知識(shí)梳理
Ⅰ.網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
詞匯 單詞 merchant envy *scale *archaeology duke troublesome justice *curiosity masterpiece merciful *mercy murder decorate decoration gentle punishment unearth enemy bless immediately spear swear weakness order art efact anymore surgeon sword emperor greatness *sentence（v.） conflict *central judgment declare complex pin gentleman court *copper *tragedy clay arrow how cushion *weapon *pottery find（n.） technical roof *site climate mask spare warmly
accompany triangle precious
詞組 pay back as far as after all in the eyes of have mercy on tear up offer up dig up go down on one’s knees date back to in terms of
語法 1.直接引語和間接引語 2.it的用法
Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)精講
●重點(diǎn)單詞
1.declare
例句集錦
vt.
（1）Peace was declared at last.
終于宣告了和平。
The colonies declared their independence from England.
這些殖民地宣告脫離英國(guó)而獨(dú)立。
（2）She declared that she didn’t want to see him any more.
她聲稱再也不想見到他了。
（3）She declared herself（to be）innocent.
她聲稱自己是清白的。
The chairman declared the meeting open.
主席宣布會(huì)議開始。
vi.
（1）declare for/against贊成/反對(duì)
I declare for his opinion.
我贊成他的觀點(diǎn)。
（2）declare war on/against...對(duì)……宣戰(zhàn)
Terrorists declared war on the United States,and war is what they got.
（布什總統(tǒng)高論）恐怖分子向美國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)，而他們得到的就是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
用法歸納
declare用作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。含義為：宣布，宣告，聲稱。用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的主要用法為：＋名詞/從句/復(fù)合賓語。
2.immediately
例句集錦
adv.
We must act immediately.
我們必須立即行動(dòng)。
conj.
You may leave immediately he comes.
他一來你就可以離開了。
用法歸納
immediately可用作副詞和連詞。主要有兩個(gè)義項(xiàng)：立即、馬上（=at once,without delay）;一……就……（=as soon as）。
特別提示
immediately用作連詞時(shí)后接從句，另外，表示“一……就……”的句型還有：
the moment/the minute/the instant+ 從句
directly/instantly+ 從句
as soon as+ 從句
on/upon+n./v.-ing
No sooner had+ 主語＋過去分詞＋than-從句
Hardly had+ 主語＋過去分詞＋when-從句
3.order
例句集錦
v.
（1）The chairman ordered silence.
主席示意安靜。
He ordered a glass of beer.
他要了一杯啤酒。
（2）The boss ordered the drunken man out.
老板命令醉漢出去。
（3）He ordered us to the front.
他命令我們到前線。
The policeman ordered him to stand up.
警察命令他站起來。
（4）The leader ordered that the work（should）be started at once.
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)命令馬上開始工作。
n..
Everything in the room is in order.
屋里的一切都井井有條。
（5）He ordered his secretary to place an order for 100 books and arrange them in order of size.
他命令秘書訂購100本書并把他們按大小順序排列。
用法歸納
order 可用作名詞和動(dòng)詞，主要義項(xiàng)有：命令，訂購，訂做，點(diǎn)菜；次序，順序。用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)主要用法為：＋名詞/ sb.to do sth./sth.to be done/sb.+adv./sb.+斜.prep.斜./that從句
特別提示
order后that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式為“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。類似的詞還有：demand,desire,insist,propose,request,require,suggest等。
4.decorate
例句集錦
v.
We decorated the Christmas tree with glass balls.
我們用玻璃球裝飾圣誕樹。
用法歸納
特別提示
decorate不接雙賓語，而采用decorate...with sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。
[誤]Some pictures of pop stars were decorated on the wall.
[正]The wall was decorated with some pictures of pop stars.
5.term
例句集錦
n..
（1）The first term begins in September.
第一學(xué)期于9月份開始。
（2）a business term商業(yè)用語
（3）Speak in flattering terms.
用阿諛的言辭說。
（4）a four-year term=a term of four years
四年的任期
（5）On what terms are you willing to let us have this house?
照什么條件你才肯讓我們擁有這棟房子？
（6）In terms of money we’re quite rich,but not in terms of happiness.
從錢的角度說，我們可是很富有，但就幸福而言卻不然。
The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage.
那些數(shù)字是以百分?jǐn)?shù)表示的。
She referred to your picture in terms of high praise.
