寒假專題--動(dòng)詞及句式
動(dòng)詞種類：
句法：
謂語動(dòng)詞：
1. 行為動(dòng)詞
（1）vt. 必須跟賓語，語法意義才完整
有主被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但在下列特殊句型中vt. 后不能跟賓語
have… to do 有……要干
give… to do 給……干
It’s + adj. + to do
（2）vi. 不能直接跟賓語，只有主動(dòng)語態(tài)，若要及物必須跟上相應(yīng)prep.
（3）vt. & vi.
open, close, burn, sing, study, sell, read, write, clean, keep, act, wash, feel
2. 系動(dòng)詞
系＋ adj. adv. n. prep. 從句，不定式，分詞
（1）常見系動(dòng)詞：be, become, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, turn, keep, get, look like,
（2）固定搭配：keep silent, keep quiet, go bad, fall in/asleep, get+adj.，turn＋adj.
（3）系動(dòng)詞通常沒被動(dòng)，少數(shù)有進(jìn)行時(shí) be feeling, be getting
3. 延續(xù)性v. 與終止性v.
（1）終止性v. 表延續(xù)的轉(zhuǎn)換
換時(shí)態(tài)： v. + ago
換詞 ： arrive / get to / reach----be here / there
end----be over
get back / return----be back
borrow----keep
buy---have
go----be there
come----be here
（2）終止性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表將要或反復(fù)不斷的動(dòng)作
He is jumping over there. 他在那邊反復(fù)跳。
（3）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與具體時(shí)刻的狀語連用時(shí)用進(jìn)行時(shí)
We were waiting for you at 3 yesterday afternoon.
（4）while 引出的時(shí)間狀語從句中的v. 必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，多為進(jìn)行時(shí)。
（5）終止性動(dòng)詞否定＋until 直到……才
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞肯定＋until 一直干到……為止
英語基本句式：
英語句子有五個(gè)基本句式。這五個(gè)基本句式可以演變出多種復(fù)雜的英語句子。絕大多數(shù)英語句子都是由這五個(gè)基本句式生成的。
S＋V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
S＋V＋F主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
S＋V＋O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)
S＋V＋O1＋O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)
S＋V＋O＋C 主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
說明：S＝主語；F＝謂語；P＝表語；O＝賓語；O1＝間接賓語；O2＝直接賓語；C＝賓語補(bǔ)足語
五個(gè)基本句式詳細(xì)解釋如下：
1. S＋V句式: 在此句式中，V是不及物動(dòng)詞，又叫自動(dòng)詞(vi. )。例如：
He runs quickly. 他跑得快。
They listened carefully. 他們聽得很仔細(xì)。
He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨凍受餓。
My ink has run out. 我的鋼筆水用完了。
2. S＋V＋F句式: 在此句式中，V是系動(dòng)詞(link v. )，常見的系動(dòng)詞有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：
He seen interested in the book. 他似乎對(duì)這本書感興趣。
The story sounds interesting. 這個(gè)故事聽起來有趣。
The desk feels hard. 書桌摸起來很硬。
The cake tastes nice. 餅嘗起來很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花聞起來香甜。
You have grown taller than before. 你長得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill. 他突然病倒了。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up. 他長大后當(dāng)了教師。
注意：有些動(dòng)詞同時(shí)也是及物動(dòng)詞，可構(gòu)成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down. 他上下打量我。
They are tasting the fish. 他們?cè)谄穱L魚。
Please turn the sentence into English. 請(qǐng)把這個(gè)句子譯成英語。
3. S十V十O句式: 在此句式中，V是及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)，因此有賓語。例如：
I saw a film yesterday. 我昨天看了一部電影。
Have you read the story? 你讀過這個(gè)故事嗎?
They found their home easily. 他們很容易找到他們的家。
They built a house last year. 他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印?/p>
They've put up a factory in the village. 他們?cè)诖謇锝艘蛔S。
They have taken good care of the children. 這些孩子他們照看得很好。
4. S＋V＋O1＋O2句式: 在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞。常見的須帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get，rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me. 他給我一本書。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me. 他帶給我一枝鋼筆。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me. 他把座位讓給我。
注意下邊動(dòng)詞改寫后介詞的變化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 媽媽給我買了一本書。
He got me a chair/a chair for me. 他給我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me. 請(qǐng)幫我一下。
5. S＋V＋O＋C句式: 在此句式中，V是有賓語補(bǔ)足語的及物動(dòng)詞。常帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。
常見的可接賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞很多，哪些動(dòng)詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補(bǔ)，須根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請(qǐng)看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry. 他們使這個(gè)女孩生氣了。
They found her happy that day. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。
They named the boy Charlie. 他們給這個(gè)男孩起名為查理。
I saw him come in and go out. 我見他進(jìn)來又出去。
They felt the car moving fast. 他們感到汽車行駛得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now. 我剛才聽到玻璃碎了。
【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：45分鐘）
一. 選擇填空：
1. She came here _____.
A. since a month ago B. for a month
C. a month ago D. next month
2. They got here ____.
A. a moment ago B. for a moment
C. since a moment ago D. sometimes
3. My father has lived here ______ .
A. for three years B. since three years
C. for three years ago D. three years ago
4. Lucy and Lily ______ in Beijing for nearly two years.
A. are B. were C. will be D. have been
5. My uncle ___ since he left school.
A. smoked B. was smoking C. has smoked D. had smoked
6. They ____ 100,000 trees by the end of 1994.
A. planted B. has planted C. have planted D. had planted
7. By the time Dave got up , his mother _______ breakfast.
A. has cooked B. had cooked C. cooked D. have cooked
8. He said that he _____ never _____ such a beautiful picture before.
A. has…seen B. had ….seen C. have …seen D. was …seeing
9. My sister ____ for three years before she went to college.
A. had worked B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
10. Look! They ___________ their classroom.
A. clean B. are cleaning C. cleaned D. was cleaning
二. 根據(jù)對(duì)話，用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
A: Where’s Kate?
