孟憲永 2017-12-20
一、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的省略
1、有些省略結(jié)構(gòu)可省略主語和謂語，若主語與謂語相同，則可以省略后面的主謂成分。
①、(I'll say )A word about your composition.
②、His advice made me happy, but(his advice made)him angry.
2、有些省略結(jié)構(gòu)可省略主語和系動(dòng)詞。
a、在when,while,whenever,till,as soon as, if,unless,as if,though, as, whether等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若謂語有be動(dòng)詞，而主語又跟主句主語相同或是it時(shí)，則主句的主語和be常可省略。
③、Though (he was)tired, he was not disheartened.他雖然累了，但是沒有泄氣。
④、(It is)Too bad,we don't have time.真糟糕，我們沒有時(shí)間。
⑤、His opinion, whether (it is)right or wrong, would be considered.他的意見，無論對(duì)錯(cuò)，都要考慮。
⑥、When(he was)rescued,he was almost dead.當(dāng)他被救時(shí)，他幾乎快死了。
b、there be句中，there be亦可省略。
⑦、(Is there)Anybody in ? 里面有人嗎？
c、定語從句關(guān)系代詞與be動(dòng)詞的省略。
1）、凡是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的定語從句可省略關(guān)系代詞和be動(dòng)詞。
⑧、The man (who was)sitting in the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的人是我兄弟。
2）、凡是被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句可省略關(guān)系代詞與be動(dòng)詞。
⑨、The goods (which were) ordered last month have not arrived.上個(gè)月訂購的貨物還沒到。
⑩、I saw a girl (who was) dressed in red.我看見一位穿紅衣服的女孩。
３、若主語不同，而謂語中的助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞相同，則可省略后面的助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
(11)、I should cook and my husband (should) clean.我做飯，我丈夫打掃衛(wèi)生。
４、定語從句和名詞性從句中的省略。
a、在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom,who,which,that可省略。
(12)、The girl (who\whom\that)the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.老師與其說話的女孩是劉英。
b、在know,think,consider,suppose,find,believe,say,decide等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中that可省略；若帶有多個(gè)賓語從句，只有第一個(gè)可省略，其余的不可以省略。
(13)、I think (that)it will clear up this afternoon.我想今天下午天會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)晴。
c、由which,when, where, how, why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以全部省略或部分省略.
(14)、He will come back, but he doesn't when (he will come bake).他要回來，但不知道什么時(shí)候。
d、在與suggest\request\ order\advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中必須用虛擬語氣。“should + v”形式，should可省略。
（１５）、The officer ordered that his men (should) fire.
5、復(fù)合句中的特殊省略現(xiàn)象。
a、主句省略多用于句首，在答語中，主句或一些成分可全部省略。
（１６）---Why were you absent from school last Friday?
---(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.
b、省略一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分，可用so 或 not代替。常用于此類的動(dòng)詞有believe , think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid等。
（１７）、--- Is he feeling better today ?
--- I’m afraid not. (not = he feeling better today)
二、句子成分的省略
1、主語的省略
a、祁使句可省去主語
（１８）、Sit down please!
（１９）、Hand me the hammer, will you? 把錘子遞給我好嗎？
b、there be 中的there 亦可作為主語省去。
（２０）、(There )Must be somebody waiting for you?一定有人等你？
C、在非正式文體中，定語從句在某些句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以省去主語。
（２１）、There’s somebody wants to see you.
2、謂語的省略
（２２）、Only one of us was injured, and he (was injured) just slightly.我們當(dāng)中只有一個(gè)人受傷，而且只是輕傷。
(23)、We went through the tests on a Monday. Jenny had hers during the day, and I (had) mine after work.有一個(gè)星期一，我們進(jìn)行了檢查。詹妮在白天，我在下班后。
●有時(shí)可省去謂語中的主要?jiǎng)釉~。
(24)、We’ll do the best we can (do).我們將盡力而為。
３、助動(dòng)詞的省略，尤其在口語中
(25)、You (had) better try again.你最好再試一下。
(26)、You (are) doing this on purpose?你故意做這事？
(27)、They (have) been coming here a long time.他們很久都想來這里。
４、賓語的省略
(28)、Let’s do the dishes, I’ll wash (dishes) and you dry(dishes).
５、定語的省略
(29)、If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty(of that firewood).如果你需要這柴火，我可以給你很多。
6、狀語的省略
(30)、He was not hurt, (how) strange!他沒受傷，真奇怪！
７、有些結(jié)構(gòu)可以省略整個(gè)句子
(31)、----Are you all right?
----No, (I’m not right)
8、表語的省略
(32)---Are these your friends?
---Yes, they are (my friends).
三、動(dòng)詞不定式的省略
１、只保留to的場(chǎng)合
a、不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的定語時(shí)，常見動(dòng)詞如：like, love, care, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, manage等。
(33)You can do it this way if you care to.如果你想做你就這么做。
b、不定式在句中作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，常見的動(dòng)詞如：ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit等。
(34)、She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to.她想來，但她父母不讓她來。
c、不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時(shí)，常見的形容詞如：happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。
(35)、I think she should get a job, but you can’t force her if she’s not ready to.我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該找一份工作，但如果她不愿意，你也不能強(qiáng)迫她。
d、不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語時(shí)，常見結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to , be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。但當(dāng)省略的不定式內(nèi)容是作助動(dòng)詞用的have或be的任何形式時(shí)，to后要保留到原形have或to.
(36)、He did not come, but he ought to have (come).
2、動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的省略
a、主語部分有to do, 系動(dòng)詞是is\was時(shí)，作表語的不定式通常省略to。
(37)、The only thing you have to do is (to ) press the button.你須做的事是按按鈕。
b、作介詞but, except, besides的賓語，前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式時(shí)，常省略不定式符號(hào)to.
(38)、Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning.今天上午湯姆除了復(fù)信什么也沒做。
c、當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可省略。但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省。
(39)、It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.制定計(jì)劃比執(zhí)行計(jì)劃容易。
d、在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, leave, observe等詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，省略不定式符號(hào)to.
(40)、Did you notice her enter the room? 你發(fā)現(xiàn)她進(jìn)房間了嗎？
四、介詞的省略
a、一些常和動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞一起搭配的介詞常可省略，而保留其后的動(dòng)名詞。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：spend\waste time (in) doing, lose no time (in) doing, have difficulty\trouble(in)doing, be busy (in) doing, stop\prevent sb.(from) doing
(41)、The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.大雨使他沒能準(zhǔn)時(shí)趕到那里。
b、表示時(shí)間的介詞at、 on、和in用在next\last\this\these\yesterday\tomorrow\one\any\every\each\some\all等詞前，一般皆省略；表示一段時(shí)間狀語的短語之前的for也可省略。
(42)、We go to school every day except Sundays.除了星期天外，我們每天都上學(xué)。
五、其他省略
a、會(huì)話中的省略
省略在會(huì)話中應(yīng)用廣泛，無論是回答別人的問題，還是在接別人說話時(shí)都會(huì)發(fā)生，否則就覺得累贅。
(43)、----Do you like this shirt?
----Yes, (I like this shirt) very much.
b、虛擬條件句中連詞if的省略
如果條件句的謂語有were\had\should時(shí)，可省略if，把were\had\should移到主語之前。
(44)Were I you, I would do the work better.
(45)Should there time, they would certainly come and help us.