1. take off 起飛； 脫下，摘下，迅速流行，換下，終止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人體）；模仿
The plane took off an hour late. 飛機起飛晚了一小時。
Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在電視上亮相后歌唱事業(yè)迅速起飛。
I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已經(jīng)決定下周休息幾天。
The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 該劇因不賣座而停演了。
2. accomplish 完成，達到，實現(xiàn)
accomplish finish, complete 區(qū)別
1） accomplish經(jīng)常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名詞。 如：
The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探險隊在五周內(nèi)完成了航程。
The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 計劃的第一部分已順利完成。
2) complete比accomplish具體， 可接簡化組，工程，書籍等名詞。 指“按預期目的把未完成的工作經(jīng)進一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵義是“補足缺少的部分”。 如：
The building will be completed by the end of this month. 這座樓將于本月底完成。
3) finish 在許多情況下可與complete 換用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“認真仔細地完成工作的最后階段的精工修飾，使之完美”的意思。 如
I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末寫完這本書。
3. In touch with 保持聯(lián)系,了解
One of the students gets in touch with a careers-adviser.
He keeps in touch with me by writing now and then.
They have remained/kept/stayed/been in touch with each other for 20 years.
The net brings us into touch with the things which are happening in the other parts of the world.
He lost touch with his family during the war.
I have been out of touch with my former teacher for 20 years.
4. dreamt of becoming a leading scientist.
She dreamt a terrible dream.
He dreamed that he saw his dead father.
We never dreamed him to be a cheat.
5.He adores the cinema/going to the cinema.
Every time he plays football he is watched by thousands of adoring Becks fans all over the world.
The little girl was adorable.
6. Assist (sb) in/with sth.
Assist sb in doing sth.
The deputy principal assists with many of the duties of the principals.
You will be required to assist Mrs Smith in preparing a report.
7. hold back (from sth) 退縮，躊躇，猶豫
hold sb/sth back 阻止，控制，阻礙， 抑制
hold sth back 扣住， 隱瞞
She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.
She held back from telling him what she thought of him.
Jim was able to hold back his anger and avoid fights.
You must tell us the whole story: don’t hold anything back.
What is holding him back is the possibility that the business might not be successful.
8. send off 寄出；發(fā)出；派遣；解雇；給……送行
You fill in both parts of the form, then send it off. 你把表格的兩部分都填好,然后寄出。
send 有關的常見詞組：
send away 發(fā)送掉；解雇 send back 退還，送還 send for 派人去請；召喚 send forth發(fā)出；放出（光、熱等） send out 發(fā)送出，派遣；放出，散發(fā)出 send up發(fā)射；長出
send的用法：
1) send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.把某物送給或寄給某人，可以主語派人送，也可以親自送
Did they send any message by you? 他們托你給我捎了什么信兒了嗎？
Can you send me the bill before the end of the month? 你能在月底以前把帳單給我送來嗎
2) send for sb./ sth. 派人去叫某人 派人去拿某物
Now please send for a taxi. 現(xiàn)在請派人叫出租車來。
Please keep these things until I send for them. 請?zhí)嫖冶９苓@些東西，等我派人來取。
3) send sb./ sth. to運輸某人/某物去（某處），派某人去某地
They send their product to Beijing for sale. 他們把產(chǎn)品運往北京銷售。
We will send him to America for further study. 我們要送他去美國深造。
4) send sb. to do 派某人去做（某事）
We’ll send someone to fetch it. 我們將派人去取。
They will send him to work in the countryside. 他們將派他去農(nóng)村工作。
5) send sb. doing 使某人做某事(cause sb. to do)
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 小心點，你差點把我撞倒。
They killed 38 enemies and sent the rest fleeing. 他們打死38個敵人，其余的都逃竄了
9.Nevertheless 雖然 如此 ,然而
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.
10. Count vi. 有價值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒鐘都很重要。
v.數(shù), 計算, 數(shù)；算; 認為；視為；看作
be counted as 被認為
I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。
For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那筆錢算做收入，需要納稅。
to count from 1 to 100 從1數(shù)到100
Count these apples. 清點一下這些蘋果。
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以為榮
11. from this point on 從那時起 on one point 曾經(jīng)，一度
I think I even told you that at one point. 我認為我曾經(jīng)告訴過你那件事。
At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度聽見兩個護士談起她們計劃與男朋友一起出去。
At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他轉過頭，聽Emily的聲音。
時刻，關頭，瞬間，階段
The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 當他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個登山者的時候，他已奄奄一息。
We were on the point of giving up.我們當時幾乎要放棄了。
At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在這個時候，我不在意你怎么做了。
Point n. 論點，觀點 （point of view ）地方，標點，尖，
She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了幾個有趣的觀點。
I take your point 我贊同你的看法。
重點，要點 （brief and to the point ）
The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 關鍵是看病不該等那么長時間。
I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快點說正題。
目的
What’s the point of all this violence? 這些暴行的意圖何在？
There’s no point in getting angry. 發(fā)火是沒有用的。
具體細節(jié)（或事實）
Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新聞摘要。
Can you explain that point again? 你能在解釋一下那一點嗎？
vi. point at/to, point out, It is pointed out that…..
