知識(shí)歸納（BII，U8）
I.目的，內(nèi)容：
1． 單詞和習(xí)慣用語
1) 單詞
drown; choke; prevent; scream; witness; panic; response; conscious; tip; circulate; revive; weave; eventually; bite; loose; recommend;
2） 習(xí)慣用語
upside down; roll over; in honor of; count in; mouth-to-mouth; a pan of; burn down; get close to; prevent …from; deal with; point out; give first aid; stand for;
2. 功能意念項(xiàng)目
1）學(xué)會(huì)用英語進(jìn)行有關(guān)急救知識(shí)方面的談話、交流等話題。
2）在掌握急救常識(shí)和基本詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上，能利用英語開展急救演練。
3．語法
繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和掌握虛擬語氣的有關(guān)用法。
4．語言運(yùn)用
運(yùn)用在本單元學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)于急救方面的語言知識(shí)，完成教科書和練習(xí)冊(cè)中規(guī)定的聽、說、寫的任務(wù)；閱讀課文 Dr. ABC和Integrating Skills 中的文章，確切理解并完成有關(guān)課文的內(nèi)容和練習(xí)；結(jié)合學(xué)生用書58頁Speaking中的語言提示，設(shè)計(jì)并組織一次急救演練。
II．方法
1． 單詞和習(xí)慣用語的用法
1) make sure: to establish something without doubt; make certain: 弄清楚；確保：
例：Make sure he writes it down. 讓他一定記下來
* sure adj.（常與of, that連用）確信的；肯定的
例： I am sure that I put the money in the box. 我肯定把錢放在盒子里了。
Please make sure that the house is locked before you leave. 請(qǐng)你確信是鎖上房間后才離開的。
I'm not sure about the practicality of their plan. 我還無法確定他們的那個(gè)計(jì)劃的可行性如何。
（與to連用）一定的；必定的
We are sure to benefit from the new timetable. 我們肯定會(huì)得益于新的作息時(shí)間表。
There's sure to be a fuss when the owner of the house finds the window's broken.
房子的主人發(fā)現(xiàn)窗子被人打破時(shí)準(zhǔn)會(huì)大吵大鬧的。
*sure adv.一定地；必定地；無疑地
例： It sure was cold. 的確是冷。
The teacher makes sure, too, that the child gets enough rest and play, along with his education.
教師還要保證每個(gè)孩子在接受教育的同時(shí)有充分的時(shí)間休息和游戲。
He said he would come with his wife, and sure enough he did.
他說他會(huì)帶著妻子一起來的,果然他們來了。
2） turn vi.
(1) 旋轉(zhuǎn); 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng), 環(huán)繞
例：The wheels were turning slowly. 輪子在緩慢地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)著。
The earth turns round the sun. 地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。
(2) 翻身, 轉(zhuǎn)彎, 翻轉(zhuǎn)
例：All night long he turned and tossed in bed. 整整一夜他在床上翻來覆去地睡不著。
Now please turn round. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)過身來。
The road turns sharp right. 路向右急轉(zhuǎn)。
（3）求教, 求助
We often turn to this handbook for information on transistors.
我們常從這本手冊(cè)查閱有關(guān)晶體管的資料。
(4) 翻到, 查閱, 轉(zhuǎn)到
Please turn to page twelve. 請(qǐng)翻到十二頁。
The conversation inevitably turned to the changes that had taken place in the village.
話題不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)到談村子里發(fā)生的變化。
(5) 變成, 變得; 變質(zhì), 變酸; 改變信仰; 變色
The milk has turned. 牛奶變質(zhì)了。
Maple leaves have turned crimson. 楓葉已經(jīng)紅了。
The weather suddenly turned cold.天氣突然冷了起來。
This afternoon will be cloudy, turning clear. 今天下午陰轉(zhuǎn)晴。
He later turned Moslem. 他后來改信了伊斯蘭教。
At a low temperature, water turns into ice. 水在低溫時(shí)就結(jié)成冰。
(6) 轉(zhuǎn)而反對(duì)(against); 發(fā)怒, 攻擊(on)
Why did they suddenly turn against you? 他們?yōu)槭裁赐蝗晦D(zhuǎn)而反對(duì)你?
