How to improve writing
How to write ?
Writing steps:
1. Examine topics
a. styles
b. person
c. tenses
2. Observe pictures and list points
3. Express points in English
4. Form a passage
書(shū)面表達(dá)如何提高檔次？
熟練掌握語(yǔ)法、句法等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，
著力于以下四個(gè)方面的研究和訓(xùn)練。
一、布大局，基本句型運(yùn)用自如。
二、憑關(guān)系， 并列，復(fù)合恰當(dāng)介入。
三、保順暢， 過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)各司其職。
四、顯技能， 高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)用在妙處。
陳述句的五種基本句型：
信手拈來(lái) 運(yùn)用自如 適當(dāng)擴(kuò)展和變形
1、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)（vi）
2、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)
3、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
4、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
5、主語(yǔ) +連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)
1、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)（vi）
1)那位老人大叫一聲倒下了，汽車(chē)并未停，而是快速向西開(kāi)走了。
fell with a cry didn’t stop drove off at a high speed
The old man fell with a cry . The car didn’t stop but drove off at
great speed heading west.
2) 一大清早， 我們?cè)趯W(xué)校大門(mén)口集合，一起去了那兒。（98）
Early in the morning we met at the schoolgate and went there together
3) 1984-1990， 我在光明小學(xué)上學(xué)。
I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984-1990.
2、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)
1) 現(xiàn)在，我有了更多的課余時(shí)間，能夠從事我的愛(ài)好.如讀書(shū)、參觀博物館、學(xué)習(xí)電腦、繪畫(huà)等。
have more free time follow my own business/do what I like reading books visiting museums taking computer lessons
Now I have more free time . I can follow my own business, such as reading books ,visiting museums ,taking computer lessons, drawing and so on.
2) 我特別擅長(zhǎng)英語(yǔ)和電腦。去年在全校電腦競(jìng)賽中獲第一名。
I am very good at English and computer .Last year I won the first prize in the school computer competition.
3、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
1)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的工人們熱情歡迎我們。
welcome warmly /give a welcome
The farm workers gave us a warm welcome.
2)我們把禮物送給奶奶，她非常高興。
We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
4、主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)政府號(hào)召學(xué)校減輕學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)。
The government called on school to reduce the learning load.
2)我們看到莊稼和蔬菜長(zhǎng)勢(shì)很好。
We saw the crops and vegetables growing well.
5、主語(yǔ) +連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)
1）2000年2月8日清晨7點(diǎn)15分。（2000）
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.
2) 孫淑偉，男，14歲，廣東人，從小就喜歡游泳。（91）
Sun Shuwei is a boy of 14 from Guangdong . He loved swimming when he was a boy.
3）村里所有的孩子都免費(fèi)上學(xué)。（90）
Education is free for all the children in the village.
書(shū)面表達(dá)其它句法簡(jiǎn)介
1、被動(dòng)句表達(dá)（be +done)
學(xué)生分為5個(gè)班級(jí)，共教授6門(mén)課程。
The pupils are divided into five different classes, in which six subjects are taught.
2、There be …… 句型表達(dá)
1)（活動(dòng)內(nèi)容）有音樂(lè)，跳舞，唱歌，游戲，交換小禮品。
There will be music ,dancing , singing ,games and exchange of gifts.
2) 在大路的一邊，蓋起了一幢新教學(xué)樓。
On one side of the road there is a new classroom building.
3、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)
1)凡參加（音樂(lè)）比賽的同學(xué)要聽(tīng)歌曲片段，然后猜出處（94）
The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a song or a piece of music and then guess where it comes from.
2)指著不遠(yuǎn)處的一位警察，那個(gè)年輕人解釋道……(97)
Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man explained…
4、從句表達(dá)(定語(yǔ)從句， 名詞性從句， 狀語(yǔ)從句）
你想了解中國(guó)中小學(xué)（現(xiàn)在）情況嗎？自從號(hào)召學(xué)校 減輕學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)以來(lái)， 很快，情況已經(jīng)有了改善。（2001）
You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short , things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce the learning load.