她對(duì)你的畫贊賞有加。
用法歸納
term用作名詞，主要義項(xiàng)有：學(xué)期；術(shù)語；術(shù)語專門用語；（用復(fù)數(shù)）形式，措辭，說法；期限，任期；條件。常用搭配為：in terms of 用……的話；以……的觀點(diǎn)；……來說。
6.bow
例句集錦
v.&n.
The hunter first bowed to the head and then raised his bow,pulled back the cord and let the arrow fly.
這位獵手首先向這個(gè)首領(lǐng)鞠了一躬，然后舉弓、拉弦、射箭。
用法歸納
bow用作名詞和動(dòng)詞，主要義項(xiàng)有：鞠躬，屈服，點(diǎn)頭；弓，弓形物。
特別提示
bow作為動(dòng)詞，意為“鞠躬，屈服”。作為名詞，意為“弓，虹”。類似的詞還有tear,wind,wound等。
7.accompany
例句集錦
v.
（1）accompanied him on the trip.
我同他一起去旅行。
（2）Strong winds accompanied the rain.
狂風(fēng)伴著雨來。
（3）He accompanied me on the guitar.
他用吉他為我伴奏。
用法歸納
accompany用作動(dòng)詞，主要義項(xiàng)有：陪伴；伴隨，和……一起發(fā)生；為……伴奏。
特別提示
accompany是動(dòng)詞，而company是名詞（同伴，陪伴）。accompany準(zhǔn)確含義為“陪同……去”（go with...）,本身已包含了go的含義，因而：
[誤]He accompanied us to go to the park.
[正]He accompanied us to the park.
●重點(diǎn)短語
1.so/as far as
例句集錦
The golden rice fields stretch as far as the eyes can see.
金黃色的稻田一直延伸到遠(yuǎn)處。
We didn’t go as/so far as the others.
我們不像其他人走得那樣遠(yuǎn)。
As far as I know,he is always telling lies.
據(jù)我所知，他總是說謊。
As far as he was concerned,things were going well.
就他來講，一切進(jìn)展得很順利。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）so far 到現(xiàn)在為止（常用于含有完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子中）
So far no man has traveled farther than the moon.
到現(xiàn)在為止，沒有人到過比月球更遠(yuǎn)的地方。
（2）far from遠(yuǎn)離，完全不
Far from being angry,he is delighted.
他非但沒生氣，反而很高興。
（3）by far最;……得多
He is by far the wisest boy in the class.
他是班上最聰明的男孩。
（4）far away遙遠(yuǎn)的
The moon is far away from the earth.
月球離地球很遠(yuǎn)。
（5）far into the night 直到深夜
I often read far into the night.
我經(jīng)常讀書到深夜。
（6）Stand high and see far.
站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)。
2.after all
例句集錦
Why is he not allowed to stay here?After all,it is his home.
他干嗎不能呆在這兒？要知道，這是他的家。
Although they met with difficulties,I hear that they succeeded after all.
他們雖然遇上了困難，但我聽說他們終于成功了。
Many people in Europe in the Middle Ages thought that Galileo was wrong,but he was right after all.
中世紀(jì)歐洲有許多人都認(rèn)為伽利略是錯(cuò)誤的，但他終究還是對(duì)的。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）at all 根本，絲毫（常用于否定句、條件句以加強(qiáng)語氣）
I don’t know it at all.我毫不知情。
（2）in all總共，總計(jì)
There were fifty in all.
總共有五十個(gè)。
（3）of all（+復(fù)數(shù)名詞）偏偏
He tried to rob on policeman of all people.
他偏偏要搶警察的錢。
（4）above all首先，首要地
As a student,above all,one should study hard at his lessons.
作為學(xué)生，首要的是應(yīng)努力學(xué)習(xí)自己的功課。
（5）all in all從各方面說，總的說來
All in all,their financial condition is not bad.
總體說來，他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況并不壞。
All in all,you shouldn’t have scolded the boy at all,he is a child after all; above all,he made only two mistakes in all.
總的說來，你根本不該責(zé)備那男孩，他畢竟還是個(gè)孩子；更重要的是他總共才出了兩處錯(cuò)。
3.have mercy on/upon
例句集錦
He had mercy on the defeated enemy.
他寬恕了被打敗的敵人。
Have mercy on the poor sinner.
寬恕那個(gè)可憐的罪人吧。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）show mercy to sb./ sth.=have mercy on/upon sb./sth.
