TEACHING GOALS
1. ABILITY GOALS
a. Enable students to practice the reading skills acquired from the reading part of the textbook.
b. Emphasize Students’ ability of transferring information acquired from reading to be used in writing.
2. LEARNING ABILITY GOALS
a. Learn the background and the event of Captain Cook’s expeditions to explore the southern land.
b. Learn to organize a logical passage by processing the acquired information.
TEACHING IMPORTANT POINTS
Enable students to transfer reading information into writing materials.
TEACHING DIFFICULT POINTS
Guide students to organize paragraphs by using discussion and mind-map strategy.
TEACHING METHODS
a. Task-based learning.
b. Explorative learning.
c. Mind map to collect ideas.
TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING PROCEDURES & WAYS
STEP I REVISION
STEP II LEAD-IN
STEP III WHILE-READING GOING HIGH: THE PIONEERS OF THE THIRD POLE 登高--第三極的開路先鋒 ①②③④⑤⑥⑦
By the middle of the 1920s the farthest corners of the earth already been explored; the continents and the oceans had been mapped, the north and South Poles had been reached, and the origins①of the world’s major rivers had been discovered. All that was left to be conquered was the “third pole”, the highest mountain on earth, Mount Qomolangma. Some suggested it could not be accomplished②. At that time going to Qomolangma was like going to moon. 20世紀20年代中期，連地球最遠的角落都已經有人探索過了：大陸和海洋都已經繪制了地圖，南極和北極都已經有人到過了，世界主要河流的源頭也都已經被發現。留下來有待征服的地方是“第三極”，這就是地球上的最高峰--珠穆朗瑪峰。有人曾經說過這是不可能完成的。在那個時候，去珠穆朗瑪峰就像登月一樣難。
① the origins of the world’s major rivers世界上主要河流的源頭
“We cannot escape our origins, however hard we try" (James Baldwin)“無論如何努力，我們也改變不了我們的出身”(詹姆斯鮑德溫)
Many Americans are African by origin.許多美國人是非洲血統。
② accomplish / complete / finish / achieve
accomplish通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名詞,指成功完成預期目標;
complete可接建筑、工程、書籍等名詞，指按預期目標把未完成的工作經過進一步的努力使之完成；
finish在許多情況下多與complete換用，但不及complete正式，指完成應做的事，強調事情的了結、終止；
achieve指完成計劃、大業等，多指完成偉大功業。
③
Climbing at such high altitudes①requires great skill and is not without risk②. Apart from③ the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness④, which can kill. Some people can never go above 4,000 metres because their body is unable to adjust to these extreme conditions⑤. Above about 5,200 metres, in the "death zone", humans can only survive for a couple of days⑥, even with extra oxygen. 爬上這樣的高度需要極大的技能，而且不是沒有危險的。除了天氣寒冷之外，空氣稀薄和含氧量低都可能誘發致人死亡的高山病。有些人從來不能登上4,000米的高度，因為他們的身體不能適應這些極端的條件。在5,200米的高度以上就是“死亡地帶”了，即使帶了額外的氧氣，人們也只能存活一、兩天。
① at such high altitudes 在如此高的海拔高度
② be not without risk 不無風險
③ apart from除……之外(aside from)
All the children like music apart from Bobby. 除了博比外所有的孩子都喜歡音樂。
The writer lives apart from his family.作家不與家人同住。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don't suit me.這條褲子不但太大,而且我穿著也不合適。
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.除了很少的幾句外,我對法語一無所知。
apart adv. 相隔;相距;除去;分開地
Alice and her husband now live apart.
New York and Tokyo are thousands of miles apart.
They planted the trees three meters apart.
She lives apart from her family.
A few little things apart, the party was a great success.
④ cause mountain sickness引發高原反應
⑤ adjust to these extreme conditions適應極端的環境
⑥ a couple of days 幾天
⑦
The Tibetans have lived in the Himalayas for centuries and have adjusted to the conditions at such a great height①. To them, the mountain were sacred②, and they would not climb them for that reason. When Westerners came to climb Mount Qomolangma, the Sherpas, who live in Tibet, northern India and Nepal, acted as guides③. From the first British Qomolangma expedition in1921, Sherpa strength, skill, honesty and dedication④have made them ideal⑤ companion⑥ son the mountains. Every Qomolangma expedition since then has relied on Sherpa support. 西藏人幾個世紀來一直住在喜瑪拉雅山上，對那樣的高山條件已經適應了。對他們來說，山是神圣的，他們不會因為想征服高山而爬山。當西方人來爬珠穆朗瑪峰的時候，住在西藏、印度北部和尼泊爾的夏爾巴人就來當向導。從1921年第一支英國探險隊攀登珠穆朗瑪峰起，夏爾巴人的力量、技能、誠實和奉獻精神使他們成為山上理想的好伙伴。從那以后，每一支珠穆朗瑪峰的探險隊都要依賴夏爾巴人的支持和幫助。
① at such a great height 在這么高的地方
② sacred adj.
神圣的；與神有關的
Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred buildings. 寺廟、清真寺、基督教堂及猶太教堂都是奉獻給神的建筑物。
宗教的，與宗教有關的
sacred writings宗教經典
The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslims. 可蘭經是伊斯蘭教徒的圣書。
（常與to連用）神圣不可侵犯的
He considered it a sacred duty to fulfill his dead father's wishes. 他認為實現父親的遺愿是神圣的義務。
嚴肅的；鄭重的；莊嚴的: a sacred promise鄭重的諾言
習慣用法
be sacred from免除, 不受
hold sacred尊重, 保護
③ act as guides充當向導
act as 扮演;擔當;充當。后面所接的名詞常可不加冠詞。
A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind man.
He acts as manager.
One of his friends acted as go-between.
④ honesty and dedication誠實和奉獻精神
⑤ ideal adj.
理想的；完美的
This dictionary is ideal - it's exactly what I needed這本詞典很理想，正是我所需要的。
空想的；想象中的: ideal plans for making money賺錢的空想計劃
n.
理想；理想的東西；最終目的: to realize one's ideal實現最終目的
⑥ make them ideal companions使他們成為理想的伴侶
⑦
One of the first foreign expeditions to climb Mount Qomolangrna arrived in Tibet in 1921. They had no idea what they were up against①. British expeditions returned in 1922 and 1924, but failed to reach the top. The local Tibetans and Sherpas laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred to as②"English air". In 1924 two British men were lost. When their oxygen ran out③, they had no chance of surviving. After World War II, technological advances④in clothing and equipment had been made, and more was known about the mountain itself, which by now had been flown over several times by aircraft. The New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, as members of a British team, were the first to make it⑤to the summit of Mount Qomolangma. They reached the top on May 29, 1953. 最先來攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的探險隊中，有一支是1921年到達西藏的。他們對將要面臨的情況毫無所知。兩個英國探險隊1922年和1924年返回重新登山，但都沒能登上頂峰。當地的西藏人和夏爾巴人對著那些奇形怪狀的瓶子發笑，瓶子里裝的是他們所說的“英國空氣”。1924年兩名英國人失蹤了。當他們的氧氣用完后，他們就無法生存了。第二次世界大戰后，服裝和裝備都在技術上取得了進步，人們對高山本身也有了更多的了解。到現在為止，飛機已經多次飛越了山峰。新西蘭人艾德蒙希拉里和夏爾巴人登舍諾吉作為英國登山隊的成員，是第一批登上珠穆朗瑪最高峰的人。他們是1953年5月29日到達頂峰的。
① be up against面對，對抗
up against difficulties面臨困難
up against it面臨極大的困難（多指經濟困難）
② refer to sth/sb as認為某人某物…
refer vt., vi. (-rr-)（常與to 連用）
涉及；提到
Keats is referring to epic poetry when he mentions Homer's 'proud demesne'. 當濟慈提到荷馬的'驕傲的領域'時,他指的是史詩。"
查資料；參考
針對；有關: The new law does not refer to farm land. 新法律與耕地無關。
提交；交付: The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers.商店把投訴轉交給制造商。
習慣用語
refer oneself to依賴, 求助于
refer to提到, 談到, 涉及 參考, 查閱 向...打聽[查詢] 認為與...有關, 認為...起源于...
refer to sb. [sth.] as稱某人[物]為
③ run out用盡，用完（= become used up）其主語通常為時間、食物以及金錢等名詞。
His money soon ran out.
