高一下知識(shí)歸納（U15）
a. recognize
作“認(rèn)出”解，強(qiáng)調(diào)從外表上辨認(rèn)出，指一時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。(瞬間動(dòng)詞) 不同 know
= to know and remember sb. or sth. one has seen before
know是狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞，表示知道有這個(gè)人并認(rèn)識(shí)他，在一定程度上還對(duì)他有所了解，
指長(zhǎng)久性的一種情況。如：
1． I know him, but when I saw him last night, I could hardly recognize him.
我認(rèn)識(shí)他，但當(dāng)我昨晚看到他時(shí)，我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)不出他了。
2. I recognized her voice over the phone. 我在電話里聽(tīng)出她的聲音來(lái)了。
3. He had changed so much that one could hardly recognize him.
他改變得太多了，幾乎使人不認(rèn)識(shí)他。
[注]不能說(shuō) I recognized him ten years ago. I knew him ten years ago.或I knew him ten years ago.
應(yīng)該說(shuō):I got to know him ten years ago.
表示“我是十年前(開始)認(rèn)識(shí)他的。”，注意中英文表達(dá)上的差異。
recognize 承認(rèn), 認(rèn)可 = to accept as being lawful, real, or having value
4. They recognized the new government. 他們承認(rèn)了那個(gè)新政府。
5. That's recognized method of teaching English. 那是一種得到認(rèn)可的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法.
6. He refused to recognize her as his lawful heir. 他拒絕承認(rèn)她作為他的合法繼承人。
意識(shí)到, 自認(rèn) = be ready/ prepared to admit, + that 從句
7. After the accident, he recognized that he was not fit for the work.
事故發(fā)生后．他認(rèn)識(shí)到不能勝任這項(xiàng)工作．
8. I clearly recognized from that matter he was far more clever than I was.
從那件事情上我清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到他要比我聰明得多．
b. hope 與 wish
hope (vt.) + that 從句, 可以達(dá)到的希望
+ 不定式 但不能接 “賓語(yǔ)十不定式”．
1. We hope to see you again. = We hope we can see you. 我希望能再次見(jiàn)到你．
2. I hope you can help me with my maths.
希望你能幫助我學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)．(不能說(shuō)I hope you to help me with my maths. )
wish 想要, 希望 = would like, want
+ that 從句, 強(qiáng)烈而難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
+ 不定式/ 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式
wish后面接不定式或賓語(yǔ)+不定式”都可以，其意義相當(dāng)廣“想要’．“希望”(＝would like或want)．wish接that從句時(shí)一般表示某種強(qiáng)烈而又難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望”，而hope表示的是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)或能達(dá)到的希望’．例如：
3. I wish to place an order right now. 我想馬上訂購(gòu)．
4. I wish him to make progress. 我希望他取得進(jìn)步．
5. I wish I could fly like a bird. (用 can *)
但愿我能象烏一樣飛．(從句中的could裹示其動(dòng)作不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)．不能用can．)
6. I hope he can do that. 我希望他會(huì)干哪件事．
(本句表示有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種希望，can不能用could代替．)
wish可表示良好的“祝愿”，后面接“賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)(形容詞或名詞)．而hope不能這樣用．
7. I wish you happy. 祝你幸福．(不用hope)
8. I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快．(不用hope)
在簡(jiǎn)略句中，如要表示希望某事不會(huì)發(fā)生時(shí)，應(yīng)說(shuō)I hope not，而不說(shuō)I don’t hope so．
hope用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)．后面可接不定式或that從句．
c. accept 與 receive
accept和receive均表示收取所給予、提供或送到的東西，但
receive僅指客觀上“收到”，“接到” accept是主觀上“接受”，“領(lǐng)受”。試比較：
1. I received a present from Jack, but as I wouldn't accept it, I returned it to the sender.
我收到了杰克送來(lái)的一份禮物，但由于我不愿接受，所以我退給了送來(lái)的那個(gè)人。
2. She did receive your invitation but she refused to accept it.
她確實(shí)收到了你的邀請(qǐng)，但她不愿接受。
3. Dr Barker replied to the invitation, accepting it.
Baker先生對(duì)這一邀請(qǐng)回了封信，表示接受邀請(qǐng)。
accept還可用來(lái)表示主觀上“吸收”某人，“承認(rèn)”或“贊同”某一看法或理論。如：
4. I can't accept (=take) you as my secretary.
我不能聘任你為我的秘書(不能用receive)
5. I can't accept(=recognize) my defeat. 我不能承認(rèn)我失敗了．(不能用receive)
6. He had to accept our explanation. 他只好接受了我們的解釋．
7. His new theory was widely accepted/received (= recognized).
他的新理論被廣泛地承認(rèn)和肯定．
8. The young man was accepted/received (=admitted) into the organization.
這位男青年被吸收加入這個(gè)組織．
[注]如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀．而把某事作為一種客觀情況來(lái)敘述．則receive 也可用來(lái)表示“吸收”或“承認(rèn)”．
receive 自然獲得 (= get), 接待 (= welcome), 遭受 (= suffer) 瞬間動(dòng)詞,
accept不能這樣用．
It's five days since I received your letter. = I received your letter five days ago
（不能用： I have received your letter for five days. )
9. He received (=got) a good education. 他受到過(guò)良好的教育．
10.She received (=got) a doctor's degree at the age of twenty-eight.
她在二十八歲時(shí)獲得博士學(xué)位．
11.You will receive (=get) a warm welcome when you get here. 你到時(shí)會(huì)受到熱烈歡迎．
12.He received (= welcomed) his guests with a smile. 他向來(lái)賓微笑表示歡迎．
13.She went to the door to receive (=welcome) her visitors. 她走到門前迎接客人。
14.The soldier received (=suffered) a bad wound in the head. 那士兵頭部受傷嚴(yán)重．
d. invite sb. to a place 表示“邀請(qǐng)某人去某處”，to是介詞，后面可接表示活動(dòng)或聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)的名詞．
invite，b．to do sth 表示邀請(qǐng)某人做某事”．to為不定式符號(hào)．
1． We shall invite one of our friends to dinner tonight.
今晚我們將邀請(qǐng)一位朋友吃飯．
2. I was invited to give a talk at the meeting. 昨天我應(yīng)邀在會(huì)上發(fā)言．
e. cost, take, pay, spend
cost v. 花費(fèi)金錢,時(shí)間,勞力, 事物作主語(yǔ)
n. (u. c.)作名詞時(shí)表示‘成本’、‘價(jià)錢”、“費(fèi)用’，用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞．
living costs生活費(fèi)用
the cost of a book一本書的成本
What's the cost of the car? 那輛汽車得花多少錢？
take 花費(fèi)時(shí)間, 事物作主語(yǔ)
1．The composition cost (took) me three hours. 我用了三小時(shí)才寫成這篇作文．
2. How much did the radio cost you? 這臺(tái)無(wú)線電花了你多少錢?(不用take)．
3. The work cost them much labour. 這件工作花費(fèi)了他們很大的勞動(dòng)．(不用take)
4. It took them over two years to build the bridge. (少用 cost)
修建這座橋花了他們二年多時(shí)間．
spend 一般用來(lái)表示花費(fèi)錢或時(shí)間，主語(yǔ)是表示有生命的名詞或代詞（一般為人）。
常用”spend…onsth.”或”spend…(in)doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. I spent 50 dollars on the camera. 買這只照相機(jī)，我花了50美元．
6. He often spent his spare time (in) helping the poor.
他經(jīng)常利用他的業(yè)余時(shí)間幫助窮人．
如要說(shuō)“這件上衣我花了20美元．可用下面幾種表達(dá)方法．
7. I spent 20 dollars on the coat. = The coat cost me 20 dollars.
= I paid 20 dollars for the coat. = I bought the coat for 20 dollars.
= I bought the coat at the price of 20 dollars.
pay vt. 付...報(bào)酬, 付款
8. Have you paid the doctor yet? 醫(yī)生的酬金付了嗎?
9. You have to pay me first before I do it. 你得在我于以前先付錢。
10.When will you pay back the money? 你什么時(shí)候還這筆錢?
11.I paid 200 yuan for the radio. 買這臺(tái)收音機(jī)我花了200元。
12. How much did you pay for all these things?
買所有這些東西你一共花了事少錢?
pay vi. 付款, 賠
13.If you have lost it, I'm afraid you will have to pay for it.
如果你丟了，恐怕你得賠了。
14.It was time to pay for the things on the list.
該付款買清單上的東西了．
f. after all
說(shuō)話人在使用after all這一短語(yǔ)時(shí)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是盡管有前面某種情況，但后面這種情況不能不考慮．用來(lái)引出對(duì)方似乎忘了的某個(gè)重要論點(diǎn)或理由．這時(shí)after all大多位于句首，意思是“不管怎么說(shuō)”，“畢竟”．帶有‘We mustn't forget．．．”之意．例如；
1. Mary didn't pass the exam, but after all she had done her best.
瑪麗考試沒(méi)有及格．但他畢竟盡了努力．
2. I think we should let her go with her boy friend. After all, she's a big girl now.
我覺(jué)得我們應(yīng)該讓她和她的男朋友一塊去．她現(xiàn)在畢竟是個(gè)大姑娘了．
3. It's not surprising you're tired. After all, you were up until last night.
你感到疲勞不奇怪．你昨晚畢竟到三點(diǎn)才睡．
after all含有"雖然有前面說(shuō)過(guò)的話" 或 "與預(yù)料相反"之義 (用在句尾)
4. I did promise I would lend you money, but I'm sorry I can't manage after all.
我確實(shí)答應(yīng)過(guò)借給你錢，但實(shí)在對(duì)不起．我現(xiàn)在實(shí)在無(wú)能為力．
5. I thought I was going to fail the exam, but I passed it after all.
我原以為我考試會(huì)不及格，然而(沒(méi)想到)我還是及格了。
g. instead 與 instead of
instead (adv.)
instead of (prep.) + n. / pron. / -ing
1．If Harry isn't well enough to go with you, take me instead.
如果哈利身體不好不能跟你去，就帶我去吧．
2. Come another day instead. 改日來(lái)吧．
3. If you have no jewellery, can't you wear a flower instead.
如果沒(méi)有首飾的話，就不能戴朵花嗎?
4. Last year I went to Japan. This year I am going to Hongkong instead.
去年我去了日本．今年我準(zhǔn)備去香港．
5. I will go instead of you. 我代你去．
6. If I hadn't got a headache, I'd be working instead of lying here in bed.
要不是因?yàn)槲翌^痛，否則的話我就不會(huì)躺在床上而不上班．
不能說(shuō)：instead to lie
h. marry
marry vt. + sb.
在大多數(shù)情況下，marry用作及物動(dòng)詞，表示與……結(jié)婚”，嫁”，娶”．后面直接帶賓語(yǔ)，從來(lái)不與with連用．有時(shí)可用get married to代替．(get married to sb.)
1. Jack is going to marry Mary. 杰克將和瑪麗結(jié)婚．
2. His sister married (= got married to) a rich man. 他的姐姐嫁給了一個(gè)有錢人．
當(dāng)marry不帶賓語(yǔ)時(shí)．更為常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)法是be/get married
3. They are going to get married. 他們將要結(jié)婚．
4. He got married last week. 他上周結(jié)婚的．
5. Is she married? ( = Has she got married? ) 她結(jié)婚了嗎?
marry vi.
6. He married young. 他早婚。
7. She didn't marry until forty. 她一直到四十歲才結(jié)婚。
i. try on, put on, pull on
try on 試穿 put on 穿上 pull on 匆匆穿上
1. You tried the necklace on ( tried on the necklace) and it looked wonderful on you. (on)
你當(dāng)時(shí)把項(xiàng)鏈試戴了一下．真是好看極了．
2. She put on the skirt and looked more beautiful in it. (in) 她穿上裙于，顯得更漂亮．
3. He pulled on his overcoat and it seemed just to cover him like a blanket.
他匆匆穿上大衣，就好象一條毯子只是把他的身體遮住．
[注]動(dòng)詞dress也可表示穿的動(dòng)作．但dress的賓語(yǔ)是人的名詞或代詞．如She dressed herself／her baby.(她穿上衣服／她替嬰兒穿上衣服.)不能說(shuō)She dressed her clothes．
Wear 不能表示穿的動(dòng)作，只能表示“穿著”這一狀態(tài)．如She wears a red skirt today these days．(她今天／這幾天穿著一條紅裙子．)
wear 表示佩帶飾物等
wear glasses, (戴著眼鏡)， wear a sword,．(佩著劍)
wear a necklace / flower / watch / gold ring... (戴著項(xiàng)鏈／花／手表／金戒指)
have on 狀態(tài)，也表示‘穿著”不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)．
He had on a red hat. 彈(他戴著一頂紅帽子．)
The boy has nothing on. (那孩子一絲不掛．)
(注)有時(shí)marry也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：
j. call on和call at
call on后面接表示人的名詞或代詞，call at后面接表示地方或
場(chǎng)所的詞語(yǔ)。試比較：
1. I called on (=went to see) Mr Smith yesterday. 我昨天拜訪了Smith先生。
2. I called at (= went to ) Mr Smith's yesterday. 我昨天去了Smith先生的家。
3. I called on the Smiths yesterday. 我昨天拜訪了Smith一家人。
4. I called on the doctor's yesterday. 我昨天到了Smith家。
5. I called on the doctor／my sister yesterday．我昨天去拜訪了醫(yī)生。
6. I called at the doctor's／my sister's yesterday．
我昨天去了醫(yī)務(wù)所／我姐姐家。
[注] 注意中英文表達(dá)“叫”時(shí)的差異。我們可以說(shuō)I called John to come．I called to John to come或 I called out to John to come．意思是“我大聲叫John來(lái)。”You may ask him to help意思是“你可以叫他幫忙”，而You may call him to help則表示“你可以高聲喊他來(lái)幫忙”。You can tell him to come tomorrow一句中的tell不能用call。另外，“他的名字叫Jack”一句應(yīng)說(shuō)His name is Jack或
He's named／called Jack，不能說(shuō)His name is called Jack。
[注] What do you call this in English? 和How do you say this in English? 兩句都正確，注意兩句的疑問(wèn)詞What和How不能換用。前一句中的call可帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，What為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不能用How。第二句中的say沒(méi)有這種功能，How為狀語(yǔ)。
What do you call this in English? (call + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))
How do you say this in English? ( how 為狀語(yǔ))
k. well
well并不總是表示“好”的意思．有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示“很”，“相當(dāng)”，指程度，常與一些特定的介詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞連用．這時(shí)不能用very，quite或very much等詞代替．下面句子中一般都使用
well，而不用very或very much．
1. Mr Smith is well past forty. 史密靳先生有四十好幾歲了．
2. I can't reach it. It is well above my head. 那東西我夠不著．它高出我頭很多．
3. This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一讀．
4. I don't know him well enough. 我對(duì)他了解得還很不夠．
5. He is well known in this city. 他在這個(gè)城里很出名．
6. It fits you well. 你穿這很合身．
7. I didn't understand his lesson well. 他的課我聽(tīng)不大懂．
l. true 與 real
true可用定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，而real一般只作表語(yǔ)。兩者都可用來(lái)表示“真的”．而“不是假的”之意．
true 作定語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ) ( 真的, 不假, 符合實(shí)際的, 忠誠(chéng)的)
real 只作表語(yǔ) (真的, 不假, 真正的不是想象的,)
1. That necklace you borrowed from me wasn't a real / true diamond necklace.
你向我借的那條項(xiàng)鏈并不是真的鉆石項(xiàng)鏈。
2. It's a true / real copy pearl. 那是正本／真的珍珠。
3. Is it true that he has left for London? 他已離開去倫敦的消息確實(shí)嗎?(用real )
true可表示“符合實(shí)際的”，real可表示“真正的而不是相象的”．兩者不可換用．如:
4. This is a true story of real life. 這是一個(gè)從現(xiàn)實(shí)(不是想象的)生活中取材的真實(shí)故事。
5. This is a story of a true man. 這是-個(gè)根據(jù)真人所編的故事.
(real不能用來(lái)修飾表示人的名詞．)
true可表示“忠誠(chéng)的”，而real不能表示這一意思．如：
6. A true friend will always help you. 忠誠(chéng)的朋友會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)幫助你．
7. He is always true to his friends. 他總是忠實(shí)于他的朋友。
m. be worth
adj. 不能單獨(dú)使用, + n. / -ing (不能接不定式 )
be worth doing sth. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 但不能用被動(dòng))
1. The necklace was worth 500 francs at the most. 那條項(xiàng)鏈最多值500法郎。
2. The work is worth our while / the trouble.
我們的精力是值得花在這項(xiàng)工作上的。干這項(xiàng)工作麻煩一點(diǎn)是值得的。
3. The car isn't worth repairing. 這輛汽車不值得一修。
( 不能說(shuō)..to repair, to be repaired 或 being repaired )
4. She's not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生氣。
5. The article is well worth reading. 那篇文章很值得-讀。
[注]這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞-ing形式在邏輯上與前面的主語(yǔ)具有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。但該動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)形式，不能說(shuō)The car isn't worth being repaired．
[注]應(yīng)該用well修飾worth，不能用quite，very或very much等修飾worth，
如句⑤。再如：It's well worth trying.(很值得-試。)
不能說(shuō)It's very／quite worth trying．
* 用引導(dǎo)詞it作“worth的主語(yǔ)，這種用法可與上一種用法互換使用。如：
6. It isn't worth repairing the bike. = The bike isn't worth repairing. 這輛自行車不值得修。
7. It isn't worth getting angry with her.= She's not worth getting angry with.犯不上與她生氣。
8. It's worth visiting the park a second time. = The park is worth visiting a second time.
那公園值得再去一次。
9. Don't get the box down. It isn't worth it. = worth the trouble.
worthless = valueless 毫無(wú)價(jià)值
valuable = priceless 非常貴重, 無(wú)價(jià)之寶