No mercy was shown to the prisoners.
對(duì)囚犯毫不寬恕。
（2）at the mercy of任由……擺布，在……掌握中
The ship was at the mercy of the waves.
船在浪濤中隨波逐流。
（3）give mercy to sb.憐憫某人
We were given no mercy.
我們沒得到寬恕。
（4）without mercy無情地
He was treated without mercy.
他受到無情地對(duì)待。
4.offer up
例句集錦
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.
她向上帝禱告，保佑她丈夫平安回來。
offer up a sacrifice作出犧牲；獻(xiàn)祭
相關(guān)歸納
（1）offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.給某人提供某物
He offered me his seat.他主動(dòng)讓座給我。
（2）offer to do sth.主動(dòng)干某事
The boys offered to help the old woman.
孩子們要幫助那位老婦人。
（3）offer some money for sth.出價(jià)多少買某物
We offered 1 000 dollars for the computer.
我們出價(jià)1 000美圓買這臺(tái)電腦。
（4）offer sth.for some money出價(jià)多少賣某物
I offered him the house for thirty thousand yuan.
我以三萬元的價(jià)格賣給他這所房子。
（5）offer/give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車；幫助
He gave me a lift by lending me 100 dollars.
他借給我100美圓來幫助我。
5.date back to,date from
例句集錦
The Great Wall dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period.
長(zhǎng)城始建于春秋時(shí)代。
In China,the needle treatment dates from ancient times.
在中國(guó)，針灸療法起源于古代。
特別提示
date back to 也可寫作date from,后常接過去時(shí)間，動(dòng)詞date用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而且不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）bring...up to date 使……趕上時(shí)代；使……成為最新之物；給予（某人有關(guān)……的）最新消息/資料（on,about）
All the equipment has to be brought up to date.
所有裝備必須予以更新。
Please bring me up to date on the fuel requirement.
請(qǐng)將最新燃料需求的資料提供給我。
（2）out of date過時(shí)的，舊式的
This encyclopedia has gone out of date.
這部百科全書已過時(shí)了。
（3）up to date迄今，直到現(xiàn)在；最新的，現(xiàn)代的
Our computer is up to date.
我們的電腦是最新式的。
（4）without date沒有日期的；（美）無期限的
a letter without date一封沒有日期的信
●必背句型
1.it用作形式主語的句型（1）
教材原句
It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.
想同夏洛克爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的。
特別提示
It’s useless/no use/no good+ doing sth.是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，it是形式主語，真正的主語是其后的v.-ing形式，意為“做某事沒用/沒好處”。
補(bǔ)充例句
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水難收。
It will be useless learning a theory without practice.
學(xué)習(xí)理論而不實(shí)踐是沒有用的。
2.it用作形式主語的句型（2）
教材原句
At first,it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but....
起初，據(jù)認(rèn)為鐵是由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和武器沖突才出現(xiàn)的。但……
特別提示
句中，it was thought+ that...,it是形式主語，真正的主語是that從句，第二個(gè)it指上文的“鐵”（iron）。掌握句型：It is said/thought/believed...=People say/think/believe that...=Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought to do....
補(bǔ)充例句
It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.
眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。
It’s hoped that China will become stronger and stronger,more and more beautiful.
希望中國(guó)越來越美麗、富強(qiáng)。
The Yellow River is said to be “the mother river”.It runs across China like a huge dragon.
據(jù)說黃河是“母親之河”。它就像一條巨龍穿過中國(guó)。
It’s said that the book has been translated into English.
=People say that the book has been translated into English.
=The book is said to have been translated into English.
據(jù)說，這本書已被譯成了英文。
3.it指時(shí)間的用法
教材原句
It was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan,where....
當(dāng)他和爺爺?shù)竭_(dá)廣漢博物館時(shí)，時(shí)間已是下午4點(diǎn)了……
特別提示
此句是主從復(fù)合句。it指時(shí)間，when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。又如：It was early morning when we got home.我們到家時(shí)，時(shí)間已是凌晨了。
Was it 1949 when our town was liberated?
我們鎮(zhèn)解放的時(shí)間是1949年嗎？（it指時(shí)間，when在從句中作狀語，不能由that充當(dāng)）
Was it in 1949 that our town was liberated?
我們鎮(zhèn)是在1949年解放的嗎（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
4.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
教材原句
If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意給我六倍于你剛才提出的錢數(shù)，我也要得到我應(yīng)得的一磅肉。
特別提示
英語中表示倍數(shù)的句式有：
倍數(shù)+as+形容詞（副詞）原級(jí)+as
倍數(shù)+形容詞（副詞）比較級(jí)+than
倍數(shù)+the+名詞（size,weight,height,depth,
length,width等）+of...
形容詞的比較級(jí)+than...+by+倍數(shù)
倍數(shù)＋what從句
用times表示倍數(shù)時(shí)，一般是限于表示三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)，表示兩倍用twice或double,一倍則用once。
補(bǔ)充例句
（1）This square is three times as big as that one.
=This square is twice bigger than that one.
=This square is three times the size of that one.
=This square is bigger than that one by twice.
這個(gè)方塊是那個(gè)的三倍大（大兩倍）。
（2）He offered me six times what you have just offered.
他愿意給我六倍于你所提供的錢。
（3）Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
（4）The tower is twice the height of the building.
這塔是那棟樓房的兩倍高。
（5）The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的體積是月球的49倍。
5.so+adj.+ a/an+n.句型
教材原句
He is young,but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.
他很年輕但是我過去從來不知道有這么年輕又如此聰明的人。
如果形容詞前有as,so,too,how時(shí)，a/an就放在形容詞之后，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：as/too/so/how+adj.+a/an+n.。
補(bǔ)充例句
（1）Did you notice that you had made so serious a mistake?
你注意到你犯了一個(gè)如此嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤嗎？
（2）How wonderful a plan it would be!
多好的計(jì)劃啊！
（3）Russian is so difficult a language for us Chinese to learn.
俄語對(duì)我們中國(guó)人來說是很難學(xué)的一門語言。
（4）In my opinion,he is as good a doctor as I.
依我看，他和我一樣，都是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。
（5）It is too serious a matter.I can’t deal with it alone.
這個(gè)事情太嚴(yán)重了，我一個(gè)人處理不了。
疑難突破
1.lie,lay
原 形 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 詞 義 用 法 搭 配
lie lied lied lying 說謊 vi./n. 說謊
lie lay lain lying 躺，位于 vi. 在于
lay laid laid laying 放置，下（蛋） vt. 放下，放棄
例如：Success lies in hard work.
成功在于勤奮。
Lies have short legs.
謊言總是站不住腳的。
Lu Xun laid down medicine and took up writing.
魯迅棄醫(yī)從文。
Many people laid down their lives for our country.
許多人為祖國(guó)獻(xiàn)出了生命。
She laid herself down.=She lay down.
她躺下了。
應(yīng)用
The boy ______in bed ______to us that the hen had ______two eggs,and he ______the eggs on the table.
答案：lying,lied,laid,laid
2.most,a most,the most
most前沒有定冠詞，不是最高級(jí)，而是副詞原級(jí)，相當(dāng)于very,意為“極，很，十分”。即：
most=very用來加強(qiáng)語氣
a most=a very
the most+adj.為形容詞的最高級(jí)形式，常用于有一定范圍限制的情況
例如：The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.
會(huì)議在極友好的氣氛中進(jìn)行。
It is most beautiful!
真是美極了！
應(yīng)用
（1）This is ______interesting book but it is not ______interesting book I have ever read.
（2）We shall ______certainly come.
（3）You’re very helpful and ______kind.
答案：（1）most,the most （2）most （3）most
3.certain,sure 確信，有把握
相同點(diǎn)：① 都可接about/of,意思是“確信，對(duì)……有把握”，只能用人作主語。
Are you sure/certain of that?
你對(duì)那件事有把握嗎？
②都可接不定式，意思是“一定會(huì)……”，人或物均可作主語。
He is certain/sure to succeed.
他一定會(huì)成功。
The project is sure/certain to be a success.
這個(gè)計(jì)劃一定會(huì)成功。
③后面跟連接詞（疑問詞，連詞whether）+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“確定……”，只能用人作主語。
I’m not sure/certain what to do.
我不知道怎么辦。
④都可跟從句，意思是“肯定……，確定……”，只能用人作主語。
I’m not sure/certain whether I’ve met him before.
我不能確定以前是否見過他。
不同點(diǎn)：sure不能用于“It is certain that...”句型。
It is certain that your team will win.
你們隊(duì)肯定會(huì)贏。
應(yīng)用
It’s quite ______that Dr Smith will be present at the meeting.
