知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納：
短文改錯(cuò)的題是一篇意思連貫，但有九行文字中各有一個(gè)語法或用詞錯(cuò)誤的英語短文。它所涉及的知識(shí)面很廣，能力要求較高。而且題中所設(shè)的錯(cuò)誤常常是考生自己在寫作中經(jīng)常出的語法錯(cuò)誤，是專門針對(duì)考生的弱點(diǎn)而設(shè)的。但它又從另一個(gè)角度考查了語法知識(shí)的運(yùn)用。因此，做題時(shí)，應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面著手解題：動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤；名詞使用錯(cuò)誤；形容詞，副詞使用錯(cuò)誤；連詞使用錯(cuò)誤；代詞使用錯(cuò)誤；冠詞使用錯(cuò)誤；介詞使用錯(cuò)誤，上下文邏輯錯(cuò)誤等。
在研究每一行的句子時(shí)，首先把握句子的意思，然后劃分句子的成分：主語；謂語部分；賓語；狀語：地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，方式等。如果句子是并列句或復(fù)合句，先分開各部分小的分句，根據(jù)各個(gè)分句之間的關(guān)系判斷使用的連詞是否正確。然后再研究各個(gè)分句的成分。
（一）名詞使用錯(cuò)誤：名詞一般在句中做主語或賓語，名詞的錯(cuò)誤主要在于名詞單，復(fù)數(shù)的錯(cuò)誤使用。
1. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.： question是可數(shù)名詞根據(jù)本句的意思，前面有l(wèi)ots of修飾，應(yīng)當(dāng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.：subject是可數(shù)名詞根據(jù)本句的意思，前面有quite a few修飾，應(yīng)當(dāng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3. We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.：根據(jù)本句的意思match在此應(yīng)當(dāng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
4. Happy birthday, Peter, and many return of the day. ：return在此是名詞，應(yīng)當(dāng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式：many returns of the day是祝賀人們生日的固定用語：祝你健康長(zhǎng)壽。
5. He said that she and my schoolmate all wishes me success.：all 在句中提示了除我以外schoolmate應(yīng)當(dāng)是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
6. On the way up I was taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.：picture應(yīng)當(dāng)改成復(fù)數(shù)形式，因?yàn)樽髡咭宦飞厦τ谡障啵恢箖H照一張像。
另外還要注意名詞所有格形式上的錯(cuò)誤使用。
That kind of lie, a little, does two things: it keeps your friend feeling from being hurt….：根據(jù)句子意思：有時(shí)一個(gè)小小的謊言（善意的）可以使你的朋友的感情免遭傷害friend應(yīng)當(dāng)改為friend’s
（二）動(dòng)詞使用的錯(cuò)誤：
<一> 作為謂語動(dòng)詞，注意謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，與主語是否一致以及用詞方面的問題。
1. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school team. ：全句的基本時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)當(dāng)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，was應(yīng)改為am
2. Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.：主謂一致的錯(cuò)誤。Give的主語是Playing football，動(dòng)名詞作主語是單數(shù)形式，應(yīng)改為：gives
3. I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.：前半句是說過去的事情used to do ：過去常常做某事。use改為：used
4. …the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. Evening came down.：時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。全句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，passes 改為passed
5. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.：動(dòng)詞形式的錯(cuò)誤。句中有三個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作做謂語。因此visit不是伴隨狀語，是第二個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)該為visited.
6. The Internet is a computer network that use the telephone system to link millions of computers around the world.：句中定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞use 的主語是先行詞a computer network，是單數(shù)形式，所以按主謂一致的原則use改為：uses.
<二> 作為非謂語動(dòng)詞，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞，動(dòng)名詞，不定式形式的使用錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)注意非謂語動(dòng)詞在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。
1. Not far from the hotel, there was a shop with all kinds of clothes hang up.：hang up在此做定語修飾先行詞clothes，應(yīng)改為現(xiàn)在分詞形式表示掛著各種衣服。
2. He had worked on farms and in shops where he spent his spare time studied by himself.：定語從句是說：他把業(yè)余時(shí)間花在學(xué)習(xí)上，按句型結(jié)構(gòu)：spend some time doing something.所以studied應(yīng)改為：studying.
<三> 形容詞，副詞使用錯(cuò)誤：
注意：① 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)，原級(jí)，最高級(jí)使用方面的問題。② 修飾比較級(jí)的副詞的錯(cuò)誤使用。③ 以ing和以ed結(jié)尾的形容詞的混用。④ 形容詞和副詞的混用。
1. I never knew a ride down a river could be so much exciting：much修飾比較級(jí)形式，在此沒有比較級(jí)的意義，所以去掉much.
2. I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together.：形容詞與副詞混用。Have a wonderful time：過得非常愉快。wonderfully 改為：wonderful
3. …h(huán)is mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family who had no child.：本句含有so…that 句型。very改為：so
4. People will work few hours than they do now. ：這是一個(gè)含比較級(jí)的句子。（句中有than），few 改為比較級(jí)形式fewer
5. Computers will be more smaller and useful….：比較級(jí)smaller前面的修飾詞應(yīng)該是副詞much。More與多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞原形構(gòu)成比較級(jí)。more改為much
6. Last week, I went to a movie, which was very moved. 形容詞moved指人受到感動(dòng)。本句的定語從句的主語是movie。應(yīng)當(dāng)是moving.
<四> 連詞使用錯(cuò)誤：并列句連詞and與but的誤用是歷年高考題中常考的內(nèi)容。復(fù)合句如賓語從句，狀語從句，定語從句中主，從句的連接詞的誤用根據(jù)主從句的關(guān)系可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。
1. My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there.：前后兩句的關(guān)系是并列關(guān)系or應(yīng)改為：and
2. My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. 前后兩句是并列關(guān)系不具有轉(zhuǎn)折意義。but改為：and
3. It deosn’t matter that I would win or not. Matter后面的從句是whether…or not結(jié)構(gòu)。That改為：whether
4. An Eskimo boy becomes a man since he kills his first polar bear.：根據(jù)句子意思：在Eskimo男孩殺死他的第一只北極熊之后，才真正成為一名男子漢。Since改為：after
5. The fine-furniture store ∧I work has been in business since the 1920s.：I work是定語從句修飾先行詞The fine-furniture store，The fine-furniture store在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，應(yīng)加關(guān)系副詞where.
解題思路：
首先要理解整個(gè)短文的含義，邏輯關(guān)系，篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。再仔細(xì)研究每一句的意義。借助劃分句子成分的方法判斷每一部分是否有錯(cuò)誤。讀句子時(shí)一定以整句為單位。
【典型例題】
A（2004全國(guó)卷I）
Dear Ralph
I’m a newcomer here of a small town. I would 1. from
describe myself as shy and quietly. Before my classmates, 2. quiet
it seems always difficult for me to do things∧ well as 3. as
them. I’m sure they will laugh to me and see me as 4. at
a fool. So I feel unhappy every day. 5. √
Besides, I have few friends, I don’t know that they 6. why
don’t like to talk with me. Sometimes, we talked to each other 7. talk
very well in class, but after class we become stranger at 8. strangers
once. I am trying to improve the situation since it dosen’t 9. but
seem to work. Can you tell me about what I should do? 10. about去掉
分析：
1. 來自一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)的新生。強(qiáng)調(diào)“來自于”用介詞：from
2. describe oneself as +形容詞，所以quietly改為quiet
3. 缺少連詞，這是同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)as…as ，加上as
4. 介詞錯(cuò)誤：詞組laugh at somebody：嘲笑某人。
6. 賓語從句連詞的錯(cuò)誤，that 本身沒有意義可以省略，本句是說：我不知道他們?yōu)槭裁床幌矚g我。
7. 時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，全篇用的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
8. 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的錯(cuò)誤，主語是we，賓語與主語呼應(yīng)，應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9. 這是一個(gè)并列句，前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
10. 根據(jù)句子意思，about多余。
B全國(guó)卷III2004
You can find all kinds ∧information in just 1. of
a few minute on the Internet. It’s like going to a 2.minutes
huge library without have to walk around to find 3. having
your books. Recently even though, many people 4. 去掉even
have been discussing the dangers of the Internet. 5. √
They have been reports in America about people 6. There
trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 7. personal
Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all 8. easy
information are good to society. For example, you 9. is
can find such information like how to kill people. 10. as
The problem will become more serious in the future.
分析：
1. all kinds of是固定詞組，of 不能缺少.
2. a few 后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式。minute是可數(shù)名詞
3. without是介詞，后面跟動(dòng)詞ing形式。
4. even though：即使，此處表示“雖然”。應(yīng)去掉even
6. 此處表示：在美國(guó)有報(bào)道說…..應(yīng)當(dāng)用表示“有…”的句型：there be…
7. 此處表示“個(gè)人的信息”，需要用形容詞做定語。personal：個(gè)人的。
8. is后面是形容詞形式。
9. information是不可數(shù)名詞。后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
10. such…as是固定句型。
【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：45分鐘）
A
You can find all kinds information in just 1._____
a few minute on the Internet. It’s like going to a 2._____
huge library without have to walk around to find 3._____
your books. Recently even though, many people 4. _____
have been discussing the dangers of the Internet 5. _____
They have been reports in America about people 6. _______
trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 7._______
Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all 8.________
information are good to society. For example, you 9.________
can find such information like how to kill people. 10.________
The problem will become more serious in the future.
B
This is a story told by my father: “When I was boy, 1._________
The most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring 2._________
Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world 3._________
but could make the most delicious dishes. One time, I just 4._________
couldn’t wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was 5. _________
about take a picture from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in 6. _________
the kitchen looking at me. Shake her hand, she said, ‘It 7. _________
isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ At once I apologize 8. _________
and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. You 9. _________
know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” 10. ________
【試題答案】
A
1. 在kinds后面加of ：all kinds of 是固定短語。這里缺少了介詞of
2. 名詞“數(shù)”的錯(cuò)誤, minute是可數(shù)名詞，有a few修飾， 應(yīng)改為：minutes
3. have改為：having：without是介詞，后面的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是動(dòng)名詞形式。
4. 去掉even：even though：即使。此處表示：雖然。
5. 此行正確。
6. They改為：There：本句表示：有一份報(bào)告。用there be 句型。
7. person改為：personal：此處指?jìng)�(gè)人的信息，應(yīng)該用形容詞形式。
8. easily改為easy：be后面接形容詞。
9. are改為is：主語information是不可數(shù)名詞。
10. like改為as：such…as為固定句型，表示：象……這樣的……。
B
分析：
1. boy是可數(shù)名詞，第一次提到，前面必須加a
2. 本句是說：歡渡春節(jié)。When在此多余.
3. 用詞不當(dāng)，cooker：炊具。Cook：廚師。
4. 前后兩個(gè)分句是并列關(guān)系。
6. be about to do something 是固定句型。
7. Shake her hand在本句中做伴隨狀語。應(yīng)該用ing形式。
8. 全句都在敘述過去的事，用過去時(shí)。
9. 本句是說：控制自己。賓語應(yīng)改為反身代詞。
10. several后的名詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)形式。