(7) 暈眩; 作嘔
My stomach turned at the sight of blood. 我一看見血就想吐。
My head is turning. 我頭暈。
(8) 變鈍
The knife's edge has turned. 刀變鈍了。
(9) 依賴, 取決于
The success of the meeting turns on the weather. 這次集會(huì)是否成功取決于天氣狀況。
3) upside down adv.
（1）顛倒
例： turned upside down. 使得倒裝過來
(2) in great disorder. 混亂的，騷亂的
4) witness vt., vi.
(1) 親眼看見，目睹
例：He witnessed the accident. 他親眼看見那個(gè)意外事故。
We witnessed tremendous changes in the city.
我們目擊了這個(gè)城市的巨大變化。（我們是這個(gè)城市巨大變化的見證人。）
（2）表示；表明
例：His tears witnessed the shame he felt. 他的眼淚說明他感到羞愧。
* n.
(1) (=eyewitness)目擊者; (在法庭上經(jīng)過宣誓的)證人
(2) [主要用于give witness, bear witness]證據(jù), 證明; 證詞
(3) [常省略定冠詞]【律】連署人, 證人
例：a witness of the accident 事件的目擊者
These facts are a witness to his carelessness. 這些事實(shí)證明了他的粗心。
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person. 她替被告作證。
4) count n.
(1) 計(jì)算；合計(jì)數(shù)
There were so many cars that I lost count. 有那么多的小汽車，以致于我忘記數(shù)到那兒了。
(2) （被告的一條）罪狀
He was found guilty on two counts. 他被判定有兩條罪狀。
* count vt., vi.
(1) 點(diǎn)數(shù)；數(shù)；算
to count from 1 to 100 從1數(shù)到100
(2) 計(jì)算；清點(diǎn)；總計(jì)達(dá)…
Count these apples. 清點(diǎn)一下這些蘋果。
(3) 認(rèn)為；視為；看作
count it an honor (to do sth.)（把做某事）引以為榮
(4) 有價(jià)值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒鐘都很重要。
5) deal with vt.
(1) 對(duì)待（人、事物）； 處理；論及……
例：She knows well how to deal with evil people. 她和了解如何與邪惡的人打交道。
The man is easy [difficult] to deal with. 那個(gè)人容易[很難]相處。
I think this problem should be dealt with quickly. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)問題應(yīng)早處理。
This book deals with the ancient history of America. 這本書討論美國歷史。
The book deals with this problem.這本書論述了這個(gè) 題。
The teacher deals fairly with his pupils. 這個(gè)教師公平地對(duì)待他的學(xué)生。
(2) 與……交易 （不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
例：They have dealt with that country for 20 years. 他們和那個(gè)國家做生意已經(jīng)有20年了。
6）panic
vt. vi. (panicked; panicking) 使恐[驚]慌; 使狂熱, 使喝采; 驚慌, 害怕;
例：panic an audience 引起觀眾喝采
The thunder panicked the horse. 響雷使馬驚慌。
n. [C] [U] 恐慌；恐怖；
例：The students was in a panic. 學(xué)生們陷入恐慌。
The fire caused (a) panic in the theater. 那場(chǎng)火災(zāi)在戲院里引起一陣恐慌。
* panic over sth. 對(duì)某事感到驚慌
例： The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns. 人們聽到槍聲感到驚慌。
7) recommend vt. 推薦, 介紹; 勸告, 建議; 使可接受; 使受歡迎; 使成為可取;
托(付); 交付
例： He recommend to try a new medicine. 他建議試服一種新藥。
The women manager recommend her child to her colleague.
那位女經(jīng)理把她的孩子托給同事照管。
Your plan has very little to recommend it. 你的計(jì)劃幾乎毫無可取之處。
I recommend you to wait. 我勸你等一等。
This hotel has nothing to recommend it. 這家旅館沒有什么可吸引人的。
The dying man recommended his soul to God. 這垂危病人把靈魂交付上帝。
8）scene n.
(戲劇的)一場(chǎng), 一幕, 場(chǎng)面, 一段情節(jié), 一個(gè)鏡頭; [常用復(fù)]場(chǎng)景, 布景, 道具,
故事發(fā)生的地方, 出事地點(diǎn); 事件, 史實(shí); 爭(zhēng)吵, 吵鬧; 發(fā)脾氣, 景色, 風(fēng)景; 光景, 實(shí)況
例：Act I, S-II 第一幕第二場(chǎng)
selected scenes 折子戲
change the scenes 換布景
Do you know the scene of a traffic accident? 你知道車禍發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)嗎？
The scene of action is a great mass. 事情發(fā)生的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)一團(tuán)糟。
Changchun today takes on a scene of prosperity. 今日長春呈現(xiàn)出一派繁榮景象。
scenes in a mountain district 山區(qū)風(fēng)光
The scene of this story is in Germany during World War I.