2)在大路的另一邊，過(guò)去是操場(chǎng)的地方，現(xiàn)在興建了一座大樓
-- 我們的圖書(shū)館。（９９）
On the other side of the road , where the playground used to be, now stands another new building – our library.
30）40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為應(yīng)收門(mén)票，但票價(jià)不宜過(guò)高。
Apart from those 60% , there are 40% students who think an entrance fee should be charged , as long as the price is not so high .
4)我相信你一定會(huì)不費(fèi)勁地找到我們。
I’m sure you’ll have no trouble finding us.
如果收票， 需建大門(mén)，圍墻， 會(huì)影響城市形象。
If an entrance fee is charged , gates and walls will be built so that it will influence the appearance of the city. What’s more , it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city. If people should pay money when entering the parks, the park should build gates and walls , so they affect the beauty of the city. If an entrance fee is charged , gate and walls should be built , which will have a bad effect on the appearance of the city.
5、并列句表達(dá)及并列連詞的運(yùn)用
1） 我正沿公園路向東走，這時(shí)一位老人從街對(duì)面的公園里出來(lái)了 。
I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
2) 當(dāng)時(shí)， 我們坐下來(lái)聊天，而叔叔就去準(zhǔn)備午餐了。
Then we sat down to talk , while Uncle went to prepare lunch.
2001年7月13日，你的美國(guó)朋友給你寫(xiě)了一封信，祝賀北京申奧成功。收到信后，你給他寫(xiě)了一封回信，介紹了你們是如何慶祝申奧成功的�；匦艖�(yīng)包括下面圖畫(huà)所示內(nèi)容，并邀請(qǐng)他在2008年來(lái)中國(guó)。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；
2．信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已寫(xiě)好。
生詞 ：1……競(jìng)標(biāo)成功 win the bid for …
2．出墻報(bào) put up a wall newspaper
1 、表示感謝。
2、得知申奧成功很高興。
3、討論，決定出黑板報(bào)。
4、怎樣出黑板報(bào)。
5、同學(xué)們看后興奮激動(dòng)。
6、邀請(qǐng)。
Dear Bill,
Very glad to receive your letter of July 13, Thank you for your congratulations. I was very excited when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games. Immediately I called Wei Guo and Li Hong to my house. After a brief discussion we decided to put up a wall newspaper for our class. We hurried to our classroom and began to work, Wei Guo wrote a poem. Li Hong copied some news from the newspapers. I drew an Olympic flag. The next Monday. Our classmates were both surprised and overjoyed when they saw the wall newspaper.
I hope you can come to China to watch the Olympic Games in 2008. Them I’ll be very happy to be your guide.
Sincerely yours.
Zhang Hua
語(yǔ)意要合情合理，過(guò)渡自然；
語(yǔ)句要有簡(jiǎn)有繁，隨“意”而安；
語(yǔ)法要結(jié)構(gòu)正確，無(wú)懈可擊；
語(yǔ)言要地道流暢，書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范。
Person can kill lives, animal can kill lives too.
Persons can kill, and animals can kill too.
Persons can kill life and animals can kill life too.
Either persons or animals can kill life.They do that in order to get food or kill enemies.
In order to get food or kill enemies, both persons and animals can kill.
Killing is common. Not only human will kill, but also animals. For one thing they want to get food, for another they should kill enemies.
It is known to us all that both human and animals can kill the living thing. For one thing they can get food in this way;for another they want to kill their enemies.
Some of the discourse markers
并列and; as well as ; also;
選擇or; either-or; or else; otherwise
原因because ; owing to; due to ;on account of ; thanks to
結(jié)果so ; therefore ; thus ; as a result
時(shí)間when ;soon after ; before; later ; first ; and then ; next ; finally; afterwards.
比較on the contrary ; on the other hand ; like
轉(zhuǎn)折but ; yet; however ; although; in spite of ; instead ;
遞進(jìn)besides ; moreover ; even ; in addition
舉例for example/instance; such as ; that is ; namely ;
總結(jié)after all ; in short ; in general ; generally speaking in all, in a word