一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
在本單元同學們將要學習有關古跡保護的知識，了解聞名于世的柬埔寨古高棉王朝龐大的宮殿遺址吳哥寺（又名吳哥窟）的歷史和現狀，樹立愛護古跡的戰略思想。也許你曾聽到過它的美麗傳說，見到過它旖旎風光的拍照，看到過它富有神秘色彩的特寫鏡頭。真是“風景這邊獨好”。春天，萬木茂盛，百花盛開；夏天，泉清林翠，風景幽奇；秋天，碩果累累，層林盡染；冬天，銀裝素裹，懸冰倒掛。課文中對吳哥寺的高度評價是：“As the sun sinks lower , shadows spread across the courtyard . After sunset , the sky turns pink . The grey stone towers take on a golden colour before turning pink . Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet , beautiful place .” ( 隨著夕陽西下，院內陰影縱橫。日落后，天空一片紅霞。灰色的石塔抹上一層金黃色，然后變成粉紅色。世界上再沒有這樣優美、恬靜的地方了。) 今天，吳哥寺這座世界文物古跡，正以它獨特的魅力吸引著世界各地越來越多的游客。
雖然我們人人都走出國門去領略吳哥寺的風光不現實，但是在本單元的閱讀課中，作者用一種趣味盎然的筆調重現吳哥寺的文明和燦爛，讓我們從一滴水而感知遼闊的大海，從一只貝殼而聆聽渺遠的風聲。下面就讓我們在課文中提到的神秘的古跡中作一次精神旅行吧！
【指點迷津】
A. 大綱規定的單元日常核心交際用語指南
Obligation (職責)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語 30 句
1. We should finish the task ahead of time . 我們應該提前完成這項艱巨的任務。
2. I think we should paint the windows green . 我認為應該把窗戶漆成綠色。
3. Is it necessary to give you a ring immediately ? 有必要立即給你回電話嗎？
4. We must stop people ( from ) walking on this floor until it‘s firm . 在地板牢固以前，我們不能讓人們在地板上走動。
4. I ought to do some studying . 我應該學的東西。
5. You must stay home looking after your mother . 你必須呆在家里照顧你生病的母親。
6. - Must I be present at the meeting at 7 o’clock ? 我必須 7 點到會嗎 ？
- No , you needn‘t . You may come at around eight . 不，不必要。你可以 8 點左右來。
7. I have to type this report tonight . 今晚我必須打出這份報告。
8. - Do I have to return the dictionary before Friday ? 周五前我必須歸還詞典嗎 ？
- No , you don’t have to . 不，沒必要。
9. In my opinion , you should do your homework more carefully in future . 依我之見，你以后要多注意你的作業。
10. You ought to write to your parents very often . 你應該經常給父母寫信。
11. Is it necessary to show your passport at the entrance ? 在入口處得出示護照嗎 ？
12. It‘s necessary that you should come to the office tomorrow morning . 明天上午你得到辦公室去一下。
13. We must keep the balance of nature . 我們應該保持生態平衡。
14. Students should keep the classroom tidy and clean . 學生應該保持教室整潔。
15. It is necessary to fill in the form at the door . 進門時必須填表。
16. Am I expected to repeat the explanation ? 要不要我把解釋再重復一遍？
17. Am I supposed to pay a visit to our sick neighbour ? 我是不是探望一下有病的鄰居？
18. Are we required to make a plan tonight ? 是不是今晚我們必須制定一個計劃？
19. Is there any need for us to get his permission ? 我們是不是需要得到他的許可？
20. I am afraid you will have to walk home on foot . 恐怕你不得不步行回家了。
21. I am afraid you can’t avoid do some washing by yourself . 恐怕你逃避不掉自己洗衣服了。
22. I think it necessary for you to obey the rules . 我看你有必要服從規章制度。
23. It is for you to decide whether to go or to stay . 是去是留由你決定。
24. There‘s no reason why you should pull down that fence . 沒有理由一定要你拆掉那個籬笆。
25. It is up to you decide . 由你決定。
26. Please leave it alone . 請別理它 。
27. You had better not pick the flowers . 你最好別摘這些花。
28. I feel it is my duty to give you a hand . 我感到幫助你是我的職責。
29. No , I mustn’t be late for class once more . 不， 我決不能再遲到。
30. No , I shouldn‘t tell him a lie . I had better not object to his suggestion . 不，我不應該對他說謊。我最好不反對他的建議。
從以上 30 句可以看出，在提示對方的職責中常用情態動詞 must , should , need , have to , had better , ought to , don’t have to 以及 be supposed to do , be necessary to do 等。
● Model Dialogues 交際示范
A
Monitor：Who is on duty today ?
Yu Fang：I am .
Monitor：Class will begin in a minute . You should clean the blackboard .
Yu Fang：Sorry , I nearly forgot it . I‘ll do it at once .
Monitor：You have to remember this next time .
Yu Fang：Yes , I will .
B
Receptionist：Can I help you ?
Guest：Are there any free beds ?
Receptionist：Sure . What kind of room do you like ?
Guest：A single room with a bath .
Receptionist：OK. But you have to fill in this form first .
Guest：Is it necessary ?
Receptionist：Yes , we should also see your ID (身份證) card .
C
Doctor：Well , Mrs Smith , I’ve completed my examination and I‘m happy to say it’s nothing serious .
Mrs Smith：Don‘t you think I should take an X - ray ?
Doctor：I don’t think an X-ray is necessary for this illness .
Mrs Smith：Will I need a blood transfusion ?
Doctor：No , Mrs Smith , you won‘t need it .
