江蘇地區(qū)石莊高級中學2006屆高三非謂語動詞復習教案學案一體化
2006屆高三非謂語動詞復習（教師版）
一、概述
1、 基本形式的變化：
不定式：
時態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被動態(tài)
一般式 to do to be done
進行式 to be doing
完成式 to have built to have been built
例1：John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主動態(tài)）
例2：He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被動態(tài))
例3：He pretended to be listening attentively. (進行式)
例4：He intended to have told you that. (完成式主動態(tài))
例5：This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被動態(tài))
V-ing形式：
時態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被 動 態(tài)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
不及物動詞沒有被動式
動名詞
例1：I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主動態(tài)) （= I am sure that he will come in time）
例2：He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被動態(tài)) （= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.）
例3：I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主動態(tài))
（= I am confident that he have passed the exam.）
例4：He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被動態(tài))
現(xiàn)在分詞
例1：He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主動態(tài))
例2：Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被動態(tài))
例3：Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主動態(tài))
例4：All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被動態(tài))
2、所做成分
項目/成分 主語 表語 賓語 賓補 定語 狀語
動詞的ing形式 現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △ △ △
動名詞 △ △ △ △
不定式 △ △ △ △ △ △
過去分詞 △ △ △ △
二、基本知識
（一）動詞不定式在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作主語。
例如：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
To make money is not the only purpose of our life.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的
在很多情況下，常用it 來充當動詞不定式的形式主語。
例如：It is important for us to learn English very well.對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。
(2)作動詞的賓語，常用在以下動詞后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
例如：He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通過了考試。
He promised to be here at nine.他答應9點鐘到這兒。
I didn’t expect to see you here.我沒有料到在這兒見到你。
在某些復合賓語中，用it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。
例如：He considered it better to leave now.他認為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)準時完成這項工作是不可能的。
(3)作定語（常置于名詞之后）。
由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語; 不定式還可用作名詞
代詞的的賓語 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,
intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
例如:She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.他總是最后一個離開辦公室。
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做這項工作的最佳人選。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：動詞不定式to后所接動詞若是不及物動詞，而不定式與其修飾的動詞之間有動賓關系，這個不定式后就應有必要的介詞。
例如：I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
(4)作狀語
例如：I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.（不至于跌倒） (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表結果)
He tried only to fail. （結果沒有成功）
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞:
able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
例如：French is difficult to learn. 法語難學。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
(5)作獨立副詞成分。
例如：To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
(6)與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how等后加動詞不定式，構成不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
例如：When to start has not been decided.什么時候出發(fā)還沒有定。
The problem is how to get there on time.問題是怎樣才能準時到達哪兒。
注：在有些動詞后常用疑問詞 + 動詞不定式的結構。這類動詞有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,
consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
例如：He didn’t know what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我沒有決定是否到日本去。
▲不定式的復合結構
由for + 名詞或代詞 + 動詞不定式構成的復合結構在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、狀語等。
例如：It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你們有必要在星期五前做完這項工作。
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式復合結構，經(jīng)常與以下形容詞連用：bold, brave, careless, civil, clever,
courageous, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless,
wrong, wise等。
例如：It’s kind of you to say so.
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!你真勇敢，沖進著火的大樓里救這個嬰兒
▲不帶to 的動詞不定式
(1)在有些使役動詞及感官動詞后可用省略to的動詞不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。
例如：The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老師常常讓我把作文重寫。
將該句轉換成被動語態(tài)：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
(2)在下列結構后常用不帶to的動詞不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。
例如：I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建議。
(3)在except, but 之前有動詞do作實義動詞，則except, but 后一般接不帶to的動詞不定式，反之則接帶to 的動詞不定式。
例如：We have no choice but to wait.我們除了等待別無選擇（我們只好等待）。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
(4) 在why, why not結構中，緊接其后的動詞不定式不帶to
例如：Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?為什么不把那些書送回去？
（二）動名詞在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作主語
例如：Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 請求幫助有時是必要的。
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多對你的健康不利。
Teaching offers something besides money and power.
(2)作補語、表語例如：
Seeing is believing.
We call such an act cheating.我們稱這樣的行為為作弊/欺騙行為。
(3)作以下及物動詞及詞組的的賓語
mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短語動詞：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，prevent…from，set about，can't help，be/get used to等；短語：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等
例如：The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒險游過河
His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room.
他的妻子不允許在室內(nèi)抽煙，但是允許他在室外抽。
All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
他們所有的人都堅持要我再跟他們多呆幾天時間。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn't feel like eating anything.不想吃任何東西
另在want, need, require等動詞后，常用動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思（主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系）。
例如：My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
(5) 作定語。它與被修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關系，通常只表示用途或與所修飾的名詞有關的動作。
例如：The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教學方法
(6) 作同位語。例如：His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
▲動名詞的復合結構
動名詞的復合結構由物主代詞或名詞所有格 + 動名詞構成。如果不是在句子開頭，這種結構常可以由名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格 +動名詞構成， 在句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
▲動名詞的某些固定結構
(1) It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。
(2)It is + useless+doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
(3)There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
例如：There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)
(4)make a point of + doing “認為…是必要的”
例如：Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
(5)be on the point of + doing “瀕臨，將要…”
例如：He was on the point of leaving.
(6)on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
例如：On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
(7)go + doing (大部分指運動和游戲)
例如：He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
(8)動名詞短語常用在以下結構中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth have trouble (in) + doing sth
have fun (in) + doing sth/ have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sth
例如：We have great difficulty (in) solving the problem.我們解決這個問題有困難。
(9)feel like + 名詞“想要”=would like to +原形動詞
例如：Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don't feel like reading tonight．今晚我不想讀書。
(三) 分詞在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作定語。作定語的分詞如果是單個分詞，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語則放在所修飾的名詞后面。在用作定語時，分詞在意思上接近一個定語從句。
例如：The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)
China is a developing socialist country.發(fā)展中的社會主義國家
The man writing the obituary (訃告) is my friend.
(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都可作定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞表達的是正在進行的事情，有主動意義；而過去分詞表示的是已完成的事情，有被動意義。
(2)作表語、賓語補足語。能帶分詞作賓補的動詞常見的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
例如：The story is boring.
I found him reading a novel. 在讀小說(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語)
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包圍著 (過去分詞作賓語補足語)
(3)作狀語。分詞作狀語可以表示時間, 原因, 條件, 結果, 伴隨情況。
例如：Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently. ---時間
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work. ---原因
Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. ----原因
If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.-條件
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.條件
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%. –結果
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV. ---伴隨
▲分詞的特殊結構
獨立主格
有時分詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，這時分詞須帶上自身的主語，這種結構稱為獨立主格結構。這種結構在句中多作伴隨狀語。亦可用來表示時間、原因、條件等。
例如：That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.
“with或without + 名詞或代詞 + 分詞”的復合結構
常用作補充說明或表示伴隨情況。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
某些固定結構
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，這種結構只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個動詞。
例如：Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.從他的衣著判斷
Frankly speaking, I don't like him at all.坦率地說
catch+賓語+doing
例如：I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的
注：有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
例如：Considering his age, he is tall.考慮了他的年齡
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.關于他的演講
三、非謂語動詞比較
1．做主語賓語：-般來說，不定式和動名詞成份相同時，表示客觀性、一般性行為多用動名詞表示，而表示一次性、具體性行為則多用不定式。
Looking after children is her job.照看小孩
To clean the classroom is his job today.打掃教室
I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today because I don't feel well.
注意（1）：begin和start本身為進行時，或后面動詞為心理變化意義的動詞時，須接不定式。
When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
(2).有些詞后面既可以接不定式．亦可接動名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū)別，須特別注意：
A．remember，forget，regret接動名詞，表示完成意義(=having done)，接不定式，表示將來意義：
Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.
I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
Don't forget to write to me soon.
I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.
I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔干……事)
I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.
I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遺憾=be sorry)
B．mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……；mean doing：意味著，就是
I am sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings，
I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.
C．stop：stop to do停下來，要干另一件事，不定式作目的狀語；stop doing停止干……，
動名詞作賓語。
After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.