拓展
run out of用完了，表示主動含義，主語一般是人。
He is always running out of money before pay day.
[注意]run out of還有“從…中流出”之義；run out也表示“流出”，但其后不接賓語。
④ make technological advances in…作出技術的進步
⑤ make it做成功，達成; make it to +地點 到達某地
In later years the question arose① who was the first to reach the top. Whenever he was asked, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay's answer was, "We climbed as a team, period.'' Like winning in the Olympic Games, climbing a mountain such as Mount Qomolangma is a great personal achievement. Climbing the mountain is still one of man's greatest challenges. Since 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the first woman, some to be the first woman, some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts①to climb the mountain over different slopes. 在隨后的歲月里，問題就產生了：誰是第一個登上頂峰的?每當人們問到夏爾巴人登舍諾吉的時候，他總是回答說，“我們是作為一個集體登山的。”就像在奧林匹克運動會上取得勝利一樣，攀登像珠穆朗瑪峰這樣高的山是個人的一項巨大成就。登珠峰現在仍然是對人類的最大挑戰。從1953年以來，已經有好幾百人成功地登上了這座山，有的是第一個登上峰頂的婦女，有的是自己國家的第一人，還有許多人試圖從不同的山坡爬上去。
① arise vi. (arose, arisen) 出現，呈現；發生
arise from / out of由…引起（產生）
Some unexpected difficulties / opportunities have arisen.出現了一些意外的困難（機會）。
② in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes嘗試從不同的山坡登山
in one’s attempt to do 嘗試做某事
attempt n. vt. 嘗試，企圖；企圖殺害
The prisoner attempted an escape but failed.
They attempted a surprise attack.
They attempted to climb Mt Everest.
He attempted breaking the world record.
He failed in his attempt to win first prize.
They made an attempt on the life of the President.
attempted adj. 未遂的，意圖的
③
The Chinese made their first successful attempt in 1960. On May 25 of that year, Gongbu, Wang Fuzhou and Qu Yinhua reached the summit of Qomolangma in darkness, so they were unable to take photos①of evidence. They left behind an iron container with the national flag and a portrait②of Chairman Mao was the youngest ever to have reached the summit. On their return③, they were praised as④national heroes.
① take photos照相
② a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong毛主席頭像
③ on one’s return返回
介詞on / upon后常接動詞性的名詞或動名詞，表示“剛…就…；一…就”。
On his arrival at the airport, he was arrested by the police.
On his arrival in Beijing, I called him up on the phone.
Upon hearing from you, I shall let her know.
歸納拓展
一…就…
(1) as soon as (so soon as僅用于否定句)
He wrote his family a letter as soon as he found a job.
(2) the moment…
The moment he reached the classroom, he began to study.
(3) immediately
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
Immediately he opened the door, the telephone rang.
(4) the instant / minute / second…
He came the instant I called his name.
(5) no sooner…than…
His head had no sooner touché the pillow than he fell asleep.他一上床就睡著了。
No sooner had the medical workers arrived than they began treating the injured.
(6) hardly…when / before…
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
④ be praised as national heroes被譽為民族英雄
⑤
On May 27, 1975, anther Chinese team climbed Qomolangma from its northern side. Scientific surveys basted on the climbs showed the summit is 8,848.13 metres. Over the past 40 years, 29 other Chinese people have climbed Qomolangma successfully. 中國人首次成功的嘗試是在1960年。當年的5月25日，貢布、王富洲和屈銀華登上了珠穆朗瑪峰的頂峰。因為天黑，他們無法拍下照片，證明他們已登上頂峰。所以他們留下一個鐵桶，里面放著一面國旗和毛澤東主席的像片。屈銀華當年只有25歲，是爬上山頂的最年輕的人。他們返回后被譽為民族英雄。1975年5月27日，另一支中國登山隊從北面攀登珠穆朗瑪峰。在過去的40年里，還有另外的29位中國人成功地登上了珠穆朗瑪峰。
①
Step II Writing
T: Now please write a passage following the pattern on page 160. If time is limited, you may finish it after class.