12. essential adj. 本質(zhì)的, 實質(zhì)的, 基本的, 提煉的, 精華的
n. 本質(zhì), 實質(zhì), 要素, 要點
Food is essential to life. 食物是維持生命不可或缺的。
Food is essential for life. 食物是生命所必需的。
Impartiality is essential to a judge. 公平是當法官所必需的。
Her most essential quality is kindness. 她最主要的品質(zhì)是厚道。
It is essential to keep the two groups separate 將兩組分開是完全必要的。
It is essential that you have some experience.你必須得有經(jīng)驗。
The studio had all the essentials like heating and running water. 工作室有基本設施，如暖氣裝置和水。
the essentials of English grammar 英語語法基礎
13. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感興趣的
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing. 在英國度假對我并不具有吸引力。
‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意幫忙嗎？他滿臉懇求地說。
appealingly adv.: The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可憐巴巴地望著他。
Appeal n. 上訴，申訴，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁
an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁賽3場令的申訴。
The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披頭士的感染力經(jīng)久不衰。
a look of silent appeal默默懇求的目光。
v. appeal to 上訴，申訴； 有吸引力， 引起興趣；呼吁，
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 設計要雅俗共賞，老幼皆宜。
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.組織者呼吁人群不要驚慌。
獨立主格結構，又叫獨立結構（absolute construction）。它在句法上游離于句子主體之外，跟主句沒有任何句法聯(lián)系；但在意義上卻與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起，共同構成一個完整的語義環(huán)境。獨立主格結構沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的主語，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一個獨立于句子成分之外的獨特結構形式。
獨立主格結構可置于句首、句尾，用逗號與主句隔開。
二、獨立主格結構的形式
獨立主格結構可分為兩部分，一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動作。
1）名詞／代詞＋形容詞
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我聽說她在這場事故中受了傷，內(nèi)心充滿擔憂。
He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open．月光下，門開著，他默默地站立在那。
2）名詞／代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天來了，天氣越來越冷了。
The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
3）名詞／代詞＋過去分詞
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果給我們更多的時間，我們會做得更好。
The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那個男生站在那里，右手高舉。
4）名詞／代詞（主格）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month．這是前兩卷，第三卷將于下月問世。
The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．兩個男孩彼此道了別，一個回了家，另一個去了他朋友家。
5）名詞／代詞十介詞短語
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位獵人手里提著槍走進了樹林。
注意：這里，gun in hand還可以說成with a gun in his hand，但不可以說a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
6）名詞／代詞十副詞
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away．由于沒有人，小偷拿走了許多東西。
Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking．午飯結束，他離開屋。但他還在考慮。
7）名詞／代詞＋名詞
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗著，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）with復合結構
它的構成是：“with ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補足語”。賓語由代詞、名詞、名詞詞組充當，賓補由分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等充當。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福爾摩斯和沃森坐著，讓燈亮了半個小時。（介詞短語）
He used to sleep with the door open．他過去常開著門睡覺。（形容詞）
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一個小男孩領著路，他們朝那個村子去了。（現(xiàn)在分詞）
With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（過去分詞）
With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你來幫助，我們將會及時完成任務。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港萬盞燈火，分外美麗。（副詞）
從以上例句可以看出：在with復合結構中，賓語和賓補之間形成邏輯上的主謂關系。當這種主謂關系表現(xiàn)為主動語態(tài)時，用現(xiàn)在分詞；當這種主謂關系表現(xiàn)為被動語態(tài)時，用過去分詞；當這種主謂關系表示將來意義時，用不定式；當這種主謂關系表示伴隨意義時，用現(xiàn)在分詞或副詞。
三、獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。
1）表示時間
Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。
2）表示條件
The condition being favourable ，he may succeed．若條件有利，他或許能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis，we had to walk．沒有出租車，我們只好步行。
4）表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。
四、形式選擇中應該注意的問題
1）現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞？
在獨立主格結構中，主格詞與分詞形成邏輯主謂關系時，用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到來”是邏輯主謂關系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；主格詞與分詞形成邏輯動賓關系時，用過去分詞。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是動賓關系（被動關系），用過去分詞。
在獨立主格結構中，如果強調(diào)分詞的時間發(fā)生在主句動詞時間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞
完成時態(tài)表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的性質(zhì)完全不同，但在獨立結構中，有時卻有共同之處：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式有時可以簡化為過去分詞。例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt being caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt caught on a nail，she could not move．
After his work had been finished，he went home．
→His work having been finished，he went home．
→His work finished，he went home．
2）分詞結構還是獨立結構？
上面的例子告訴我們，獨立結構常常可以看作是由主從復合句中的從句變來的。但是，如果從句和主句的主語相同，則不可改為獨立結構。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．
不可改為：
He being very tired with his walk，he．．．
但可改為：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．
比較：判斷動名詞復合結構的方式
主語位置上，或動詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動詞"，如果表示的是一個事件則是動名詞復合結構，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted