Ⅰ.Words and Phrases
go over L.1 Four
skills
from then on, go by, work hard at L.2
set off, ground floor, post, pay off L.3
madame, disappoint, disappointing, willing, devote, devote to L.1
Three
skills
overcoat, succeed, succeed in, graduation, ray, endless, bench, false L.2
cure, disadvantage, effect, shock, institute, admire, determination,
courage, X-ray, battlefield L.3
Curie, have…to do with L.1
Two
skills
Marie, radium, Poland, industrial, uranium, radioactive, give off, above all, believe in, mineral, polonium, in honour of, lead (n.) L.2
motherland, gram, Warsaw, heart and soul, debt L.3
Ⅱ.Everyday English
Perhaps I'll go to that one.
Maybe it was useful for some people.
I'm not sure if/whether…
I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year.
I'm not sure that…
I'm sure…
Ⅲ.Grammar
Review the usage of the Attributive Clause.
Ⅳ. Language Use
Using the learned language, teachers and students complete the tasks of listening, speaking and writing which the textbook and workbook provide. Reading material the “Madame Curie” should be further understood, and the exercises concerned should be completed. Meanwhile, the teachers should let students know about scientists - the Curies' contributions to mankind in life, and learn their will, courage and spirit of giving their lives for the scientific cause.
Ⅴ.Teaching Time: Five periods
●派生法：通過在詞根上加前綴(prefix)或后綴(suffix)構(gòu)成新詞。
(1) determine(v.)決心
［派生］determination(n.)決心
［規(guī)則］后綴-tion接在動詞后構(gòu)成名詞。
如：graduate(v.)畢業(yè)-graduation(n.)畢業(yè) admire(vt.)欽佩-admiration(n.)欽佩
devote(v.)獻身-devotion(n.)獻身 celebrate(v.)慶祝-celebration(n.)慶祝
(2)advantage(n.)優(yōu)點
［派生］disadvantage(n.)缺點
［規(guī)則］dis-構(gòu)成否定前綴
如：appear(出現(xiàn))-disappear(消失) honest(誠實的)-dishonest(不誠實的)
agree(同意)-disagree(不同意) courage(勇氣)-discourage(使泄氣)
(3)willing(adj.)甘愿的
［派生］willingness(n.)心甘情愿
［規(guī)則］后綴-ness構(gòu)成名詞
如：sick(adj.)-sickness(n.)病 rude(adj.)-rudeness(n.)粗魯
silly(adj.)-silliness(n.)愚蠢 happy(adj.)-happiness(n.)快樂
(4)industry(n.)工業(yè)
［派生］industrial(adj.)工業(yè)的
［規(guī)則］后綴-al構(gòu)成形容詞
如：nation-national(國家的) arrive-arrival(到達)
biology-biological(生物的) verb-verbal(動詞的)
(5) end(n./v.)結(jié)束
［派生］endless(adj.)無止境的
［規(guī)則］-less構(gòu)成否定后綴
如：home-homeless(無家可歸的) care-careless(粗心的)
wind-windless(無風的) help-helpless(無助的)
Lesson 1 詞匯辨析：
1. I'm not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. 我還沒有決定是否去聽那個有關事故的報告。
(1) be sure + whether等連詞+不定式
be sure + of/about短語
be sure + that-clause（從句）
這些句型表示主語對所提到的未來或當時的事情有無把握。e．g。
① She isn't sure whether to stay in New York next month．下個月是否留在紐約，她還不能肯定。(注：不定式的邏輯主語與全句主語一致)
② I wasn't sure about/of the way，so I asked someone．我對于怎么走沒有把握，所以我就問人了。
③I'm sure he'll come．我肯定他會來。
（2）be sure to do sth.表示"一定會...，必定會..."。e.g.
It's a really good film-you're sure to like it.它確實是一部好電影，你一定會喜歡
(3)be sure作"有把握"解時，還可用feel sure。e.g.
①I've never felt sure of success．我從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣對勝利有充分的信心。
②I feel sure we have disturbed you of your work．我確信我們已打擾了你的工作。
(4)be sure 與be certain
be certain意思是"確信，有把握"，用法與be sure同，即：
be certain + 不定式
be certain + of/about-phrase
be certain + that-clause
但sure強調(diào)主語的心理狀態(tài)，指主語心中無疑或十分確信、有把握，著重于人的內(nèi)心世界，故其主語只能是人，且不能用來形容事件。所以當主語是表示事件的名詞、代詞或it時，只能用certain. certain 著重說明有肯定的理由和證據(jù)使人相信或確信，強調(diào)內(nèi)心世界之外的證據(jù)。e.g.
① It is certain to rain．天肯定會下雨。
② His information was by no means certain．他的消息-點也不可靠。
③ It's almost certain that the government will lose the next election．幾乎可以肯定現(xiàn)政府會在下次選舉中輸?shù)簟?/p>
④We are sure/certain of victory．我們確信自己會獲勝。
(5)make sure表示"查明，弄確實"和"(采取行動)確保"，其用法是：
make sure + of-phrase
make sure + that-clause
① I think I locked the door，but I'll just go back and make sure of it/that I did．
我想我是鎖了門，但我還是回去查看一下吧。
②They made sure of winning by scoring two goals in the last five minutes．
他們在最后五分鐘進了兩個球，確保了這場比賽的勝利。
2. Perhaps I'll go to that one。也許我會去聽那個報告。
Maybe it was useful for some people．它(指報告)對一些人或許有益。
這兩句都不表示可能性的句型。此外還有probably和possibly。注意它們的區(qū)別。
（1）maybe"大概，或許"，意思與perhaps很接近，多數(shù)地方可以換用，但不及perhaps正式，多用于口語，還可用于禮貌的建議或請求，多用于句首或句末，多用于美國。
(2)perhaps"也許，可能，大概"，可與maybe換用，但比maybe正式。perhaps還可用于建議，清求及溫和的命令，英國用法。
(3)probably"大概，很可能"，所表示的可能性雖不是完全肯定，但比maybe，perhaps實現(xiàn)的可能性大多與動詞連用。
（4）possibly"可能地，也許，或許"，較probably意味弱，在肯定句里表可能性很小，在否定、疑問句中與can，could連用，表示"無淪如何也不"，肯定句中與can，could連用，以加強語氣，表示"設法，竭力地"。e.g.