Students write the essay according to the information they have collected above.
One possible version:
In the first century AD a Greek map maker had thought there existed an unknown continent in the south. In the Middle Ages western people rejected the theory, for in their mind the world was flat and no people existed beyond the ocean. But it was not true because we know the world is round. According to my recent research, the possibility of existence of the southern continent is great because there should be such a continent to balance the continents in the north. Recent explorers reported frequent discoveries of the continent, though it was not like the one as the Greeks had described. From all there facts we can be sure there is such a continent in the south.
As the adviser of our government, I strongly suggest we should explore the unknown continent. Firstly, we can take possession of it in the name of the Queen as we are the first arrivals. It would be great to make it the base of resources. Secondly, the discovery of the continent would add greater fame of our nation in Europe. Therefore, we should send a team of expedition for the exploration of the continent. The expedition should sail as far south as possible.
Step III Homework
POST-READING
1 How did ancient people hear about far-away civilisations, and what made them decide to go and! Ok for them?
2 Which adjectives are used in the text to indicate direction? What conclusion about the topic of the text can you draw based on their usage?
3 Find information in the text about contacts between China and Africa, and write in the chart below the periods when these contacts were made, the names of Chinese explorers, the way by which they travelled, and the goods which they brought home.
Period Name Way of travel Goods
4 Which of the animals and animal products that were presented to the Ming court could only be found in Africa? Which could be found in both Africa and Asia? Write your answers in the chart below.
Goods Africa Africa and Asia
5 Explain the following phrase and sentences from the text in English.
The Africans were reaching out to China. ________________________________
The time was ripe: ________________________________
the mouth of the Red Sea ________________________________
For a short time, China had ruled the seas. ____________________________
6 According to the author, the exchange of goods between the Ming court and the African kings had a symbolic meaning, which was more important than the value of the gifts. What was the symbolic meaning? Can you think of other acts in which the symbolic meaning is more important than the act itself?
LANGUAGE STUDY
Word study
1 Write another form of the words given .
discover (n.) original (n.)
equipment (v.) correct (n.)
inspect (n.) evaluate (n.)
possess (n.) contribute (n.)
ignore (n ) competition ( v. )
existence (v.) wealthy (n.)
accurate (n.) royal (n.)
2 Choose some from Exercise 1 and use their proper from to complete the following sentences.
(1) Starting this year, an even greater number of volunteers will to making the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing a success.
(2)Madame Curie's of radium is considered a great contribution to the world of science.
(3)Whether to continue the project will depend on the by a group of experts.
(4)The boss of company had creative suggestions, which led to his business failure.
(5)No accurate map of Africa ___________at that time.
(6)The modern ___________of the studio cost the band a large sum of money.
(7)That lovely cottage by the seaside has been in the _________of their family for more than eighty years.
(8)Are you certain one of the top officials will the construction site of Three Gorges Dam?
3 Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box, using their proper forms.
set sail in return treasure command royal ambassador
Born in 1371 in Yunnan province and brought up in a family originally from Central Asia, Zheng He heard many stories of travel through foreign lands in his youth. In 1385, the 14-year-old Zheng He was made a servant at the (1)______ palace of the man who later became the Emperor Yongle. Emperor Yongle ordered him tosail to “the countries the horizon" to demonstrate the power of the Ming count and collect all kinds of (2) __From foreign countries. Between 1405 and 1433, the treasure fleet (3) .across the Indian Ocean seven times. In all, at least 317 ships and 27,000 men were under his (4)_________.Zheng He's first stop was in what is a part of Vietnam today. He was surprised to find many Chinese living there. The ruler willingly offered presents to the Chinese emperor.(5)__________,Zheng He presented the ruler with many gifts .Things did not always go so well. The King of Ceylon showed no respect for the (6)______from China, so Zheng H e left the island quickly . Zheng He made several voyages during his lifetime and contributed greatly to the science of navigation in China.
