動詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞)和動名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語動詞。現(xiàn)代英語將現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動詞的形式不能在句中單獨(dú)作謂語用，因而沒有語法主語。但可以有邏輯主語。由于沒有語法主語，也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定，因?yàn)椴皇侵^語，也就沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)，但這些詞仍能表示動作和狀態(tài)，所以仍有表示與其他動詞相對時間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，因此也有表示主、被動的形式，同時也有自己的賓語和狀語，一起構(gòu)成非謂語動詞的短語(動詞不定式短語，分詞短語，動名詞短語)。非謂語動詞在英語語法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語動詞形式多樣，應(yīng)用廣泛，且在句中起著很活躍的作用，也是語法項目中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，學(xué)好非謂語動詞，才能正確進(jìn)行口語和書面的交流。
動詞不定式、過去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語用，所以叫做非謂語動詞。
（一）動詞不定式：
動詞不定式由“to+ 動詞原形”構(gòu)成，如：to study, to play，動詞不定式雖然不能作謂語動詞用，但仍留著動詞的特征，它可以帶有所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
1、動詞不定式的形式變化：動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。
語態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完成進(jìn)行式
主 動 to build to have built to be building to have been building
被 動 to be build to have been build
2、動詞不定式的基本用法：動詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可在句中作主語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語用，如：
（1）作主語：To help each other is good.（動詞不定式作主語時，一般可用it作形式主語，而將作主語的動詞不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
（2）作表語：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動詞不定式在系動詞be之后作表語，與表示將來時的be + 動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我們的計劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的謂語動詞為is，動詞不定式to set up… 為表語，主語為plan，但plan并不是動詞不定式的邏輯主語，即動詞不定式 to set up所表示的動作不是主語plan產(chǎn)生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的are to set up整個結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語，主語為we，同時也是動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作的邏輯主語，即動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作是由we產(chǎn)生的）。
（3）作賓語：①作及物動詞的賓語，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容詞的賓語：可以有動詞不定式為賓語的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③動詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，但動詞不定式之前如有疑問詞時，就可作介詞的賓語，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
（4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語動詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式須將to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.
（5）動詞不定式在句中作賓語，如帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時，須先用it作形式賓語，而將該動詞不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
（6）作定語：動詞不定式作定語時，須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定語用的動詞不定式如果是不及物動詞，不定式后面就要用必要的介詞，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way，不定式后面的介詞，習(xí)慣上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
（7）作狀語：動詞不定式可以作下列的狀語：①目的狀語： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或?yàn)榱耍珣?yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②結(jié)果狀語：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動詞不定式，表示“足能…”的結(jié)果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
3、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式：由for + 名詞（或代詞賓格）+ 動詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不定式。其中for本身無意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語，這種不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語或狀語，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當(dāng)作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時，就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語，這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
4、疑問詞 + 動詞不定式：疑問代詞和疑問副詞后可加動詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中可作主語、表語或賓語，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
5、動詞不定式的否定式：動詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動詞不定式構(gòu)成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
6、動詞不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關(guān)系：（1）一般式：動詞不定式一般式所表示的動作是和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，但在多數(shù)情況下，是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同時）；（2）完成式：動詞不定式完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）進(jìn)行式：動詞不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行中，而且與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
7、動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)用法：如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語為這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般就用被動語態(tài)形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
練習(xí)、非謂語動詞（一）
1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.
A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how
2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."
A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on
3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.
A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice
4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .
A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving
5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.
A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help
6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.
A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be
7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.
A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place
C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place
8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.
A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting
9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.
A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils
10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?
A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat
11. ---- Did the judge ask you many questions? ---- Yes, and ______.
A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult
C. they were difficult to answer D. they had difficulty in answering
12. That beggar seems _____ anything yesterday.
A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didn't eat D. to not have eaten
13. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home.
A. go B. to go C. going . D. went
14.That box is____.
A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it
C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry
15. Would you be ______ to do me a favour, please?
A. so kind as . B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind
16. To learn to speak English well,_____.
A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice
C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice
17. Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
18. Last summer I took a course on ______ .
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
19. The house is not large enough ____ .
A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living
20. Nobody likes ______.
A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of
21. I know him ______ a good football player while in college.
A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been
22. I was surprised______.
A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly
C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly
23. Mr. White was seen ______ the Palace Museum.
A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering
24. I saw Mary ____ the house.
A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go into
C. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into
25. Paul does nothing but _____ all day long.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
26. Now we could not do anything but ______ for him here.
A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait
27. I don't know her and I don't ______ .
A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want
28. ---- Go to the theatre with me, will you? ---- I should like ______, but I don't have time.
A. to B. too C. to do D. to go to
29. To play fair is as important as ______.
A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well
30. It is the greatest happiness on earth ______.
A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved
C. to love and to be loved D. love and be loved
31. _____ is better to love than _____ .
A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved
32. It's very foolish _____ it?
A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying
33. It ______ me two hours to find your new house.
A. cost B. took C. spent D. used
34. We did not expect our offer _____ so quickly.
A. rejected B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting
35. He told her ______ there at once.
A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get
36. We all think it most foolish ______ this mistake.
A. for you making B. of you to make C. you to make D. for you to make
37. I really don't know ____ .
A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim
38. ---- What do you think about English? ---- It's a difficult language _____.
A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken