factory. 但, 表示時間, 距離, 重量, 國家, 城市, 地點等無生命的名詞也可用’s形式來表示其所有關系, 如: three days’ sick leave, half an hour’s walk, today’s newspaper, a ton’s weight, China’s agriculture, Shanghai’s industry.
3.指有生命的名詞也可以用of詞組表示所有格, 常用于以下情況之下:
①.名詞較長時, 如: the story of doctor Bethune, the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin
②.名詞的定語較長, 如: the son of the man who you just talked to, the name of the boy standing there
4. of +名詞的’s所有格形式或名詞性物主代詞稱為雙重所有格. 在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞, 數詞,不定代詞或指示代詞(如a, two, some, any, such, no, a few, this, that, these, those等)時, 常用雙重所有格表示所屬關系, 如: a friend of my father’s =one of my father’s friends, two brothers of his, some inventions of Edison’s, these poems of Li Bai’s, a few classmates of Xiao Ming’s, any friend of Tom’s, some houses of my grandfather’s.
關于雙重所有格還需注意以下幾點:
①.在雙重所有格中, of前面的名詞不和the連用, 如不能說: the new dress of Susan’s. 但若有定語從句在后, 則可以用the, 如可以說: the friends of my father’s who is going abroad
②.在雙重所有格中, 作of賓語的名詞必須是人, 而且是特指
第二章：代 詞
英語代詞分為以下八類: 人稱代詞, 物主代詞, 反身代詞, 指示代詞, 不定代詞, 疑問代詞, 連接代詞, 關系代詞. 本章只說明前五類代詞的用法, 后三類代詞的用法在其他章節說明
人稱代詞
一.人稱代詞的形式: 人稱代詞有人稱, 數和格的變化
我 我們 你/你們 他 她 它 他們/她們/它們
主格 I we you he she it they
賓格 me us you him her it them
二.人稱代詞的用法:
1.主格的用法: 作主語, 表語
a. He often helps me with my English.
b. It is he who often helps me with my English.
2.賓格的用法: 作及物動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語.
a. Mr. Li teaches us English.
b. We often go and see her on Sundays.
c. You are really above me in maths.
d. Father bought a new bike for him.
3.關于人稱代詞用法需注意的問題:
①.在than / as引導的比較狀語從句中常有省略, 注意其中的人稱代詞作主語用主格, 作賓語用賓格. 在這類從句中, 在不引起誤解的情況下, 有時用賓格代詞代替主格代詞
a. He likes Mary better than I ( like Mary ).他比我更喜歡瑪麗
b. He likes Mary better than ( he likes ) me他喜歡我,更喜歡瑪麗
c. He is taller than I / me.
②.在強調句中, 若被強調的部分是代詞, 則其格不變, 如:
a. It was I who first opened the door this morning.
b. It was me whom they talked about.
③.人稱代詞單獨使用或是在not之后, 常用賓格
a. “ I like English. ” “ Me too.”
b. “ Would you like more wine ?” “ Not me.”
④.在同位語中, 人稱代詞的格視與之同位的詞在句中的成分而定, 如:
a. We, Tom and I, showed her many wonderful pictures.
b. She showed us, Tom and me, many wonderful pictures.
⑤.人稱代詞在代替一些不定代詞, 如: anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever及person等這些無明確對象的代詞或名詞時, 在正式場合用he / his / him代替, 在非正式場合用they / them / their代替, 如:
a. Nobody came, did he/they ?
b. Whoever comes, tell him / them the news.
⑥.在be或to be之后的人稱代詞的格應根據它所指代的名詞或代詞在句中的成分而定
a. I thought it was she. / I thought it to be her.
b. I was taken to be she.我被當成了她. / They took me to be her.他們把我當成了她
⑦.在口語中常用賓格代詞作表語
a. “ Who is that ? ” “ It is me. ”
⑧.they可指“有關的人” “人們”, 相當于people, 如:
a. They say the fire broke out at midnight. = People say the fire broke out at midnight. / It is said that the fire broke out at midnight.
⑨.三個人稱代詞同時出現時, 其順序一般是: 你, 他/她, 我; 我們, 你們, 他們
a. You, he and I all enjoy music.
物主代詞
表示所有關系的代詞稱為物主代詞
一.物主代詞的形式: 物主代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種
我的 我們的 你的/你們的 他的 她的 它的 他們的/她們的/它們的
形容詞性物主代詞 my our your his her its their
名詞性物主代詞 mine ours yours his hers --- theirs
二.物主代詞的用法:
1.形容詞性物主代詞相當于一個形容詞, 作定語, 如: our work, her students, their house
2.名詞性物主代詞相當于一個名詞, 作主語, 表語, 賓語
a. His brother is a driver; mine is a worker.
b. These books are mine.
c. You can use my bike and I may use hers.