A.certain B.sure C.certainly D.surely
答案:A
4.clothing,clothes,cloth,dress
cloth指做衣服用的材料（布料、毛料、絲綢等），它是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但cloth指“具體用的布”時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞。
He bought a piece of cloth and make a table cloth.
他買了塊布料做了個(gè)桌布。
clothes指各種衣服，包括外套、西裝、襯衣、褲子、裙子、鞋、帽等，不指單件衣服。它既不能用作單數(shù)，也不能和表示具體數(shù)目的數(shù)詞連用。不能說：a clothes,six clothes,但可以說many（these,a few,my）clothes，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
These clothes are new.
這些衣服都是新的。
clothing 是衣服、服裝的總稱，集體名詞，只有單數(shù)形式，是區(qū)別于其他事物的抽象概念。作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：food,clothing and shelter衣、食、住。
可以說an article of clothing（一件衣服），但不能說a suit of clothing,而要說a suit of clothes（一套衣服）。
A factory that makes children’s clothing.
一家生產(chǎn)童裝的廠家。
Our clothing protects us from the cold.
衣服使我們免受寒冷。
dress指外面穿著的衣服，有修飾的意味。尤指女子的連衣裙及某種特殊場(chǎng)合下穿著的服裝（禮服），這時(shí)dress是可數(shù)名詞。
Oh,Pierre,how wonderful!But I haven’t got a dress to the ball!
啊，皮埃爾，太好了！可是我還沒有參加舞會(huì)的衣服啊！
He doesn’t care much about dress.
他不太講究衣著。
應(yīng)用
（1）How much ______does it take to make a coat for the child?
（2）One by one he took out the books and wiped them with a duster ______.
（3）All of her ______were made by her mother.
（4）He had to buy a good many ______.
（5）A coat is an article of ______.
（6）She looks pretty in her pink summer ______.
答案：（1）cloth （2）cloth （3）clothes （4）clothes （5）clothing （6）dress
5.despite,in spite of,though（although）
despite=in spite of 故不能再與of連用,
in spite of （despite）+名詞＝though（although）+從句。例如：
We went out in spite of （despite）the rain.
=We went out though/although it was raining.
雖然下雨，我們還是出去了。
應(yīng)用
（1）He is very active ______his age.
（2）______a thorough investigation,no trace of the murderer has been found.
（3）______he was poor,he was generous.
（4）______all efforts,he failed.
答案：（1）despite/in spite of （2）Despite/In spite of （3）Although/Though （4）Despite/In spite of
6.flesh,meat
flesh通常指人或動(dòng)物身上的肉或果肉。
meat供食用的獸類的肉（區(qū)別于魚或禽類的肉）。
注意：豬肉pork;牛肉beef;羊肉mutton;鹿肉venison;馬肉horse meat;雞肉chicken;鴨肉duck;鵝肉goose等。
應(yīng)用
（1）The ______of the peach is sweet and juicy.
（2）Tigers are ______-eating animals.（老虎是肉食動(dòng)物）
（3）He has put on ______.（他胖了）
（4）I like ______while my sister likes fish.
答案：（1）flesh （2）meat （3）flesh （4）meat
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年上海高考題）Why?I have nothing to confess.______you want me to say?
A.What is it that B.What it is that C.How is it that D.How it is that
剖析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
答案：A
【例2】 （2004年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，27）I like ______in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A.this B.that C.it D.one
剖析：“it”是代詞，作賓語，代替后面的句子“when the weather is clear and bright”。
答案：C
【例3】 （2004年北京，24）The Foreign Ministersaid， “______our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is
剖析：考查的是“It is+n.+ that從句”
答案：D
【例4】（2004年湖北，24）It was ______back home after the experiment.
A.not until midnight did he go
B.until midnight that he didn’t go
C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn’t go
剖析：這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，對(duì)not until midnight進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，要用that連接。
答案：C
【例5】（2004年福建，26）I’d like to buy a house
-modern,comfortable,and ______in a quiet neighbour-hood.
A.in all B.above all C.after all D.at all
剖析：above all首要，最重要的是；in all總計(jì)；after all畢竟；at all根本，全然。
答案：B
【例6】（2004年上海，52）In dealing with public relations,we should make every effort to prevent the ______in personality.
A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict
剖析：contact 和connection是同義詞，“聯(lián)系”；contrast “對(duì)比”；conflict “沖突”。
答案：D