eg. The car turned to the left to avoid a collision.
I tried to avoid meeting him because he always bored me.
avoidable adj.可避免的；avoidance n.逃避；回避。
注意比較：fail to do sth.沒有（沒能）做成某事。
Eg. Never fail to write to me.
miss doing錯過做……；躲過。
Eg. I missed buying the May number of the magazine.
escape doing逃離（災難）。Eg. He escaped being punished.
2 manage：用作動詞,主要義項有：經(jīng)營；管理；（同義詞：operate）；操縱；對付；設法做成；設法維持。
Eg. He is managing the business for his father.
He couldn’t manage his horse, and it threw him to the ground.
I have to manage with 10 dollars till payday.
名詞：management經(jīng)營；管理；處理；操作；manager經(jīng)理。
注意：比較manage to do sth.=succeed in doing sth.設法做成某事；
Eg. He managed to organize a live concert.= He succeed in organizing a live concert.
try to do sth.表示盡力做某事，但不知道最終的結果；try doing sth.試圖做某事；attempt to do盡力做
3 vary vi., vt.改變；變化
The weather varies from day to day.天氣一天天變化。
vary one's teaching method改變教學方法
vary from ...to ...從...到...不等; 在...到...之間變動
vary with隨...而變化
4 occur：occur用作不及物動詞，主要有以下義項：發(fā)生；（念頭、想法等）想起；浮現(xiàn)；出現(xiàn)；存在。Eg. It is said that the accident occurred at midnight.
occur to sb.= come into sb’s mind想起，想到
Eg. An idea has occurred to me.
也可以使用句型：It occurs to sb. that…
Eg. It occurred to me that we should go there more often.
注意：下列動詞或短語都有“發(fā)生”的意思，并且都是不及物動詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)：happen, take place, break out, come about。
Happen chance occur take place都含“發(fā)生”的意思。
happen為常用詞語, 指“一切客觀事物或情況的偶然或未能預見地發(fā)生”, 如:
The accident happened yesterday.事故發(fā)生在昨天。
chance 指“偶然發(fā)生”、“碰巧”, 如:
He chanced to meet her.他偶然遇見了她。
occur屬正式用語, 指“按計劃使某事或效果發(fā)生”, 通常所指的時間和事件都比較確定, 在以具體事物、事件作主語時, 可與happen 互換, 如:
These events occurred in 1909.這些事件發(fā)生于1909年。
take place 指“發(fā)生事先計劃或預想到的事物”, 如:
The meeting took place at 8:00 as planned.按計劃會議在八點舉行了。
5 get through：到達, 做完, 通過, 度過, 打通
Eg. The Bill didn’t get through.
A smile can help us get through difficult situations.
He has got through all his money.
相關歸納：（1）get across：過……的時候（不用被動語態(tài)）；與……溝通
Eg. I just can’t get across to him.
（2）get along設法度過；相處（和with連用）；進展（和with連用）
Eg. We’ll get along without that much money somehow.
How are you getting along with your work?
（3）get away離開Eg. I’m afraid I can’t get away from the meeting.
（4）get down下來Eg. The kitten climbed the tree and couldn’t get down.
（5）get down to開始做（to為介詞）
Eg. He got down to business immediately he sat at the desk.
注意：（1）go through with/get through (with) = finish；（2）go through和get through在表示“通過”時，不用被動語態(tài)。
6 hold up：舉起, 支撐, 阻擋, 攔截
Eg. I held up my hand to show that I had a question.
The travelers were held up by bandits.
We were help up on our way to the airport in a traffic jam.
相關歸納：（1）hold back：縮回；制止；隱藏
Eg. You must be holding something back from me.
The boss was unable to hold back his anger any longer. (喻)老板再也抑制不住怒火了。
No one can hold back the wheel of history.誰也無法阻止歷史車輪的前進。
（2）hold off使……保持距離；拖延
Eg. Hold off for a minute. Mary tends to hold off from people.瑪麗總是不接近人。
（3）hold on繼續(xù)；堅持；不掛斷（電話）；固定
Eg. The storm held on all night.
（4）hold on to抓住；執(zhí)著于；固守
Eg. The little girl held on to the tail of his coat.
（5）hold out伸出；維持
Eg. Our food supplies won’t hold out long.
（6）catch/get/lay//seize/take hold of抓住
Eg. He was caught hold of by the arm.
7 as to的句型結構：比較as to和so as to的區(qū)別。（1）so as to后面跟動詞不定式，相當于in order to，表示“為了……”的意思。（2）as to后面跟名詞、短語和從句，在wh-從句、短語前的as to常可省略。
Eg. As to money, he is indifferent.至于錢，他漠不關心。
She was at a loss (as to) how to explain it.
I enjoy going to the movies. But as to/as for the theater, I prefer staying at home.