D．try：try to do，努力，試圖干……事；try doing：試著干……事
He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.
He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.
The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.
They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again.
E．want，need，require接動名詞表示被動意義，主語與動名詞之間為動賓關系。
The bike requires repairing.
These young trees require looking after.
The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)
A Mr. Wang wants to see you.
You don't need to leave so early.
F．go on：go on to do繼續(xù)干和原來不同的另一件事，不定式作目的狀語。
go on doing繼續(xù)干原來同一件事，動名詞作賓語。
After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.
After writing the composition he went on to work out his maths problems.
G．動詞advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接單賓語時用動名詞，接復合賓語時用動詞不定式。
Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health. 放棄
The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. 放棄
She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.抽煙
H. consider to have done/consider doing(consider…to be)
I. be used to doing/be used to do
J.can’t help doing/to do
2.做賓補：
不定式可以表示一次性、具體性行為，以及將來意義的行為。現(xiàn)在分詞可以表示當時正在發(fā)生的進行意義的行為，亦可表示-個持續(xù)時間的延續(xù)性的行為動作。過去分詞可以表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)，及物動詞的過去分詞亦有被動意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞仍是主動意義。
When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.
I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.
They had the lights burning all night long.
I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.
The mother will have the doctor examine her son again.
Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.
When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.
When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.
3.做表語：
不定式和動名詞做表語解釋主語內(nèi)容，且可以和主語顛倒，意思仍然通順，回答what的問題。它們有時存在經(jīng)常性和一次性行為的區(qū)別，分詞做表語表明主語的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，不能和主語顛倒，可以回答how的問題。
Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=Cleaning offices is her job.)
Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)
The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)
They are very tired after a long walk.
The door is locked now.
The children are well dressed these days.
4.做定語：
不定式做定語與先行詞有動賓、主謂和解釋先行詞內(nèi)容等關系。在時態(tài)上常是將來意義，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語是現(xiàn)在時或進行時態(tài)意義；過去分詞做定語則是完成時態(tài)意義。此外，不定式做定語時只能后置，不可前置，而單個分詞做定語可前置，分詞短語做定語則須后置。動名詞做定語，須前置，且要重讀，它表明先行詞的用途。而分詞做定語表明先行詞的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。
a swimming boy=a boy who is swimming a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
the boiling water=the water that is boiling drinking water=water for drinking
Today I have a letter to write. Please find a man to help us.
It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.練習你的口語
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那邊的
The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.
The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.
The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.
5.做狀語：
不定式和分詞做狀語各有不同分工。動詞不定式多做目的、結果和原因狀語，且多放在句末；分詞
可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式狀語，多置于句首，做伴隨狀語，多放在后面。分詞用于go doing結構中作目的狀語。
(1).目的狀語：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客觀性和將來性特征。不定式前還可加上in order，so as來加強說話的口氣。但so as to通常不用于句首。
The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.
I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.
(2)．時間狀語：分詞作時間狀語相當于時間狀語從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語一般位于句首，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，有時現(xiàn)在分詞前可以加上時間連詞。如果分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成體形式。過去分詞作時間狀語與謂語動詞構成同時性和被動意義。分詞前有時加上時間連詞。
Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.
Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.
Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.
Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.
After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.
When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.當請他作演講時
Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康復
(3)．原因狀語：不定式作原因狀語往往用于形容詞之后,這些形容詞通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分詞作原因狀語相當于原因狀語從句。一般位于句首。
I am sorry to hear that you are not well.
I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.讓你久等了
We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.
There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted. 由于沒有錢
Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.
Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.
(4)．條件狀語：通常用分詞來表示，相當于條件狀語從句。一般位于句首。
Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.
United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.
Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.
(5)．結果狀語從句：不定式作結果狀語通常用于so+形容詞或副詞+as to，such+名詞+as to，too…to，enough to和only to等結構。現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語表示謂語動詞的結果。
He arrived late to find the train gone.
I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.
He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbors.
His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy.
I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.
The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.
(6)．讓步狀語：通常由過去分詞來表示，而且前面通常有表示讓步意義的though。
Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
(7)．伴隨或方式狀語：分詞作伴隨狀語通常位于句尾，表示謂語動詞正在所處主動或被動的狀態(tài)。
Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.
She came running towards us.
They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.
He went into the house, followed by some children.
He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.
四、關于there be 的非謂語形式
there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語
1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結構，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.我們不希望有任何同志掉隊。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere..他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我們并不反對在這里開會。
2)作狀語多用there being結構，但若置于介詞for之后要用there to be
There being nobody else at hand,I had to do by myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．
因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)
3)作主語時兩種結構都可以，但如是用for引導則要用there to be.
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．
老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．
校園內(nèi)有兒園對女教師十分方便。
2006屆高三非謂語動詞復習（學生版）
一、概述
2、 基本形式的變化：
不定式：
時態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被動態(tài)
一般式
進行式
完成式
例1：John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.
例2：He hated to be misunderstood by others.
例3：He pretended to be listening attentively.
例4：He intended to have told you that.
例5：This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago.
V-ing形式：
時態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被 動 態(tài)
一般式
完成式
不及物動詞沒有被動式
動名詞
例1：I am sure of his coming in time. （= ____________________）
例2：He is proud of being selected as monitor. （= ________________）
例3：I’m confident of his having passed the exam. （= ______________________）
例4：He complained of having been cheated by others.
現(xiàn)在分詞
例1：He sat in a chair,___________(read) a novel.
例2：________(exhaust)by work, he fell asleep quickly.
例3：________(finish)his homework, he went playing
例4：All this _______ (settle),he went home.
2、所做成分
項目/成分 主語 表語 賓語 賓補 定語 狀語
動詞的ing形式 現(xiàn)在分詞
動名詞
不定式
過去分詞
二、基本知識
（一）動詞不定式在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作主語。
例如：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
______________ 賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的
在很多情況下，常用it 來充當動詞不定式的形式主語。
例如： 對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。
(2)作動詞的賓語，常用在以下動詞后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
例如： 他成功地通過了考試。
他答應9點鐘到這兒。
我沒有料到在這兒見到你。
在某些復合賓語中，常it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。
例如： 他認為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。
我發(fā)現(xiàn)準時完成這項工作是不可能的。
(3)作定語（常置于名詞之后）。
由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語; 不定式還可用作名詞代詞的的賓語 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
例如:She is always the first student to arrive at school.
他總是最后一個離開辦公室。
我想他不是做這項工作的最佳人選。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：動詞不定式to后所接動詞若是不及物動詞，而不定式與其修飾的動詞之間有動賓關系，這個不定式后就應有必要的介詞。
例如：I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at. I found no one to play with.
(4)作狀語
例如：I walked slowly on the ice in order .（不至于跌倒） (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表結果)
He tried .結果沒有成功
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞:
able, afraid, angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
例如： 法語難學。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
(5)作獨立副詞成分。
例如：To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
(6)與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how等后加動詞不定式，構成不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
例如： 什么時候出發(fā)還沒有定。
問題是怎樣才能及時到達哪兒。
注：在有些動詞后常用疑問詞 + 動詞不定式的結構。這類動詞有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider, understand, learn, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
例如：He didn’t know what to do next.
我沒有決定是否到日本去。
▲不定式的復合結構
由for + 名詞或代詞 + 動詞不定式構成的復合結構在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、狀語等。
例如： 你們有必要在星期五前做完這項工作。
他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式復合結構，常與以下形容詞連用：bold, brave, careless, civil, clever,foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。
例如：It’s kind of you to say so.
to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，沖進著火的大樓里救這個嬰兒
▲不帶to 的動詞不定式
(1)在有些使役動詞及感官動詞后可用省略to的動詞不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel,smell,
hear, watch等。
例如： 老師常常讓我把作文重寫。
將該句轉換成被動語態(tài)：_________________________________________
(2)在下列結構后常用不帶to的動詞不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。
例如：I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
我只好接受他的建議。
(3)在except, but 之前有動詞do作實義動詞，則except, but 后一般接不帶to的動詞不定式，反
之則接帶to 的動詞不定式。
例如： 我們除了等待別無選擇（我們只好等待）。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
(4) 在why, why not結構中，緊接其后的動詞不定式不帶to
例如：Why argue with him?
為什么不把那些書送回去？
（二）動名詞在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作主語
例如： 請求幫助有時是必要的。
吃得太多對你的健康不利。
(2)作補語、表語例如：
Seeing is believing.
我們稱這樣的行為為作弊/欺騙行為。
(3)作以下及物動詞及詞組的的賓語
mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短語動詞：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，prevent…from，set about，can't help，be/get used to等;語：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等
例如：The mother did agree to let the boy_______________________________.冒險游過河
His wife _____________________inside the room but ______________outside the room.
他的妻子不允許在室內(nèi)抽煙，但是允許他在室外抽。
All of them ___________________________ them a few days longer.
他們所有的人都堅持要我再跟他們多呆幾天時間。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn't _________________________.不想吃任何東西
另在want, need, require等動詞后，常用動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思（主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系）。
例如：My hair needs cutting. (= _______________________.)
(5) 作定語。它與被修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關系，通常只表示用途或與所修飾的名詞有關的動作。
例如：The factory built _______________ last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good _______________.教學方法
(6) 作同位語。例如：His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
▲動名詞的復合結構
動名詞的復合結構由物主代詞或名詞所有格 + 動名詞構成。如果不是在句子開頭，這種結構常可以由名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格 +動名詞構成， 在句中可作主語、賓語等。
例如：Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
▲動名詞的某些固定結構
(1) It is+no use,no good(fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time,a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
____________________.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.________
_______________________________________設法解釋是浪費時間。
(2)It is+useless+doing sth．
It is useless speaking.____________
(3)There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
例如：There is no knowing how old she is.(= _______________________________________.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= __________________________________________.)
(4)make a point of + doing “認為…是必要的”
例如：Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(=__________________________)
(5)be on the point of + doing “瀕臨，將要…”
例如：He was on the point of leaving.
(6)on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
例如：On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= _______________________________________)
(7)go + doing (大部分指運動和游戲)
例如：He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
(8)動名詞短語常用在以下結構中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth, have trouble (in) + doing sth ,have fun (in) + doing sth have a good time (in) + doing sth,have a hard time (in) + doing sth
例如：_________________________________________________.我們解決這個問題有困難。
(9)feel like+名詞“想要”=would like to +原形動詞
例如：__________________________________你想看電影嗎?
__________________________________今晚我不想讀書。
(三) 分詞在句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)作定語。作定語的分詞如果是單個分詞，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語則放在所修飾的名詞后面。在用作定語時，分詞在意思上接近一個定語從句。
例如：The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= _______________________________)
China is ______________________________發(fā)展中的社會主義國家
The man writing the obituary (訃告) is my friend.(= _____________________________)
The ______ glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都可作定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞表達的是正在進行的事情，有主動意義；而過去分詞表示的是已完成的事情，有被動意義。
(2)作表語、賓語補足語。能帶分詞作賓補的動詞常見的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
例如：The story is boring.
I found him _______________. 在讀小說(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語)
I found him __________________________.被一群孩子包圍著 (過去分詞作賓語補足語)
(3)作狀語。分詞作狀語可以表示時間, 原因, 條件, 結果, 伴隨情況。
例如：_____________(read)all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently. ---時間
_________(be) short of money, I decided to apply for the work. ---原因
Seriously _______(injure)Allen was rushed to the hospital. ----原因
If ________(go)there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.-條件
Unless ____(ask)to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs.Smith’s class.條件
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus _______(raise)the average yield by 15%. –結果
He sat in a rocking chair, ________(watch)TV. ---伴隨
▲分詞的特殊結構
獨立主格
有時分詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，這時分詞須帶上自身的主語，這種結構稱為獨立主格結構。這種結構在句中多作伴隨狀語。亦可用來表示時間、原因、條件等。
例如：That______(be) the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather __________(permit),we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher _______________(finish) the lesson, the students left the classroom.