B: She____1____ (go) to London.
A: When __2____ she ___3____(leave)?
B: She ___4____(leave)early this morning.
A: How __5____ she ____6____ (go) there?
B: She ___7___ (go) there by plane .
A: When __8__she ___9____ (come) back ?
B: Sorry, I don’t know. Perhaps she ____10____(get) back in a month.
三. 閱讀短文并用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and _______(begin) a new service. The “taxi” is a small Swiss aero phane called a “Pilatus Porter”. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. Captain Fawcett’s first passenger____(be) a doctor who ___ (fly) from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Since then, Captain Fawcett _____ (fly) passengers to many unusual places. Once he ___ (land) on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he ____(land) in a deserted car park. Captain Fawcett _____just ______(refuse) a strange request from a business man. The man _____ (want) to fly to Rockall, but Captain Fawcett _____ (not take) him because the trip _____ (be) too dangerous.
四. 閱讀理解:
(A) Can You Make Short Phone Calls？
Phones are very useful to us, and we can’t work without them. But phones also bring troubles. For example, a friend wants to tell you his or her latest health problem on the phone. You are very busy, so you have to cut your friend off. What will you say?
When you answer a call, don’t ask questions like “How are things?” because these questions will make them think that you have time to talk longer. After “hello,” get right to the heart of the matter you want to say.
When you make a call, you should call at the right time. If you call right before lunch or dinner, or at the end of the work day, people will not talk too much.
When you call someone and do not want to talk longer, you may start with, “Hi, I’ve only got a few minutes, but I want to talk to you about …” or, “I’d like to talk more, but I only have a few minutes before I have to go.”
If you don’t want to spend time talking to someone, you must say, “I’d like to talk to you longer, but I must say Goodbye.” Don’t wait for the answer.
If someone does not stop talking and you have to leave, you can ask someone in your home to help you. For example, you signal to your father, and your father says loudly, “Mary, I think the bread is burning!”
( ) 1. When you want to make a short phone call, you should say: ______ and then go right to the matter.
A. How are things?
B. What’s new?
C. How are you doing?
D. I only have three minutes before I have to leave.
( ) 2. When you want to stop talking, you can say: ____________
A. I have to go now. Goodbye.
B. I’m glad to talk to you. What can I do for you?
C. So, what else is new?
D. Hi. How are things?
( ) 3. If someone does not stop talking and you have to leave, you can ____________
A. ask someone in your home to help you.
B. shout to him loudly.
C. cry loudly.
D. Throw the phone to the floor.
(B) How to Use an ATM
Pat Brown went to her bank to ask for an ATM card. It looks like a credit card. A few weeks later, the bank posted her a card and a four-number personal identification number (PIN). Her PIN is 1234.
As Pat was getting ready for bed one night, she remembered that she had $2 in her bag. The next day she had to give $10 for a lunch for a co-worker. She didn’t want to get up early to go to the bank. So she had to go to the bank at night. She used her ATM card to withdraw (take out) $50 from her checking account (現(xiàn)金帳戶).
These are the steps she followed to withdraw money. First, she put her card in the lower slot (狹孔) on the right side of the machine. She made sure her card was facing the right way. Second, the computer screen said, “Please enter (put in) your PIN.” Pat pressed (按) the number 1,2,3, and 4. next, the screen said, “Please select type of transaction (交易) you want by press other keys.” Pat pressed the bottom key for withdrawing money.
Then the screen said, “From which account?” The choices it gave were Checking, Savings, and Money Market. Pat pressed the key for checking. Next, the screen said, “Please choose amount of transaction.” Pat pushed the number 5 and then 0 three times, until the screen read, “50.00”. The screen then read, “Please wait”. In less than a minute, it read, “Please put up the lid and take your money.”
Pat lifts the lid marked Withdraw. She counted her $50 to make sure the ATM hadn’t made a mistake. Then she waited for her withdraw slip to come out of the slot at the upper right corner of the machine. Pat checked the slip to make sure it was correct. Then her ATM card was returned through the card slot. She put it in her bag and walked away. If Pat had made a mistake at any point by pressing the wrong button, she could have pressed Cancel and started over again.
What you should do What computer should say
Put her card in the lower slot. Enter (put in) your PIN
1. _______________ 2. _______________
Press the bottom key for withdrawing money Select type of account
3. _______________ Choose amount of transaction
Push the number you want Put up the lid and take your money
Lift the lid marked Withdraw
4. _______________
Wait for her withdraw slip to come out of the slot
Check the slip to make sure it was correct Return through the card slot
【試題答案】
一. CAADC, CBBAB
二. 1. has gone 2. did 3. leave 4. left 5. did 6. go 7. went 8. will
9. come 10. will get
三. begun, was, flew, has flown, landed, landed, has, refused, wanted, didn’t take, was
四. (A) D A A
(B) 1. Press the PIN numbers 2. Select type of transaction you want
3. Press the key for checking 4. Count her money