8 end vi., vt.結束；完成
The party did not end until midnight.晚會到半夜才結束。
He ended his letter off with good wishes to his friend.他給朋友的信以祝好這句話結束。
The meeting ended up with the singing of The Internationale.會議最后以唱《國際歌》而結束。
（與in連用）造成…結果
All their plans ended in failure.他們一切計劃都以失敗告終。
The battle ended in a victory.戰(zhàn)爭以勝利而結束。
bring to an end結束, 完成, 終止
by the end of到...末
carry sth. through to the end把某事進行到底
come to the end結束, 告終
in the end最后, 終于
put an end to sth.結束某事, 終止某事; 消滅某事
stand on end豎立, 直立
9 while conj.當...的時候, 和...同時; 只要；但是, 然而；雖然; 盡管
Some people like coffee, while others like te有些人喜歡咖啡, 而有些人喜歡茶。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
雖然他愛他的學生, 可是他對他們很嚴格。
I met her while I was at school.當我在學校的時候我遇見了她。
n.一會兒
a long while好長一會兒
A short while ago, however, he became a busdriver and he has not regretted it.
可是,不久前他當了一名公共汽車駕駛員,而且他不后悔。
It took a long while to do the work.做這個工作花了許多時間。
Unit22
1 minority n.-ties少數(shù)
We're in the minority, more people are against us than with us.
贊成我們的居少數(shù)；我們成了少數(shù)派。
少數(shù)人The nation wants peace; only a minority want(s) the war to continue.
"全國人民要和平,只有少數(shù)人希望繼續(xù)打仗。"
be in a minority of one得不到任何人的支持
be in the minority占少數(shù)
2 divide, separate
divide vi.&vt.分開；分成……份。常構成短語：divide… into…“把……分成幾份”；divide up分開。separate v.分離；分手；隔開。常構成短語：separate…from…“把……和……分開”。adj.分開的；各自的。
Let's divide ourselves into several groups.我們分成幾個小組吧。
This class is too large; we shall have to divide it for oral practice.
"這個班級太大,我們必須把它分成小班作口語練習。"
divide the patients from the others隔離病人
divide the profit分配利潤
separate divide都含“分開”的意思。
separate 指“把原來在一起的人或物分開”, 如:
S-those two boys who are fighting, will you?(你)把那兩個打架的孩子拉開, 好嗎?
divide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整體分成若干部分”, 如:
divide the candies among the children給孩子們把糖塊分開。
3 risk vt.使冒危險；作賭注冒…之險
to risk failure冒失敗之險
He risked his life when he saved the child from the fire.
他冒著生命危險把孩子從火中救出。
risk getting caught in a storm冒遭遇風暴之險
risk one's fortune [health, life]冒著財產(chǎn)[健康, 性命]風險
risk the jump[a battle]冒險跳一下[打一仗]
risk sb.'s anger準備受某人責備去試試看
at risk在危險中
at all risks (=at any risk)無論冒什么危險; 無論如何
at the risk of (=at risk to)冒...之險; 不顧...之風險
run [take] a risk(s)冒險
run[take] the risk of doing sth.冒險做某事
take no risks慎重行事
4 take turns：輪流, 依次 Eg. We take turns at cooking.
相關歸納：（1）by turns輪流=take turns at doing sth.
Eg. They laughed and cried by turns.
（2）It’s one’s turn to do sth.輪到某人做某事Eg. It’s your turn to sing.
（3）in turn(s)輪流；依次；按順序Eg. They sang on the stage in turn.
（4）on the turn在轉(zhuǎn)變Eg. Their opinions are on the turn.
（5）out of turn不按順序；次序混亂Eg. Please don’t speak out of turn.
（6）serve one’s turn適合自己的需要Eg. I think this book will serve my turn.
注意以上短語中turn的單復數(shù)形式。
5 injure, harm, wound, hurt四個動詞都有“受傷”的意思，但側(cè)重點不同。
injure意義較廣，著重指偶然事故對人的“損害”。be slightly/seriously/badly injured受傷很輕/很嚴重/很重。injury n.
harm可以用于動詞和名詞，“傷害；危害”指精神上或物質(zhì)上的危害；對……有害。短語：do harm to sb./do sb. harm對某人有危害。
wound可用于動詞和名詞。主要指暴力或戰(zhàn)爭中時所受的傷，如刀傷、槍傷。也可用于對人的感情、名譽等的傷害。
hurt主要用于有生命的東西，多指肉體方面的傷害，常伴有痛感。作借喻時指對精神或感情方面的傷害。
Exercises:
(1). Tom fell down from the tree and _____ his legs.
(2). Smoking will _____ your health.
(3). She’s afraid that he would _____ the child.
(4). I _____ my eyes by reading in dim light.
(5). He got _____ in the war.
(6). He fell off the bike and _____ his arm.
(7). He didn’t want to _____ her feelings.
6 cut back剪枝；修剪;減少；縮小；削減
to cut back on industrial production縮減工業(yè)生產(chǎn)
cut down砍倒；砍傷;減少；減低
to cut down a tree with an axe用斧頭把樹砍倒
to cut down on smoking減少抽煙
cut in插嘴;超車搶擋；（突然）插入
Don't cut in while I'm talking.我說話時別插嘴。
to cut in on a queue加塞兒
cut out剪除；切掉；割掉;停止；放棄
to cut out a dress裁剪衣服
to cut out smoking戒煙
cut up切碎;使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.在丈夫拋棄她之后，簡痛苦極了。
cut off切斷, 停掉;電話中斷