3. “of +名詞性物主代詞”可構成雙重所有格, 如:
a. Wang Ling is a friend of mine.
b. This baby of hers is so lovely.
4.物主代詞用法應注意的問題:
①.動名詞的邏輯主語如果位于句首, 則多用物主代詞, 如:
a. His coming late made everyone angry.
②.在介詞后, 表示身體某部位或身上某位置的名詞前, 用the而不用物主代詞, 如:
a. I’ve hurt him in the finger.
b. He hit me on the back.
c. He caught me by the hair.
d. The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住了我的衣袖.
反身代詞
一.反身代詞的形式: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
二.反身代詞的用法:
1.作賓語:
a. He taught himself English.
b. He is old enough to look after himself.
2.在句中作名詞或代詞的同位語, 以加強名詞或代詞的語氣, 一般表示 “親自” “本人”
a. I myself did the work.
b. You had better ask Tom himself.
指示代詞
一.指示代詞的形式: this, that, these, those, it, such, same
二.指示代詞的用法:
1.this / these常指時間, 空間或心理上較近的人或物, that / those常指時間, 空間或心理上較遠的人或物
2.this / these常指后面要提到的事物, 有啟下的作用; 而that / those常指前面講到過的事物, 有承上的作用
a. What I want to tell you is this: The meeting is put off until Friday.
b. He had a bad cold. That is why he didn’t attend the meeting.
3.that / those還可用來代替上文出現過的名詞.作此用法時, 它們的用法及與one / ones的對比見下表
代替什么詞 替換成．．． 定語問題
one [C]單數 某名詞 有前置定語或后置定語
ones [C]復數 某名詞 有前置定語或后置定語
that [C]單數或[U] the + 某名詞 必無前置定語, 必有后置定語
those [C]復數 the + 某名詞 必無前置定語, 必有后置定語
a. The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that ( = the weather ) in Shanghai.
b. The population of China is a quarter of that ( = the population ) of the world.
c. The students in class one work harder than those ( = the students ) in class two.
d. The question is an easy one.
e. Which pencils do you want ? The red ones.
f. He has a new coat and several old ones.
g. I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one.
4.such的用法
①.such代替或修飾可數與不可數名詞都可
a. He is such a man.
b. I don’t like such words.
c. Such is our plan.
②.such應位于no, one, another, some, many, all等詞之后
a. One such grammar book is enough.
③.such + a(n) + adj. + n結構等同于so + adj. + a(n) + n, 如:
a. It is such a good chance. =It is so good a chance.
④.如果名詞為[U], 則只能用such而不能用so, 如:
a. He has made such great progress.
b. It was such good weather.
⑤.如果名詞被many / much / little / few四個詞修飾, 則要用so而不用such, 如:
a. He has made so much progress.
5.the same的用法: the same =同樣(的), 可以作定語, 表語, 主語和賓語
a. They left for Beijing on the same day.
b. He will go to swim and I’ll do the same.
c. Whether he will come or not, it is all the same to me.
6.it的用法:
①.it指前面己經提到的人或事物
②.模糊it: it指時間, 季節, 氣候, 距離, 情況等
a. It is time for the meeting.
b. It is Saturday today.
c. It is fine today.
d. It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.
e. It is five kilometer from home to the school.
f. It is well with you ? 你身體好嗎?
③.it作形式主語: it作形式主語時, 真正的主語可以是動詞不定式, 動名詞或由that引導的主語從句.當句中的這些真正主語用詞較多時, 常用it作形式主語, 而把真正的主語移到后面
a. It is a good habit to do morning exercise.
b. It is no use learning without thinking.
c. It is pity that you didn’t see such a good film.
④.it作形式賓語: it作形式賓語時, 真正的賓語可以是不定式, 動名詞或that引導的賓語從句. 當賓語之后有賓補, 而作賓語的不定式或賓語從句用詞較多時, 常用it作形式賓語, 而把真正的賓語移到后面
a. I find it easy to learn English well if in the right way.
b. I consider it wrong that you stand too close to an Englishman.
c. They want to make it clear that they are doing an important and necessary job.
⑤.it用于強調句型: It + is / was + 被強調的部分 + that / who + 其他
a. Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(一般陳述句)
b. It is Professor Wang that / who teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(強調句)
c. It is us that / who Professor Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.(強調句)
d. It is English that Professor Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.(強調句)
e. It is every Monday afternoon that Professor teaches us English.(強調句)
不定代詞
一.不定代詞的形式: some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, neither, other, another及some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞
二.不定代詞的使用:
1.不定代詞的使用要注意以下幾個方面
①.不定代詞作主語時, 要明確其究竟是單數還是復數, 如: both是復數, either / neither是單數, all則根據情況可作單數或復數
a. Both of them are students.
b. All were present at the meeting.
c. All goes well.
②.不定代詞作定語時, 要明確其修飾可數與不可數的問題, 如: many / few修飾可數名詞; much / little修飾不可數名詞; some / any既修飾可數也修飾不可數
③.all / both / each / everybody / everything等含有“全部”或“每個”意義的詞與否定詞not連用時, 通常表示部分否定. 全部否定時通常采用否定代詞none, no one, nobody, neither, nothing等
a. Not all ants go out for food. = All ants don’t go out for food.并不是所有的螞蟻出去找食物
b. None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
2.some / any的用法:
①.some常用于肯定句中. some在下列情況下也用于疑問句: 表示請求或邀請; 期待肯定回答,或認為對方肯定回答的可能性很大時; 表建議時
a. Could you lent me some money?
b. Will you have some milk?
c. Are you waiting for some friends?
d. Would you lend me some books please ?
②.any常用于疑問句和否定句中; any用于肯定句中表示 “任何”; 與一些否定含義的詞如: hardly, never, not, without等連用多用any
a. I don’t have any ink.
b. Do you have any ink?
c. You can come and see me at any time.
d. Any student can solve the problem.
3.no / none / no one的用法:
①.no =not any, 通常用作定語, 修飾可數或不可數
a. There is no milk in the glass.
b. He has no brother.
②.none代替可數名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數或復數都可(參看“主謂一致”); none代替不可數名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數
a. None of the stories are / is interesting.
③. no one只泛指人, 不與of連用; none指人, 事, 物皆可, 可與of連用
4.many / much的用法: many用來修飾或代替可數名詞; much用來修飾或代替不可數名詞
a. Many students, many of the students.
b. Much has been done. / He has much to do. / He has much work to do.
5.few / little, a few / a little的用法: ( a ) few修飾或代替可數名詞; ( a ) little修飾或代替不可數名詞
a. Few of them are good at skating.
b. I met a few of my friends at the party.
c. There is still a little milk in the bottle.
d. Little remains to be said.
6.each / every的用法:
①.each指 “每個”的個別的情況, 相當于漢語的 “各個”
②.every雖有“每個”的意思, 但常從整體出發, 強調共同性, 相當于“每個都”
a. Every one of us has strong and weak points.(強調所有人都…)
b. Each of us has strong and weak points.(強調每個都…)
③.主語中有each / every, 構成反意問句時, 多用復數變化., 如:
a. Every student like the film, don’t they ?
b. Each of us takes part in the activity, don’t we ?
④.every可以和not連用, each不可以
a. Not every worker can do it.
7.one的用法:
①.表示“一個”, 如: one hour, one man
②.泛指不確定的人, 可譯為“人們” “一個人”, 表此意時, 它的所有格是one’s, 反身代詞是oneself
a. One should be strict with oneself.
b. One should serve his country wholeheartedly.
③.one / ones代替上文出現過的可數名詞, 以避免重復
a. He has a washer. I want to buy one too.
b. Which shirt do you like? I like the red one.
8.all 的用法: 作主語時, 謂語動詞根據情況采取單數或復數; 作定語時,修飾[ U/C]
a. All are here.大家都到了
b. All is going on well.
9.both表示“兩者都”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數; 作定語時, 修飾復數名詞
10.either 表示“兩者之中任何一個”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數; 作定語時, 修飾單數名詞
a. Here are two pens. You may use either of them.
b. There are shops on either side of the street.
c. Either of them is going there.
11.neither表示“兩者都不”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數; 作定語時, 修飾單數名詞
a. Neither is right.
b. Neither film is interesting.
12.other的用法: the other表示兩者中的另外一個; the others =the other +復數名詞, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +復數名詞, 表示 “別的人或事物”
a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.
b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake.
13.another 指不定數目中的另外一個; another +復數名詞表示“再一些, 又一些”
a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another.
b. I want to have another cup of coffee.
c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes.
14.復合不定代詞是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one構成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 帶some的不定代詞一般用于肯定句, 帶any的不定代詞一般用于否定句及疑問句中, 它們的用法與some / any的用法相似