1. Hu Jie attended a seminar about how development affects where people live and why they move. （P22）胡潔參加了一個關于發展是如何影響人們居住和為什么人們搬遷的研討會。

1). affect

affect (INFLUENCE)

verb [T]

to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change: 影響；

Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.

It's a disease which affects mainly older people.

I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me).

effect n.

the result of a particular influence: 影響、效果

I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect.

I think I'm suffering from the effects of too little sleep.

take effect

to produce or achieve the results you want: 開始生效、起作用

They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut.

effective adjective

successful or achieving the results that you want: 有效的、有影響的

It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.

She's a very effective teacher

相關高考試題：

(1999 上海)

1. The new law will come into _________ on the day it is passed.

A. effect B. use C. service D, existence

答案及解析：1. A 開始生效

2. She realized that there are reasons for moving within a country other than those mentioned in the magazine article. （P22）她認為除了書中提到的一些原因以外，還有其他的一些搬遷原因。

1). other than 除了；

Other than, except, apart from, besides, but 辨析：

1. except和besides都可解作“除……之外” 但含義不同。

except 表示“從所提到的人或事物中除去，即從整體中除去一部分”，表示遞減的概念，含義是否定的。

besides表示“除了……之外，還有……”，指“在整體中加入一部分”，表示遞加的概念，含義是肯定的。

試比較：

①We all went except him. 除他之外，我們都去了。(他沒有去)

②We all went besides him. 除他之外，我們大家也都去了。(他也去了)

(1)besides常與other／more／else等詞連用 ，except常與all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等總括詞連用。

eg. He had other people to take care of besidesme.

All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.

(2)若句中沒有實義動詞do的某種形式，except后接動詞不定式，而besides后接動詞的-ing形式。

eg.I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.

(3)若句中有實義動詞do的某種形式，二者后面都可以接動詞原形。

eg.She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.

(4)二者后面都可以接從句。

eg. ①Besides that he explained the theory he gave us some examples.

②He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.

(5)except后面可接for(構成短語except for)或其他介詞短語，而besides不能。

except for主要有三層含義：

①表示對整體主要部分的肯定和對局部的否定，起部分修正主要意思的作用。

eg.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.

②表示非同類事物進行比較。

eg. The street is empty except for several cars.

③置于句首，表達except的含義。

eg. Except for this, everything is in order.

except for后接名(代)詞，可以轉移為except＋從句或其他介詞短語。

eg.The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days)

注意：二者用于否定句時含義相同，意思是一樣的。

eg. He did nothing besides (＝except) this.

除這件事外，他什么事也沒做。

2. apart from兼有besides和except for兩種含義，后接名詞、代詞或動名詞。

3. but含義與except相同，都表示遞減的概念，二者在多數情況下可以互換，但用法稍有區別。

①except可以代替but，但but并不一定都可以代替except，如果句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等不定代詞或疑問詞時，多用but；后跟賓語從句時，多用except。

②but for含義有時與except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”，常用于虛擬句，表示一種假設。

③but位置的變化會引起人稱代詞主、賓格的變化。

No one but I (＝except me) knows it.

No one knows it but me (＝except me).

4. other than含義與except／but相同，都表示從總體中除去一部分，后接名詞、代詞或不定式。

eg. In that case there is nothing you can do other than wait. (2001年上海春季高考題)

3. Therefore, these places gradually come to have more and more similarities with the industrialized, urban areas. (P22)因此，這些地方逐漸和那些工業化的市區有了相似處。

1.) come to: 逐漸，慢慢的

come常用短語及用法

come across

to find (something or someone) by chance 偶然遇見，發現

He came across some old love letters

come up with

to suggest or think of (an idea or plan) 提出

Reublinger came up with a great idea for the ad campaign.

come at

to move quickly toward (someone) to attack them 襲擊

He came at me with a knife.

come by

to obtain (something) 獲得，得到

A good boss is not so easy to come by.

I'd like to know how she came by that black eye.

come off (SUCCEED)

to happen as planned or to succeed 取得成功

I thought the party came off really well.

come on (HURRY)

to move or act quickly or more quickly 表示一種催促，鼓勵

Come on -- we're going to be late if you don't hurry!

You can also say come on to express annoyance or lack of belief: Oh, come on! You don't expect me to give up my bed for him?

come to (BECOME CONSCIOUS)

to become conscious again after an accident or medical operation 蘇醒過來

She sat by the child's bedside until he came to.

to reach (a particular point) 達到，提到

His hair comes down to his shoulders.

We haven't come to a decision on the matter yet.

If you come to terms with something, you learn to understand and accept it: 接受

He's trying to come to terms with his wife's death.

If something comes to light, it becomes known: 明了，變清晰

Fresh evidence has recently come to light.

If something comes to rest, it stops: 停止

The car hit the curb and came to rest in a ditch.

come true

If something you desire comes true, it happens: 實現

I'd always dreamed of owning my own home and now my dream has come true

How come 口語：怎么會的

How come you got invited and I didn't (= Why did that happen)?

相關高考試題：

1.（2006天津）

Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it _____ shopping and eating.

A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to

2.（2006湖南）

It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it _______ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.

A. came over B. came out C: came about D. came up

3. (2005福建)

The dictionary is being printed and it will soon _______.

A. turn out B. come out C. start out D. go out

4. (2005江西)

Please tell me how the accident ________. I am still in the dark.

A. came by B. came upon C. came to D. came about

5. (2007 湖北)

If we can our present difficulties, then everything should be all right.

A. come across B. get over C. come over D. get off

6.（2007 江蘇）

-Have you ______ some new ideas?

-Yeah. I’ll tell you later.

A. come about B. come into C. come up with D. come out with

答案及解析：

1. D 當談到……

2. C 發生

3. B 出版、發行

4. D 發生

5. B

6. C 提出、想出