這個(gè)故事發(fā)生在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的德國。
Did you make a scene with her? 你跟她爭(zhēng)吵了嗎?
The sunrise was a beautiful scene. 日出是一幅美景。
9） response回答；答覆; 反應(yīng)
例： I've had no response to my letter. 我還沒有回信。
Was there any response to the advertisement? 對(duì)那則廣告沒有任何反映嗎？
His appeal met with no [little] response. 他的呼吁沒有得到任何反映。
* in response to [介] 回答…..; 回應(yīng)
10)conscious adj. 知道的， 意識(shí)到的; 有知覺的；
處于清醒狀態(tài)的; 自覺的， 有意識(shí)的
例：You should be conscious of your shortcomings.你應(yīng)該意識(shí)到自已的缺點(diǎn)。
He speaks gently with a conscious air. 他故作謙虛地小聲說話。
Peter is a businessman with good cost conscious.彼得是一個(gè)具有很好成本意識(shí)的商人。
My teacher is red conscious. 我的老師對(duì)紅色敏感。
He was conscious that he must do all this. 他知道必須干這些事。
The old man was conscious to the last. 老人直到死都是清醒的。
I am conscious that I have done right. 我相信自己做得不錯(cuò)。
11) breathe vi. 呼吸; 活著, 生存; 歇一口氣, 休息一下
(風(fēng)等)發(fā)出輕微的聲音; (人)低語; (香氣)飄溢; (內(nèi)燃機(jī))以空氣維持燃燒
例：When we breathe, we draw air into our lungs. 當(dāng)我們吸氣時(shí), 把空氣吸入肺里。
In making that plea he will breathe in vain. 他做那種懇求是白費(fèi)口舌的。
He became ill after breathing coal dust for many years. 他因多年吸入煤灰而生病了。
The letter breathes despair. 這封信表現(xiàn)出絕望的情緒。
She breathed new life into the party. 她為黨注入了新的生命。
He'll breathe new life into the team. 他會(huì)給隊(duì)里帶來新氣象。
They say the new general is able to breathe courage into the army.
大家都說那位新任將軍能給軍隊(duì)增添勇氣。
Will the new general manager able to breathe new life into the company?
這位新任總經(jīng)理能不能給公司增添新的活力?
He really breathes fire when he gets angry! (喻) 他一生氣便會(huì)大發(fā)雷霆。
12）prevent …(from)… ; stop … (from); keep … from 阻止……做某事
Her sudden arrival prevented him from going out. 她的突然到來使他不能外出。
We shall come tomorrow if nothing prevents. 如果沒有什么阻礙的話, 我們明天會(huì)來。
It isn’t necessary to prevent your son (from) playing football every Sunday.
沒有必要阻止你兒子每周日踢足球。
The scientist successfully kept the air pollution from spreading.
那位科學(xué)家成功地阻止了空氣污染的蔓延。
2. 語言要點(diǎn)
1） It looked as if she were dead. 她看上去好像死了。
這是由 as if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。也可以用as though 引導(dǎo)。例：
It looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起來似乎是冰做的。
It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 看起來會(huì)議沒完沒了。
She spoke to me as though she knew me. 她和我說話的神情，好像她早就認(rèn)識(shí)我似的。
2) If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.
如果我了解有關(guān)急救的知識(shí)，我就可能幫助他了。
句子中使用了虛擬語氣。（詳見語法說明）例：
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.. 如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
如果他昨天見到你，他會(huì)問你這件事的。
If I were you, I should tell him the truth. 如果我是你，我就會(huì)對(duì)他說實(shí)話。
Had he been more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided.
如果他細(xì)心些，這些錯(cuò)誤本來可以避免的。
Without air, there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的就不可能有生物了。
3) Many hospitals recommend that we use the letters DR ABC to remember what to do when we have to think fast.