①Perhaps/Maybe I'll go．我或許會去。
②This is perhaps his best novel yet．這也許是他迄今為止寫得最好的一部小說。
③Perhaps/Maybe you would like to join us for lunch．也許您愿意和我們一塊去吃午飯。（表請求）
④You'd better go now，perhaps．您最好還是現(xiàn)在就走。（表命令）
⑤John probably told his father all about the matter；he usually tells him everything．約翰很可能把這一切都告訴了他的父親；他通常對父親是什么都說的。(表可能性很大)
⑥I'll do all I possibly can.我將盡我的所能去做。(與can連用)
⑦I can't possibly drink any more．我無論如何不能再喝了。
4．I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year．我懷疑明年是否會再次邀請他發(fā)言。
用doubt表示懷疑的句型：
(1)doubt + that-clause。e.g.
I doubt that she will get the job．我不相信她會得到那個工作。
(2)doubt + 名詞/代詞。e．g.
I doubt his honesty.我對他的誠實表示懷疑。
(3)doubt + v．-ing form。e.g.
We ever doubted being able to finish the work in time．
我們曾經(jīng)對能否及時完成這工作懷疑過。
(4)doubt + of-phrase。e．g.
They have never doubted of success．他們從未對取得成功有什么懷疑。
如果要表示"對……沒有懷疑/疑慮"，則用句型
There is no doubt about sth./as to sth./ that-clause。
①There is no doubt about the truth of the news．
=There is no doubt as to the troth of the news．消息的真實性無可懷疑。
②There is no doubt that the news is true．
=No doubt that the news is true. 消息無疑是真實的。
Lesson 2
Background Information:
Ⅰ. Madame Curie
Marie was born in Poland in 1867. She was given the name Marie Sklodowska by her parents. Her father was a teacher. Everyone soon saw that Marie had a quick mind.
Marie's mother died when her youngest daughter was only ten. This made Marie know that she must work hard at her lessons if she wanted to be successful in her life. So she did and won top honors at her school. Marie and her elder sister, Bronya, dreamed of studying in France. But their father did not have enough money to send them there. Then Marie made out a plan: She would teach at home and send her money to Bronya. After her sister finished studying in Paris, she could get work and send Marie the money to study there in return. With tears in their eyes the girls said goodbye to each other, and Marie worked very hard for six years to pay for her sister's studies. At last it was Marie's turn, but by the time she got to France, her sister was married and could not give her much help.
Again Marie worked, she studied in a small room without heat or light. She lived on bread and tea most of the time, but what she cared of most was her science-her study and her research work. This was her world, and she liked her experiment most.
In Paris she met and married Pierre Curie, a young famous scientist. Together they made their experiments in an old house. The Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize for their great contribution to science. In 1911 Madame Curie received another Nobel Prize. It is the only time in history that two Nobel Prizes have been given to the same person, and this person was a woman.
Marie Curie, an extraordinary woman scientist with extraordinary success discovered a hidden power from which the world benefits much. It was this same power, however, that killed her in 1934.
Ⅱ. Marie Curie visited the USA
By the end of World War I, Marie Curie was probably the most famous woman in the world. She had made a decision, however, not to patent radium or its medical applications. As the price of radium escalated(逐漸上升), she found that she did not have sufficient(足夠的) supplies for the radiochemical research that she wanted to undertake at the Institute of Radium in Paris.
Thus, in 1921 Marie Curie made her first visit to the United States with her two daughters. One stop was the Radium Refining Plant in Pittsburgh, where Marie Curie toured the chemical extraction facilities used to prepare radium for the US market. A photo of Marie Curie on the tour is shown.
On May 20, 1921, Marie Curie visited the White House to receive the gift of a gram of radium from President Harding. The dangerous source itself was not brought to the ceremony. Instead she was presented with a golden key to the coffer, in which the radium tubes were placed.
異域風情 The Nobel Prize
A Nobel Prize is considered by most people as one of the highest international honours a person can receive. As you know, the prizes were started by a Swede called Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and lived from 1833 to 1896.
Alfred Nobel was a chemist and inventor. He made two important inventions, and so he became very rich. Although he was rich, Nobel was not a happy man. He never married or had children.Also, he was a sick man a large part of his life. Nobel died at the age of sixty-three. When he died, he left a fund of $900 000. The money was to be used in giving prizes to those who made outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and the promotion of world peace.
The first Nobel Prizes were given on December 10th, 1901, five years after Nobel's death. Many famous people from all over the world have been given Nobel Prizes for their achievements. Albert Einstein and Madame Curie were two of them.
Each Prize has three parts. The first part is a gold medal. Second, a winner of a Nobel Prize is given a diploma saying that he has been given the Prize. The third part of the Prize is a large amount of money-about $40 000.
Often a Prize is given to just one person, but not always. Sometimes a Prize is shared. It may be given to two or more people who have worked together. Sometimes a Prize is not given at all if there is no outstanding achievement. In 1972, for example, no Nobel Peace Prize was given. It is the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm that decides whether to give the Prize or not.
Lesson 2詞語辨析：
2．There was a certain mineral which was even more radioactive than uranium.
此句中的certain 是形容詞，做定語，意思是"某，某一，某種，一定的"，用來表達：
(1)不具體指明的某個，某些，或 知而不說的某事物，后接名詞單復數(shù)形式均可。e.g.
① Water can be changed into ice or steam under certain conditions.水在一定的條件下可以變成冰或蒸汽。
②.He didn't come for a certain reason.由于某種原因，他沒來。
(2) 表示一個知之不詳?shù)氖挛铩.g. A certain Ms Jones phoned you today. 有位瓊斯女士今天給你來過電話。
certain與some 的區(qū)別：
certain , some 都可作形容詞，作定語，表示"某，某個"，前面說到certain 作定語表示不具體指明的某個，某些或知而不說的事物，或表示一個知之不祥的事物。而some則用來表示不確定的或不能夠具體說明的某個人或某物，即不可知的某事物，只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，且不與冠詞連用。e.g.
a. He went to some place in Africa. 他去了非洲的某個地方。
b. b. Some man asked to see you just now. 有個人剛才要求見你。
5. As months went by，the work seemed endless．時間一個月一個月地過去了，而他們的工作似乎并無止境。
(1)此句中go by是動詞短語，意思是"(時光)逝去"(不及物性動詞短語)。還可作"經(jīng)過(某處)"(及物或不及物性動詞短語)。e．g．
①Two years went by．兩年過去了。
②We waited for the procession to go by。我們等著游行隊伍經(jīng)過。
③A truck went by us at full speed．一輛卡車從我們身旁全速通過。
④She let the chance go by．她錯過了機會。
(2)go by還可作"依照，遵循，依據(jù)……辦事"解，及物性動詞短語.e.g.
He always goes by the rules．他總是按規(guī)則辦事。
(3)go by還可意為"根據(jù)……作出判?quot;。e.g.
Going by her clothes，she must be very rich．從她的衣著來判斷，她很有錢。
go by 與 pass by，pass的區(qū)別：
(1)go by和pass by是同義短語，都可指"經(jīng)過"(某處)，go by是動詞+副詞結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"從……旁邊經(jīng)過，經(jīng)過"。pass by意為"經(jīng)過，通過，從……旁邊經(jīng)過"，指經(jīng)過人或物的面前或旁邊而不停頓，也不注意所經(jīng)過的人或物是誰。pass意為"經(jīng)過"，指在人或物的面前或旁邊經(jīng)過，側(cè)重經(jīng)過的動作。用pass by時，側(cè)重不加注意的意味，但在實際上，pass和pass by常被毫無區(qū)別地使用。e.g．
①The bus went by the stop without stopping.
那輛公共汽車停都沒停就從汽車站開了過去。
②A car went by．一輛汽車駛過去。
③He passed by me without noticing me．他從我身邊走過而沒注意到我。
④I pass the church on my way to school．在我上學的路上經(jīng)過教堂。
⑤She waved at me as she passed(by)．她經(jīng)過時向我揮了揮手。
(2)go by，pass by和pass又都可用來指時間"流逝，過去"。e.g.
①Several years went by before they met again．他們過了好幾年才再次見面。
②A year passed by，and still she had not found a suitable job．一年過去了，但她仍然沒找到合適的工作。
③Two years has passed since I entered this school．我進這所學校已兩年了。
8．Its rays could go through every mineral except lead．它的射線可以穿透除鋁以外的所有其他礦物質(zhì)。
(1)此句中go through是動詞短語，意思是"穿過，貫穿"，后接名詞。e.g.
The train went through some tunnels．火車通過了若干隧道。
(2)go through還可指"(法律等)被通過"，作不及物或及物性動詞短語。e.g．
①The bill has gone through without a vote．該法案未經(jīng)投票表決就通過了。
②The plan must go through several stages．這項計劃必須經(jīng)過幾個階段才能通過。
(3)go through還可作"遭受，經(jīng)歷，忍受"解，及物性短語動詞。e.g.
The country has gone through too many wars．這個國家經(jīng)歷了太多的戰(zhàn)爭。
(4)go through還可指"用掉，花掉"，及物性動詞短語。e．g.
Have you gone through all your money already?你已經(jīng)把所有的錢都花光了嗎?
(5)go through還可作"仔細檢查，審查"，及物性短語動詞。e．g.
I'm sure it's there-I'll go through the file again．
我確信它就在那兒，我要再次仔細檢查一下那文件。
10．She refused to treat these new discoveries as though they belonged to her，and instead shared all her knowledge with the whole scientific world．她不同意把這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)看作是屬于她自己的東西，而是獻出自己的全部知識，與整個科學界共享。
(1)此句中as though = as if意思是"好像，仿佛"，作連詞，后接方式狀語從句。從句的謂語動詞一般要用虛擬語氣，即動詞用過去時或過去完成時。e．g．
①She always talks to me as though／if she were／was my sister．她總是以我妹妹的口氣跟我說話。
②He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg．他慢慢地走，好像腿受傷的樣子。
但as though／if從句在look，seem后，從句的謂語動詞可不用虛擬語氣。eg．
①She looks as if she's going to cry．她看起來要哭似的。
②It seems as though he has been at the scene of the crime．看樣子他好像曾在犯罪現(xiàn)場。
(2)句中belong to意為"屬于"，及物性短語動詞。注意此詞組無被動浯態(tài)，無進行時態(tài)。e．g．That dictionary belongs to me．那本辭典是我的。
注意此詞組還可意味"是……的一員，與……有關聯(lián)"。e．g.
I belong to the tennis club．我是這個網(wǎng)球俱樂部的會員。
(3)句中share．．．with意思是"與……共用，分享，分擔"。e．g．
① The boy shared his toy with other children．那男孩把他的玩具拿出來，和其他小孩子一起玩。
②Would you share your newspaper with me?我們-起看報好嗎?
share．．．with與share．．．between／among 的區(qū)別：
share．．．with意思是"與……分享，共用，分擔"，而share．．．between／among是指"在……之間分配，均分"。如果所分配范圍"在……之間"，是幾個單數(shù)名詞，則用between；如果是復數(shù)名詞，between和among都可以。e．g．
① He shared his property between his wife，his daughter and his son．他把他的財產(chǎn)分給了他的妻子、女兒和兒子。
② Mother is sharing the cakes among／between the boys to make sure that every boy gets some．媽媽在給孩子們分糕點以確保每個孩子得到一份。
11．Which mineral would you use to protect yourself against radium?你會用哪種礦物來保護自己不受鐳的傷害呢? ，
句中protect sb．／sth．a(chǎn)gainst意思是"防御，保護……使不受(傷害)"，這里介詞against也可換成from，即protect sb．／sth．from．．。e.g.
①A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against attack．邊界沿線構(gòu)筑了碉堡，以防敵人進攻該國。
②He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight． 他戴著太陽鏡以擋強烈的陽光。
說明：protect against．．．和protect．．．from用法基本相同。防御較為嚴重的傷害，通常用介詞against，一般情況常用from，但區(qū)分不是很嚴格。e.g.
Cares should be taken at all times to protect the equipment against／from dust and damp．應當經(jīng)常注意保護設備，不使其積塵和受潮。
Lesson 3詞語辨析：
1．polonium is used to set off a nuclear bomb．釙用來引爆核彈。
(1)本句中set off 意思是"使……爆炸"，及物性短浯動詞：e．g．
They set off the fireworks as soon as it got dark．天一黑他們就放焰火(煙花)。
(2)set off 還可指"出發(fā)，動身"，不及物性短語動詞。e．g．
They set off in search of the lost child．他們出發(fā)去尋找那個丟失的孩子。
(3)set off 還可意為"引起，觸發(fā)"，及物性短語動詞。e．g．
①That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country．那次罷工引發(fā)了全國一系列的罷工。
②A letter from home set off an attack of homesickness．一封家書觸發(fā)了他的思鄉(xiāng)病的發(fā)作。
(4)set off 還可指"使某人突然產(chǎn)生某種活動"，其后往往接v.-ing，即set s.b．off doing sth．e.g.
Whatever you say will set her off crying.不管你說什么都會使她哭泣。
(5)set off還可指"襯托，使更明顯"。e．g．
This gold frame sets off your painting well．這金色的框架把你的畫襯托得非常好看。
搭配辨析set off 與setout，set about
(1)set out也可意為"出發(fā)，動身"，用法與set off同，不及物性短語動詞。e.g.
They set out／off on a sightseeing tour．他們動身出去觀光旅行。
(2)set out還可指"開始著手，做某事"，后接動詞不定式。e．g.
We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part．我們?yōu)橛推嵴孔娱_始干起來，但只完成了前面部分。
(3)set out可指"陳列，擺出，安排"，及物性短語動詞。e．g.
①Set out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten．擺好開會的坐椅，每排十張。
②The meal was set out on a long table．飯菜擺在一張長桌子上。
(4)set out還可指"表明，陳述，闡述(事實、理由等)"。e．g.
The reasons for my decision are set out in my report．我作出決定的理由在我的報告中作了闡述。
(5)set about意為"開始做或處理，著手"，其后接名詞或v.-ing，即set about + sth．／doing sth．e.g.
① The sooner we set about it the sooner we'll finish．我們越早開始就可以越早完成這件工作。
②We set about cleaning up mess．我們開始把亂七八糟的東西打掃干凈。
(6)set about還可指"攻擊"，及物性短語動詞。e．g.
Our dog set about the postman．我們的狗追著要咬郵遞員。
(1)be used as與be used for，be used to sth．／doing sth，be used to do sth.的區(qū)別：
be used as和be used for都意為"用作"，不同的是as后通常接名詞，for后多接v．-ing；be used to sth．／doing sth．意為"習慣于某事／做某事"，to在這里是介詞；be used to do sth．意為"被用于做某事"；used to do 意為"過去常常做某事"，used to這里是助動詞：e.g.
①During the war the castle was used as a prison．戰(zhàn)爭期間城堡用來作監(jiān)獄。
②During the war the castle was used for keeping prisoners in．戰(zhàn)爭期間城堡用來監(jiān)禁囚犯。
③I'm used to the noise．我對這噪音已經(jīng)習慣了。
④I'm not used to getting up early．我不習慣于早起。
⑤Wind can be used to produce electricity風可以用來發(fā)電。
⑥This river used to be clean．這條河以前是干凈的。
(2)a cure for...與cure sb.of...的區(qū)別：
a cure for...意為"對…的治療"，cure這里作名詞；"cure sb. of"意為"治好或治愈某人的...病"，cure這里作及物動詞。e．g.
①This is a certain cure for your laziness．這是治懶惰的特效藥
②Moving to the country cured her of asthma．搬到鄉(xiāng)下她的哮喘就好了。
be admired as與be admired for的區(qū)別：
（1）be admired as意為"被當作……為人們所欽佩"，as是介詞，意為"作為"。
（2）be admired for意為"因(某種原因)而為人們所欽佩"，for是介詞，表示原因。e．g．
He is really admired for his frankness．他以他的坦誠實在為人們所欽佩。
pay off與pay for，pay，pay...for...的區(qū)別：
pay off + debt指"還清"債款
pay for sth．指"對(某物)的款"
pay sb．some money意為．"付給某人(多少)錢"。
pay sb．／money for sth．意為"付給(某人款／錢買某物)"。 e．g.
①She tried to leave the shop without paying for the dress．她企圖買衣服不付款就離開商店。
②He paid the servant 5 dollars to wash his car．他付給傭人五元錢叫他洗車。
③He paid her for the work．他付給她工錢。
④I paid ￡200 for the painting.這幅畫我花了二百英鎊。
⑤Did you pay him l00 dollars for that old bike你付給他那輛舊自行車了嗎?
語法教學：
復習定語從句
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。
1) 限定性定語從句：限定性定語從句對所修飾的先行詞起限定作用。 限定性定語從句中關系詞的使用列表如下：
在句中的作用關系詞說明
主語 關系代詞：who/that(指人) which/that(指物 關系代詞不能省略
賓語 who／whom／that(指人)
which／that(指物) 關系代詞在非正式
文體中可以省略
定語 whose 名詞前表所有關系
介詞+關系代詞 whom(指人) which(指物) 關系代詞不能用who或that
whose(定語) 名詞前表所有關系
狀語 關系副詞：when(時間) where(地點)why(原因) 先行詞為表時間、地點等的名詞 例:
①Anna was an American writer who／that interviewed Mao Ze dong in Ya'an．(指人作主語)
安娜是一位當年曾在延安采訪毛澤東的美國作家。
②The friends whom／who／that we met in the park were from Egypt．(指人作賓語)
我們在公園里遇見的朋友來自埃及。
③A taxi is a car (that/which)you can hire．(指物作賓語) 出租車是你可以租用的小汽車。
④Many forests where the animals lived were destroyed．(作狀語)
動物棲息生活的許多森林遭到破壞。
⑤We ought to help those families whose men are in the army．(作定語)
我們應該幫助那些男人在部隊的家庭。
⑥He looked at the box from which the voice came．(介詞+關系代詞)
他看著那只傳出聲音的方箱子。
2)非限定性定語從句：非限定性．定語從句對所修飾的先行詞(句子)起補充說明的作用，不起限定作用。從句中使用關系代詞who，whom，which，whose和關系副詞when，where等，不使用關系代詞that，作賓語的whom不能用who代替。
例：They visited the city of Hangzhou，which is famous for its beautiful scene．他們參觀了杭州城，它以風景秀麗而聞名。
非限定性從句中關系詞指代整個句子時，用關系代詞which。試比較：
①Big floods hit some parts of China in the summer of 1998,which caused a great damage to the country．1998年夏中國部分地區(qū)遭受特大洪災，給國家?guī)砹司薮髶p失。(指代整個句子)
②They got married on July 1，1997，when Hong Kong returned to our motherland．他們于1997年7月1日喜結(jié)良緣，香港在這一天回歸祖國。(指代時間作狀語)
學習中應注意的問題(一)
1)先行詞為表示時間或地點的名詞在從句中作主語或賓語時關系詞的使用。當先行詞為表示時間或地點的名詞時，在從句中作主語或賓語時，應使用代詞which或that，不能用副詞when或where．
①a：I'll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country．(which作spent的賓語)
b：I'll never forget the days when I worked in the country．(when代替in the days作狀語)
②a：They came to the small village，which was hundreds of miles from the city．(which在從句中作主語)
他們來到這個小村，小村與城市相距幾百英里。
b：They came to the small village，where not more than l00 villagers lived．(where代替in the village作狀語)他們來到這個小村莊，那里的村民不超過一百人。
2)the time，the way等為先行詞時關系詞的使用。
(1)先行詞為time／moment等表示時間的名詞時，用關系詞when，that均可，且可省略。
例：By the time (when／that) they arrived，the house had been destroyed completely．等他們到達時，房子已完全燒毀了。
(2)the way用作先行詞，關系代詞作介詞in的賓語時，通常介詞與關系代詞可以同時省略；如不使用"in"，則不能用關系代詞。
例：He hated the ways(which／that)she talked (in)．他不喜歡她說話的方式。
3)關系代詞只使用that，不使用which的情況。
(1) 關系代詞前有形容詞的最高級修飾時。
This is the funniest drama that I have seen.這是我看過的最滑稽的劇。
(2)先行詞為不定代詞。如：all，everything，nothing，anything，both．either，much，little，none。
例：①Everything that was taught in class seemed easy for him. 對他來說課堂上教的一切似乎很容易。
(3)先行詞為only，very等詞修飾肘。
例：①It was the only textbook that could be found．這是能夠找到的僅有的一本課本。
②This is the very dictionary that I want to get．這正是我想得到的詞典。
(4)定語從句中固定短語動詞和短語中的介詞不能前置。
例：It was the maths book that the boy was in search of．這是這個男孩正在尋找的數(shù)學書。
5)whose與of which/whom
(1)都可表所有關系。
(2)of which/whom還可表示"其中的……"(整體的部分)
例：He told us many stories about Long March，of which this is a good example.他給我們講了許多關于長征的故事，這是其中一個很好的例子。
as和which引導的非限制性定語從句比較:
下面是近年高考題中關于定語從句的試題
1.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected． (NMET2000，10)
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，____, of course，made the others unhappy. (NMET2000，17)
A.when B.which C.this D.what
3.Carol said the work would be done by October,____ personally I doubt very much．(NMET99，19)
A.it B.that C.then D.which
4.The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. (NMET94,39)
A.what B.which C.that D.it
它們的答案分別是C、B、D和B，都是用which引導一個非限制性定語從句，which代替逗號前整個主句的內(nèi)容。
但有時關系代詞as也可引導非限制性定語從句，as也是代替整個主句的意思。如:
As we all know，he never smokes. The foolish boy made the mistake again，as could be expected. ____ is mentioned above，the number of students in senior high school is increasing．('99上海，4)
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
關系代詞as和which引導的非限制性定語從句區(qū)別究竟在哪里呢?
1．非限制性定語從句位于句末，而且as或which在從句中作主語、賓語或表語時可互換。如:
He is a farmer as/which is clear from his manners．(在從句中作主語)
This elephant is like a snake，as／which anybody can see．(在從句中作賓語)
2. which引導的非限制性定語從句一般放在句末，而as引導的非限制性定語從句可放在句末，也可放在句中、句首。置于句首時，不能用which替換。如：
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad.
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引導非限制性定語從句時，意為"這一點"、"這件事"，常與see，hope，expect，know，guess等動詞搭配；而which引導非限制性定語從句時，與主句有一種因果關系，可譯為"所以……"。如：
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean．大家都知道，塞浦路斯在地中海。
Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light。竹子是空的，所以很輕。
4.as引導非限制性定語從句，并在從句中作主語時，其后面的謂語動詞必須是連系動詞。如果從句謂語動詞是行為動詞，則必須用which。如：
He married her，as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine，which made her mother angry．
It rained hard yesterday，which prevented her from going to Shenyang.
但若從句謂語是usually, happen，be often the case等時，仍用關系代詞as，不用which。如：He is absent，as is often the case.
幾組正誤辨析：
1．誤：We visited a factory where makes toys for children．
正：We visited a factory which that makes toys for children.
析：此句錯誤的原因是把先行詞a factory當作從句中的狀 語，實際上先行詞a factory在從句中充當動詞makes的主語。故關系詞應使用which或that。
2．誤：After living in Paris for 50years，he returned to the small town that he grew up as a child。
正：After living in Paris for 50years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child。
析：此句錯誤的原因是把先行詞the small town當作從句中的賓語，實際上從句中缺少地點狀語。因為從句中謂語動詞grew up是一個不及物動詞短語，其后的as a child已充當了賓語，故從句中缺少狀語，應使用關系副詞where。
3．誤：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows，most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．
正：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．
誤：This is the boy with him he worked．
正：This is the boy(that／whom) he worked with。
正：This is the boy with whom he worked．
析：在定語從句中，如果介詞及介詞短語用在從句前，其后必須用關系代詞which(指物)、whom(指人)。上面兩誤句中先行詞windows(物)，the boy(人)應分別使用most of which和with whom。如果介詞及介詞短語用在從句句尾，應按普通定語從句對待。
二、知識歸納
（一）含介詞“to”的常見動詞短語歸納
（1）look forward to 期望、盼望
e.g.Looking forward to your early reply.ヅ甕你早日回復。
He said that he was looking forward to seeing me soon.ニ說他期望早日見到我。
（2）devote…to… “把……用于……；致力于……；傾心血于……”
e.g.After graduation he started to devote himself to science research.
他畢業(yè)后開始致力于科學研究。
He devoted his lifetime to teaching.ニ把一生獻給了教育事業(yè)。
（3）pay attention to 注意
e.g.Pay attention to what you are doing.プ⒁餑閼在做的事。
No attention was paid to my advice.ノ業(yè)娜案婷揮腥俗⒁狻
（4）stick to 堅持
e.g.Don't stick to your own opinions.ゲ灰固執(zhí)己見。
No matter what you say,I shall stick to my plan.ゲ還苣闥凳裁矗我會堅持我的計劃。
（5）lead to 導致、通向
e.g.The driver's carelessness led to the traffic accident.
那位司機的粗心大意造成了這起交通事故。
All roads lead to Rome.ヌ跆醮舐吠羅馬。
（6）listen to 聽、留心聽
e.g.I listened but heard nothing.ノ易⒁馓，但什么也沒聽到。
He listened to us talking/talk.ニ聽我們談話。
（7）see to 注意、照顧
e.g.You just stay there.I'll see to everything here.你留在那兒好了。這里的一切由我來照料。
See to the fire.當心。
（8）get used to 習慣于
e.g.You'll get used to the work in a short time.ツ悴瘓鎂突嵯骯噠飧齬ぷ韉摹＊
I was used to driving in all kinds of weather.ノ蟻骯哂讜詬髦痔炱里開車。
（9）get down to 認真對待，認真考慮
e.g.The committee got down to business after coffee.ズ韌昕Х群笪員們開始討論正題。
（10）turn to 轉(zhuǎn)到、求助于
e.g.Their talk turned to the change that had taken place in the city.
他們的話題轉(zhuǎn)到城市發(fā)生的變化。
He turns to me whenever he has difficulties.ニ無論什么時候有困難，都向我求助。
（11）object to 反對，不贊成
e.g.I don't object to your talking to him about it.ノ也環(huán)炊閱閎ジ他談這件事。
He objects to being treated as a guest.ニ反對像客人那樣來對待。
（12）come to 到達、談到
e.g.I came to this school in 2002.2002年我來到這所學校。
When it comes to politics I know nothing.ヌ傅秸治，我一無所知。
（13）apply to 申請
e.g.For particulars,apply to the information desk.ハ昵榍胂蜃裳臺詢問。
（14）belong to 屬于
e.g.This animal belongs to the cat family.フ庵侄物屬于貓科。
（15）reply to 答復、回答
e.g.Please reply to my question.デ牖卮鷂業(yè)奈侍狻＊
（16）add to 增加，增進
e.g.Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.
有你們陪同，我們這次訪問更加愉快了。
I don't want to add to his difficulties.ノ也幌朐黽鈾的困難。
(17)attribute to 歸功于
e.g.We attribute all our successes to the wise leadership of the Party.
我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細w功于黨的英明領導。
（18）refer to 提及、提到，查閱、參考
e.g.The lady referred to looks forward to visiting the art exhibition soon.
剛才提到的那位女士期望能很快參觀美術展。
Please refer to the map.デ氬樵牡贗肌＊
（二）out of常見詞組歸納
（1）ou of trouble 擺脫麻煩
（2）out of danger 脫離危險
（3）out of one's mind 精神不正常、失去理智
（4）out of tune (唱歌)跑調(diào)
（5）out of work 失業(yè)
（6）out of one's reach （某人）力所不及或無能為力
（7）out of sight,out of mind 眼不見，心不煩
（8）out of curiosity 出于好奇
（9）out of gratitude(for sb.) 出于（對某人的）感激
（10）out of concern (for sb.) 出于（對……的）關心
（11）out of Shakespeare 出自莎士比亞
（12）out of hearing 在聽不見的地方
（13）out of patience 不耐煩了
（14）out of character 不稱、不適當
（15）out of sight 看不見
（16）out of breath 不氣不接下氣
（17）out of date 過時的
（18）out of order 壞了，出故障
（19）out of doubt 無疑，確實
（20）out of question 毫無疑問
（21）out of the question 不可能
三、詞語辨析
1.accident; incident, event
(1)accident指意外或偶然發(fā)生的事故，特別是不幸的、有損害性的事故。
e.g.He was killed in a traffic accident.ニ在一次交通事故中喪生。
注：accident為可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞an，表示“一個，一次”，習慣用語by accident為“偶然”，相當于by chance。
e.g.I met her in the street by accident,yet she had a bad accident three days ago.
我在大街上偶爾碰見過她，然而三天前她卻遭遇了一次嚴重事故。
（2）incident泛指不重要的事件，還可指政治上有影響的重大事件。
e.g.I remember an incident that took place in Mr Li's class.
我記得發(fā)生在李先生課上的一件事。
The Lugouqiao Incident broke out on July 7th，1937. 1937年7月7日爆發(fā)了盧溝橋事變。
（3）event指重要事件，特別是有歷史意義的重大事件。
e.g.How to develop the western part of China well is an important event.
如何開發(fā)好中國的西部是一項重大的活動。
2.cure, treatチ秸呔有“治療”的意思，但用法不同。
（1）cure強調(diào)治好疾病的結(jié)果，使病人恢復健康。
e.g.This medicine will cure you of your cough.フ庖┙治好你的咳嗽。
（2）treat強調(diào)治療的動作或醫(yī)治的過程，不涉及治療的結(jié)果。
e.g.The doctor is treating me for my bad cold.ヒ繳在為我治重感冒。
四、能力訓練
（一）單句改錯
1.I don't doubt if he will pass the final examination.
簡析：if改為that。因doubt“懷疑”，在肯定句中常跟whether或if引導的從句，而在否定句、疑問句中常跟由that引導的從句。
2.Being a Christian,he believes Christianity.
簡析：believes后加in。因believe sb./a statement為“相信某人的話或相信一種說法”，believe in sb.是“信任某人（的行為），或信仰（宗教、真理、原則）”。
3.The doctor has done what he can to cure the patient with a newly-made medicine.
簡析：cure改為treat。因cure強調(diào)“治愈”，treat強調(diào)“治療”，兩者分別常用于句型cure sb.of disease;treat sb.as…,treat sb.with…,treat sb.for sth.。
4.Every word from the teacher will have a great affect on the students.
簡析：affect改為effect。因兩者都為“影響”，但affect為動詞，effect為名詞，常用于have an effect on sb./sth.“對……有影響”。
5.What you asked has something to deal with the matter.
簡析：deal改為do。因have sth./nothing to do with…表示“……與……有/沒有關系”
6.Several years later,she succeeded finding a job again.
簡析：succeeded后加in。因succeed in sth./doing sth.表示“（干……）成功”。
7.There will be a party in the honour of his success.
簡析：去掉the，因in honour of表示“為了紀念……；為了向……表示敬意”。
（二）翻譯填空
1.我對他所做的事很佩服。
I________him________what he has done.
答案：admire,for
2.他供給子女們衣食。
（1）He________his children________food and clothes.
（2）He________food and clothes________his children.
答案：（1）provided, with (2)provided,for
3.如果你真的在這道題上下功夫，你就會解出它。
You will solve the problem if you really________ ________it.
答案：work at
4.牛奶一定是壞了，它散發(fā)著一股難聞的氣味。
The milk must be bad.It's ________ ________ a terrible smell.
答案：giving off
5.我希望他能成功地解決這個難題。
I hope he will________ ________ ________the problem.
答案：succeed in solving
6.人們將永遠銘記白求恩同志毫不利己，專門利人的精神。
Comrade Bethune will always________ ________ ________his devotion to others without any thought of himself.
答案：be remembered of
五、高考真題
1.(上海2000)Although the working mother is very busy,she still____a lot of time to children.
A.devotes B.spends C.offers D.provides
簡析：選A。因這四個動詞的用法為：offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb.;provide sth.for sb.;spend time(in)doing sth.; devote oneself (time, money, energy)to sth./sb.
2.(上海1999)Washington，a state in the United States, was named________one of the greatest American presidents.
A.in honour of B.instead of C.in favour of D.by means of
簡析：選A。因本句意為：為紀念美國最偉大的總統(tǒng)之一 --華盛頓，美國的一個州以華盛頓命名。
3.（2000上海）Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,________was very reasonable.
A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose
簡析：選B。因“the+名詞+of which/whom”引導定語從句就相當于“whose+名詞”引導的定語從句。
4.(NMET2000)The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see____the next year.
A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D. to carry out
簡析：選C。因that引導定語從句，從句中用了see sth.done句型，that指代the plan,作賓語。
5.(2001年春)John said he'd been working in the office for an hour,________was true.
A.he B.this C.which D.who
簡析：選C。因which引導非限制性定語從句，其代表前面整個句意。
習題精選
單項填空
1. The girl devoted all her spare time she had ____ others.
A. to help B. helped C. to helping D. help
2. ---____ can we do with the coming flood?--- Take ____ measures you consider best.
A. How; whichever B. What; whatever C. How; whatever D. What; whichever
3. The country life he was used to ____ greatly since the opening policy.
A. change B. has changed C. have changed D. having changed
4. Have you seen film “Titanic”, ____ leading actor is world famous?
A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which
5. --- Excuse me, may I ask you some questions?
--- Sorry, I’m too busy and haven’t even a time to ____.
A. spend B. spare C. share D. stop
6. I know nothing about the young lady ____ she is from Beijing.
A. except B. except for C. except that D. besides
7. The person ____ I have always admire ____ his bravery is Huang ji guang.
A. x; for B. who; of C. that; x D. whom; x
8. As we had expected, he ____ to work out the problem even if he worked hard at it.
A. succeeded B. managed C. failed D. refused
9. The police ____ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ____ almost give up all hope.
A. are; have B. are; has C. is; have D. is; has
10.--- Why was your friend unhappy yesterday?
--- A letter from his home ____ an attack of homesickness.
A. set off B. set out C. set about D. set up
11. Washington, a state in the United States, was named ____one of the greatest American presidents.
A. in honour of B. instead of C. in favour of D. by means of
12. The windows are small and do not ____ enough light and air.
A. have B. admit C. hold D. receive
13. I remembered the story ____ it happened only yesterday.
A. even if B. even though C. as that D. as though
14. --- Are you familiar with the music?
--- Yes. There was a time ____ this kind of music was quite popular.
A. that B. when C. with which D. about which
15. We ____ the party but Jim wanted to go home.
A. enjoyed B. were enjoying C. have enjoyed D. had enjoyed
(Key 1-5 CBBCB 6-10 CACAA 11-15 ABDBB)
Ⅰ.單項選擇
1.The little girl,______________at the examination result, stood there without saying a word.
A.disappointing B.disappointed C.disappoint D.disappointment
2.Though we did our best,all our efforts were of no________________.
A.cause B.effect C.result D.value
3.-Why was he unhappy yesterday?
-A letter from home________________an attack of homesickness.
A.set off B.set out C.set about D.set for
4.________________by his death,his wife was determined________________on working.
A.Deeply shocked;to go B.Deeply shocked;on going
C.Shocked deeply;to go D.Shocked deeply,on going
5.I don't think it is ________________of any effect.It has some________________.
A.cure;disadvantage B.a cure;disadvantage
C.cure;disadvantage D.a cure;disadvantages
6.Washington,a state in the United States,was named________________one of the greatest American presidents.
A.in honour of B.instead of C.in favour of D.by means of
7.As the boss of the factory，he is _____________success. That is, he is ______________.
A./;successful B.a;successful C./;successfully D.a;succeed
8.They________________collecting a lot of money for medical equipment.
A.succeeded B.succeeded in C.managed D.attempted
9.They________________food and clothes for the children.
A.provided B.supplied C.offered D.gave
10.I don't doubt________________he'll be asked to speak again next week.
A.if B.that C.whether D.about
11.The spread of the illness this area______________something to do with water pollution.
A.did B.had C.took D.made
12.Teacher's words and deeds______________a great effect_______________the students.
A.have;on B.give;to C.make;in D.take;to
13.I can________________him,but I can't________________him.
A.believe;believe B.believe in;believe in C.believe;believe in D.believe in;believe
14.He made up his mind to ________________the research.
A.devoting his life to B.devote his to making
C.devote himself to making D.devote himself to make
15.An explosion ________________ the ________________ gas.
A.was set off by;burning B.was set off by;burnt
C.set off;burnt D.is set off with;burning
16.The amount of rain ________________ the growth of crops.
A.effects B.affects C.efforts D.affords
17.Children need many things,but ________________ they need love.
A.above all B.in all C.first of all D.after all
18.What ________________ watch TV after a day of work.
A.fun to B.a fun to C.fun it is to D.a fun it is to
19.It's a wrong way to say “I ________________ that Tom is wrong”.
A.promise B.think C.admire D.hope
20.How do you find ________________ to work with him?
A.this B.it C.that D.yourself
Ⅱ.定語從句專項練習
1.We'll never forget the days ________________ we spent together last year.
A.when B.that C.how D.on which
2.The high yellow building over there,__________was set up last year,is our office building.
A.it B.that C.where D.which
3.It is the best TV play ________________ I've seen.
A.that B.which C.since D.and
4.I often hear from my sister,________________ works as an engineer.
A.that B.who C.he D.whom
5.Last month I visited the house ________________ I used to live in my twenties.
A.which B.who C.in that D.where
6.The day ________________ I was to start arrived at last.
A.that B.which C.on which D.in that
7.The old woman has two sons,________________ are teachers.
A.two of whom B.both of whom C.all of them D.neither of them
8.Is that the reason ________________ you don't agree with them?
A.what B.which C.why D.that
9.Air,________________ we breathe every day,is necessary to life.
A./ B.which C.what D.that
10.I,________________ your friend,will try my best to help you out.
A.who is B.that is C.who am D.who are
11.Li Ying is one of the girls ________________ to college in the village.
A.who goes B.who go C.which went D.that goes
12.He is the only one of the boys of his class who ________________ the piano well.
A.plays B.play C.playing D.are playing
13.Those ________________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A.learn B.who C.that learns D.who learn
14.Is this the factory ________________ you visited the other day?
A.in which B.which C.where D.the one
15.He must be from Africa,________________ can be seen from his skin.
A.that B.as C.it D.what
16.Washington was father of America,________________ is known to all.
A.which B.that C.who D.it
17.I don't think the number of people ________________ this happens is very large.
A.whom B.to whom C.on which D.which
18.Mount Blanc,_____________ we visited last summer,is the highest mountain in Europe.
A.where B.that C.which D.what
19.The young singer __________ voice sounds _________ is good at singing popular songs.
A.who;wide B.whose;sweat C.which;high D.whose;beautiful
20.Tom said the work would be done by October,__________ personally I doubt very much.
A.it B.that C.when D.which
Ⅰ.單項選擇
1.B disappointed 是人感到失望，在句中用作非謂語形式。
2.B (be)of no effect 不起作用。
3.A set off意為“引起”，set out出發(fā)，set about doing 著手做。
4.A shocked是人感到震驚，be determined to do 決心做。
5.D cure 在句中用作名詞“療法”，是可數(shù)名詞。
6.A in honour of 以紀念。
7.B success 意為“成功者”，是可數(shù)名詞。“成功”是不可數(shù)名詞。
8.B succeed in doing 相當于manage to do 成功做。
9.A provide sth.for sb.;supply sth.to sb.;offer sth.to sb.本題中有“for”。
10.B doubt用whether/if引導賓語從句用在肯定句中，否定句疑問句用that。
11.B have sth. to do with …與……有關。
12.A have effect on 對……有影響。
13.C believe 指相信某人的話語。believe in 信任某人。
14.C make up one's mind to do 中的to是不定式符號devote oneself to中的to是介詞，后面動詞用ing形式。
15.A set off 爆炸，用作被動語態(tài)，the burning gas表示燃燒的氣體。
16.B affect動詞“影響”，在句中作謂語，effect是名詞。
17.A above all 尤其重要的是。
18.C fun 是不可數(shù)名詞。
19.C promise/hope/think that 是正確表達句式，故選C。
20.B it作形式賓語。
Ⅱ.定語從句專項練習
1.B that指代the days,在從句中作動詞spent的賓語。
2.D which指代the high yellow building,在從句中作主語，引導非限定性定語從句。
3.A that指代the TV play,在從句中作賓語，且先行詞中含有最高級。
4.B who指代my sister,在從句中作主語，且本題是非限定性定語從句(因為書寫有逗號，that不引導非限定性定語從句。)
5.D where指代the house,在從句中作狀語(live是不及物動詞)。
6.C on which相當于when,表時間，作狀語。
7.B 本題是非限定性定語從句(書寫有逗號)，故C、D錯誤，A應改為the two of whom,故B正確。
8.C why指代the course,在從句中作狀語。
9.B which引導非限定性定語從句，指代air,在從句中作動詞“breathe”的賓語。
10.C that不引導非限定性定語從句，who指代I,謂語動詞應用am。
11.B who指代the girls,在從句中作主語，如果one of…結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)閠he(only)one of…應改A。
12.A 先行詞是the only one是單數(shù)，故選A。若去掉the only則選B。
13.D who指代those,在從句中作主語，謂語動詞是learn。
14.B 解題技巧：先將句子轉(zhuǎn)換為陳述句語序。
This is the factory ________________ you visit the other day.
which指代the factory,在從句中作動詞visit的賓語。
15.B as意為“正如”，在從句中作主語。
16.A which指代上文一句話。
17.B happen…to
18.C which引導非限定性定語從句，在從句中作賓語。
19.D whose表所屬關系
20.D