“with或without + 名詞或代詞 + 分詞”的復合結構
常用作補充說明或表示伴隨情況。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
某些固定結構
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，這種結構只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個動詞。
例如：Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.從他的衣著判斷
_____________,I don't like him at all.坦率地說
catch+賓語+doing
例如：________________________________我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
_________________________________，she'll be furious.
如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的
注：有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
例如：___________________, he is tall.考慮了他的年齡
I have nothing to say _____________________.關于他的演講
三、非謂語動詞比較
1．做主語賓語：-般來說，不定式和動名詞成份相同時，表示客觀性、一般性行為多用動名詞表示，而表示一次性、具體性行為則多用不定式。
______________________ is her job.照看小孩
______________________ is his job today.打掃教室
I like ________, but I don't like _______ today because I don't feel well.游泳
注意
（1）.begin和start本身為進行時，或后面動詞為心理變化意義的動詞時，須接不定式。
When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
(2).有些詞后面既可以接不定式．亦可接動名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū)別，須特別注意：
A．remember，forget，regret接動名詞，表示完成意義(=having done)，接不定式，表示將來意義：
Please remember ________(bring)me the book I want next time.
I remember ______(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
Don't forget ________(write)to me soon.
I never forget ________(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time.
I regret _______(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干……事)
I regret not ______(take) (not having taken) your advice.
I regret ______(say) I can't take your advice. (遺憾=be sorry)
B．mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……；mean doing：意味著，就是
I am sorry, I didn't mean _______(hurt)your feelings，
I meant _______(call) on you, but I was so busy.
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just _______(work) in class.
C．stop：stop to do停下來，要干另一件事，不定式作目的狀語；stop doing停止干……，動
名詞作賓語。
After some time, they stopped _______(work)and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped ________(have)a rest.
D．try：try to do，努力，試圖干……事；try doing：試著干……事
He searched everywhere and tried _______(find) his key.
He came to the city from the countryside and tried________(find) a job.
The mother is out and the boy had to try _______(cook) for himself.
They tried to succeed and tried ______(do) their experiments again and again.
E．want，need，require接動名詞表示被動意義，主語與動名詞之間為動賓關系。
The bike requires _________(repair).
These young trees require _____________(look after).
The matter needs ________(think)over.(=to be thought over)
A Mr. Wang wants _______(see) you.
You don't need ________(leave)so early.
F．go on：go on to do繼續(xù)干和原來不同的另一件事，不定式作目的狀語。
go on doing繼續(xù)干原來同一件事，動名詞作賓語。
After a smoke，he went on _______(tell)us that interesting story.
After writing the composition he went on _______(work)out his maths problems.
G．動詞advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接單賓語時用動名詞，接復合賓語時用動詞不定式。
Doctors advise _________ smoking to benefit one's health. 放棄
The doctor advised him _________ smoking so as to improve his health. 放棄
She doesn't allow (permit) _______ in her room.抽煙
H. consider to have done/consider doing(consider…to be)
I. be used to doing/be used to do
J.can’t help doing/to do
2.做賓補：
不定式可以表示一次性、具體性行為，以及將來意義的行為。現(xiàn)在分詞可以表示當時正在發(fā)生的進行意義的行為，亦可表示-個持續(xù)時間的延續(xù)性的行為動作。過去分詞可以表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)，及物動詞的過去分詞亦有被動意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞仍是主動意義。
When I came in, I saw her _______(dance)happily.
I often hear her _____(sing) songs in English in her room.
They had the lights _______(burn) all night long.
I saw Li Ping ____(pass) by and enter the next room just now.
The mother will have the doctor _______(examine)her son again.
Tomorrow I'll have my hair ____(cut)
When I got home I found the window ______(break)and the thief ____(go) away already.
When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything
________(change)
3.做表語：
不定式和動名詞做表語解釋主語內(nèi)容，且可以和主語顛倒，意思仍然通順，回答what的問題。它們有時存在經(jīng)常性和一次性行為的區(qū)別，分詞做表語表明主語的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，不能和主語顛倒，可以回答how的問題。
Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=___________________________)
Our job today is to clean the office.(=____________________________________)
The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)
They are very tired after a long walk.
The door is locked now.
The children are well dressed these days.
4.做定語：
不定式做定語與先行詞有動賓、主謂和解釋先行詞內(nèi)容等關系。在時態(tài)上常是將來意義，現(xiàn)在分
詞做定語是現(xiàn)在時或進行時態(tài)意義；過去分詞做定語則是完成時態(tài)意義。此外，不定式做定語時只能后
置，不可前置，而單個分詞做定語可前置，分詞短語做定語則須后置。動名詞做定語，須前置，且要重
讀，它表明先行詞的用途。而分詞做定語表明先行詞的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。
a swimming boy=_____________________ a swimming pool=_____________________
the boiling water=the water that is boiling drinking water=water for drinking
Today I have a letter to write.
Please find a man to help us.
It is a good chance _______________________________.練習你的口語
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
The woman ___________________ is our English teacher.站在那邊的
The house to be built (=_______________________________) next year will be our new library.
The house being built (=____________________) now will be our new library.
The house built (=_______________) last year is our new library now.
5.做狀語：
不定式和分詞做狀語各有不同分工。動詞不定式多做目的、結果和原因狀語，且多放在句末；分詞
可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式狀語，多置于句首，做伴隨狀語，多放在后面。分詞用于go doing
結構中作目的狀語。
(1).目的狀語：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客觀性和將來性特征。不定式前還可加上in order，so as來加強說話的口氣。但so as to通常不用于句首。
The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.
I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.
(2)．時間狀語：分詞作時間狀語相當于時間狀語從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語一般位于句首，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，有時現(xiàn)在分詞前可以加上時間連詞。如果分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成體形式。過去分詞作時間狀語與謂語動詞構成同時性和被動意義。分詞前有時加上時間連詞。
Arriving (=_______________) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.
Waiting (=__________________) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.
Having (=____________) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.
Having (=___________) finished his homework, he went to bed.
After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
Seen (=_____________________) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
Locked (=__________________) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.
___________________________, he said he was glad to do so.當請他作演講時
______________, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康復
(3)．原因狀語：不定式作原因狀語往往用于形容詞之后,這些形容詞通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分詞作原因狀語相當于原因狀語從句。一般位于句首。
I am sorry to hear that you are not well.
I'm very sorry ________________________________讓你久等了
We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
Being (=____________) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.
__________________________, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted. 由于沒有錢
Having (=______________) been asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.
Moved (=_______________) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.
(4)．條件狀語：通常用分詞來表示，相當于條件狀語從句。一般位于句首。
Turning (=__________) to the left，you will see the post office.
United (=________________), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.
Given (=___________________n) more time, he would be able to do better.
(5)．結果狀語從句：不定式作結果狀語通常用于so+形容詞或副詞+as to，such+名詞+as to，too…to，enough to和only to等結構。現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語表示謂語動詞的結果。
He arrived late ______________________發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了
I worked late into the night,_________________________________結果發(fā)現(xiàn)我只做完了一半
He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbors.
I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.
The man died young, ________________________除了債務什么也沒有留下。
(6)．讓步狀語：通常由過去分詞來表示，而且前面通常有表示讓步意義的though。
______________, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.盡管受傷
___________________________, he still went skating on the thin ice.盡管警告他有危險
(7)．伴隨或方式狀語：分詞作伴隨狀語通常位于句尾，表示謂語動詞正在所處主動或被動的狀態(tài)。
She ____________ towards us.跑過來
They walked along the streets, ____________________有說有笑
He went into the house, _________________身后跟著幾個孩子
He continued to walk up and down, _______________陷入沉思
四、關于there be 的非謂語形式
there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語
1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結構，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
_____________________________________________________，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.______________
We have no objection to___________________________我們并不反對在這里開會。
2)作狀語多用there being結構，但若置于介詞for之后要用there to be
_______________________________,I had to do by myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語)
It’s too early__________________________太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語)
_________________________________________，the ground was very dry．
因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)
3)作主語時兩種結構都可以，但如是用for引導則要用there to be.
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．
老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。
_________________________on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．
校園內(nèi)有兒園對女教師十分方便。