Grammar
Review the Predicate
1Underling the predicate in each of the following sentences and explain what type of Predicate it is. (1)A team of scientists discovers an important ancient grave near the village of native people.
(2) I was reading a book about Marco Polo when you called.
(3)We can send robots equipped with cameras and other tools to do observations for us.
① equip…with… be equipped with…
My office is equipped with air-conditioning.
First, five factories that manufacture our products are equipped with dozens of computer-controlled robots that create high-quality products with incredible accuracy and efficiency.
I am well equipped for the job.
②
(4)After two years of hard work, the couple paid off their debt.
(5)The world map was a great puzzle to people of early civilizations.
(6) In the year 751, the Chinese traveller, Du Huan, was taken prisoner by the Arabic army
(7)A small bronze statue of a lion has been found in the Swahili town of Shanga. (8)He hopes to become a archaeologist. (9)You had better go now, or you will be late for the interview . .
(10) He is expected to be back from Shanghai next Monday.
2 Complete the passage with the proper form of the verbs in brackets.
For hundreds of years the Silk Road was the most important Central Asian trade route from the east to the west. The Tang Dynasty was probably the period when the routs was at its busiest. One important centre on the road (1)________(be) the city of Chang'an, where today's Xi’ an (2)____________(stand). Chang’an was the capital city during the Tang Dynasty and by about 750 AD it (3)___________(become) one of the largest cities in the city with a population of about two million people. Because of the good opportunities for trade, a large number of foreigners from countries near China (4)________(live) in the city.
The markets at that time in Chang’an were perhaps the most exciting markets anywhere in the world. They(5)_____________(sell) good from India, Africa, Japan,Korea, Turkey, Iran and other countries and many items on the markets(6)_________ never ___________(see)before. However, despite the desire to trade, which (7)___________(draw)people together, China was still a mysterious country to the outside world and the process of making silk(8)_________(remain) a secret.
1 Look at the title and read the first two paragraphs. Then answer the following questions.
(1)What is meant by the "third pole" in the text?
(2)Why does the writer call it the third pole?
(3)Which other mountains would be the third pole, and who are the pioneers of the third pole?
2 Explain the following phrases and sentences from the text in English.
(1)Going to Qomolangma was like going to the moon,_______________________
(2) the death zone _________________________________________________
(3)They had no idea what they were up against. ____________________________
(4) English air _____________________________________________________
3 Why does the author think climbing Mount Qomolangma remains one of man's greatest challenges, while it has already been climbed in 1953?
4 What evidence does the Chinese team have to prove that they really reached the summit of Mount Qomolangma?
Writing
What great sports have in commom with exploration is that they explore human possibilities. In both cases, the challenge lies in going past limits into new areas of achievement. Mountain climbing is a human activity that combines the characteristics of sports and exploring.When British explorers attempted to climb Moutain Qomolangma in he 1920s, they discussed whether taking oxygen should be allowed or not. Some thought climbing without oxygen would be impossible. Others argued that the use of oxygen make man’s struggle a mountain a scientific achievement, which had nothing to do with sports .They preferred to rely on the natural process of getting used to high altitude.
① rely on依靠，依賴，指望
The man is not to be relied on.
We must rely on our own efforts.
They rely heavily on us for help.
歸納拓展
rely on sb to do sth指望某人做某事，相信某人會做某事
rely on one’s doing sth指望某人做某事，相信某人會做某事
rely on it that…相信…, 指望….
You can rely on Peter to do what he promises.
I rely on her to pay back the money.
Don’t rely on my seeing you off.
We can’t rely on his coming in time.
You may rely it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了,他會來接你的。
②
Write an essay in which you compare the two viewpoints. Does the use of equipment spoil or lawyer the value of human achievement in sports and exploration? Find other example and arguments to persuade the reader of your point of view.
TIPS
Different reading styles
When reading English texts, you don't need to read every piece in the same way. Some texts can be skimmed only, for example newspaper articles, before deciding whether you want to read them or not. Novels are read for fun, so you want to read on without looking up aft words in a dictionary. But attention to grammar and all difficult words. article that contain many facts and a lot of information should be read carefully. You need to go deep into them and pay.