很多醫(yī)院建議當(dāng)我們需要快速思考的時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)該用DR ABC 來提醒我們?cè)撟鍪裁础?/p>
當(dāng)recommend 后就賓語從句時(shí)，從句中通常用should 來表示虛擬語氣，should 還可以省略。類似的動(dòng)詞還有suggest, advice, demand, etc.
例：The teacher recommended that we (should) read the novel. 老師勸我們讀那本小說。
I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要約翰馬上去那兒。
The professor advised his little brother (should) study harder when he was still young.
那位教授建議他的弟弟趁年輕應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。
4) We should never try to revive a person unless we know how to do it.
如果我們不知道如何進(jìn)行急救，就無法挽救人的生命。
Unless 是一個(gè)連詞，意為 “如果不”， “除非”。
例： Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
他如果不努力學(xué)習(xí), 就永遠(yuǎn)不能考及格。
I shall go unless it rains. 如果不下雨我就去。
This baby seldom cries unless he is tired. 這個(gè)嬰兒除非在疲倦時(shí)很少哭。
5) Bend the person’s leg so that he or she will not roll over. 將傷員的腿彎曲以免他翻滾。
“so that” 意為“以便，以免”，它引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句中常用 may, can, will, could等詞。當(dāng)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時(shí)，意為“結(jié)果”。
例：We left early so that we could catch the first train. 我們出發(fā)很早，以便能趕上第一班火車。
I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet. 我被雨淋了，所以全身都濕透了。
* so … that … 太……以至于……; 如……般的
例：It’s so cold that the pond has frozen. 天氣太冷，池水都結(jié)冰了。
I ran so fast that I’d got a pain in my side. 我跑得太快，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致腹側(cè)疼痛。
She was so exhausted that she couldn’t eat dinner. 她累得吃不下飯。
This book is so rewritten that children can enjoy it. 這本書是為了使小孩子喜歡而改寫的。
3. 語法說明
學(xué)習(xí)和掌握虛擬語氣的用法。
虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀意愿或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。
1）在條件句中的應(yīng)用
條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。
A 真實(shí)條件句
真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生。
時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系
句型：條件從句 主句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例題
The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
注意：
（1） 在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.
(錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(對(duì))If you leave now, you will never regret it.
（2） 表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用shall(will)+動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。
B 非真實(shí)條件句
（1）時(shí)態(tài)：可表示過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的情況。其基本特點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)退后。
a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型：條件從句 主句
一般過去時(shí) should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形
-If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型：條件從句 主句
過去完成式 should(would)have+過去分詞
-If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示對(duì)將來的假想
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般過去時(shí)
were+不定式 should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形
should+動(dòng)詞原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right
（2） 混合條件句
主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主，從句謂語動(dòng)詞虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。
-If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)
-If it had rained last night(過去)，it would be very cold today(現(xiàn)在).
（3）虛擬條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞 ‘be’的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用 “were”。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
典型例題
_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語提前，變成were, should, had+主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.
（4）特殊的虛擬語氣詞：should
① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do
② the suggestion that … (should) do
③ This suggestion is that …(should) do
④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do
⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do
⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do
在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。
order, suggest, insist … + (should) do
---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.
---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)”，即它們用作 “暗示、表明”、“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
---The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
---I insisted that you were wrong.
在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。
-My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.
-I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
（5）wish的用法
用于wish 后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：
wish + (that) … did/were …(現(xiàn)在時(shí)：從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
wish + (that) … had done …(過去時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作)
wish + (that) … would/could do (將來時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作于主句動(dòng)作之后)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（6） if only
if only 表示“如果就好了”。
-If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。
if only也可用于陳述語氣。
-If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來了。
***only if 表示“只有”:
-I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。
（7）It is (high) time that …
It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
（8） need
didn’t need to do表示：過去不必做某事，事實(shí)上也沒做。
needn’t have done表示：過去不必做某事，但事實(shí)上做了。
John went to the station in his car to meet Mary, so she didn’t need to walk back home.
John went to the station in his car to meet Mary, so she needn’t have walk back home.
（9） 虛擬語氣在其他狀語從句中的用法
在as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不符，用過去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)不符；在so that，in order that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，常用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如：
They talked as if they had been friends for years．
She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．
（10）would rather sb. did/had done …
(would rather do)
---I’d rather stay at home than go out.
---He’d rather you came on Friday.