Mrs Smith：Shouldn’t I stay in bed for the rest of the week ?
Doctor：No , you should get outdoors more and get plenty of exercise .
Mrs Smith：Can I be cured ?
Doctor：You should listen to my advice and I‘m certain you’ll be fine .
Mr Smith：What should I do ?
Guest：You should put this medicine on your arms every four hours and by tomorrow it will be all gone . There‘s nothing to worry about .
● 高考試題縮影
1. - Shall I tell John about it ?
- No , you . I’ve told him already . ( NMET 94)
A. needn‘t B. wouldn’t C. mustn‘t D. shouldn’t
2. - We could have walked to the station ; it was so near .
- Yes . A taxi at all necessary . ( MET 92 )
A. wasn‘t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn‘t be D. won’t be
3. There was a lot of fun at yesterday‘s party . You come , but why didn’t you ? (99 上海)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
答案：AAC
B. 單元重點新詞透視
1. smooth 作形容詞是“光滑的，平靜的，平坦的”；作及物動詞是“使光滑，消除困難、障礙”。
Our path in life will not always be smooth . 我們的生活道路不會總是一帆風順的。
This is a smooth meeting . 這是一次順利的會議。
The cloth feels smooth . 這布摸起來很光滑。
The sea is smooth . 海面風平浪靜。
The gardener smoothed the soil in a flower bed . 園丁平整了花壇的泥土。
測試要點：
(1) smooth 的發音 [ smU:T ] ，比較極是 smoother ，最高級是 smoothest 。過去式是smoothed , 發音為[ smU:Td ] 。用在第三人稱后的發音是 smooths [ smU:Tz ]。
(2) 該詞的同義詞是 calm ，反義詞是 rough 。常用搭配是 smooth away “克服困難，消除障礙或者分歧”。如：Don‘t be afraid . We are able to smooth away these difficulties sooner or later . 不要擔心，我們遲早會克服這些困難的。/ The guide smoothed away / over the quarrel between the two visitors . 向導平息了那兩位游客間的爭執。
2. spread ( spread , spread ) 延伸，展開，流傳，傳播，蔓延
In two years the city has quickly spread for ten miles to the north . 這兩年里城市很快地向北延伸了 10 英里。
How terrible ! The forest fire spread quickly . 真可怕 ！火勢很快地蔓延。
The story of these advanced workers spread quickly . 這些先進工人的事跡很快就傳開了。
測試要點：
(1) 特別注意該詞的過去式和過去分詞形式。如：Word spread quickly about the accident .
(2) the spread of … “……的普及；……的傳播；……的蔓延”。這里 spread 是名詞。如：the spread of a disease 一種疾病的蔓延。the spread of education 教育的普及。
3. opposite 作形容詞是“相反的，對面的，相對的”。作副詞是“相反地，對面地”。作名詞是“對面，相反，對立物”。注意該詞的發音：[ ’Cp[zIt ]
It is strange that he should go in the opposite direction . 真奇怪，他朝相反的方向走了。
They sell things on the opposite side of the river . 他們在河的對面賣東西。
Right and left are opposites . 左和右是相對的。
Black and white are opposites . = Black is the opposite of white . 黑和白是對立物。
Hate is the opposite of love . 恨是愛的反義詞。
測試要點：
(1) 辨析 opposite 與 contrary to
opposite 多指位置、方向、性質、結果的不同。表示處于講話人對面時放于其后；表示一組相對事物中的一個時放在其前。如：the girl opposite對面的姑娘，live on the opposite side of the street 住街的對面，。contrary 表示與目的、行為、論據對立的含義，只用作表語。如：You deeds are contrary to the traffic rules . 你的行為是和交通規則背道而馳的。
(2) 該次還可以作介詞。如：opposite the school 在學校的對面。/ The shop opposite the street belongs to me . 街對面的商店是我經營的。作介詞時其后也可以加 to 。如：He smiles and sat down opposite to her . 他微笑著坐在她的對面。/ The direction opposite to north is south . 和北相反的方向是南。
C. 單元重點詞組掃瞄
1. buy some more bricks 買更多的磚
some more + 可數名詞或者不可數名詞，意思是“更多的……；再……怎樣”。如：
Will you have some more beancurd ? 你多吃點豆腐好嗎 ？
This time I feel like borrowing some more magazines . 這次我想多借幾本雜志。
2. make the surface smooth 讓表面光滑
It is said that this cream will make your face smoother . 據說這種面霜會使臉部皮膚更光滑。
3. do some drawings 畫些畫
It is not right for a pupil to do some drawings on the wall . 小學生在墻上亂畫不對的。
4. stop sb / sth (from) doing = prevent sb / sth (from )doing 阻止某人干……
注意：當 from 后是被動語態時，from 不要省。如：
No one can prevent / stop this plan from being carried out . 誰也不能阻止這個計劃的落實。
We must stop these children (from) playing football in the street . 我們必須阻止孩子們在大街上踢足球。
5. put up a notice saying “Keep off”= put up a notice on which is written “Keep off”立一個上面寫有“勿踩踏”的牌子
注意 keep off 在上下文中的不同意思有：避開，擋住，制止吃喝，不吃不喝……
Do be careful to keep off the dangerous dog . 務必躲開那條危險的狗。
After his illness the old man kept off noodles for a week .
The only way to get your weight down is to keep off fat . 減肥的唯一辦法是不要吃肥肉。
Wet paint ! Keep off ! 油漆未干，請勿靠近 ！
6. do some studying 學點習
It is useful for you to do some studying in your spare time .
7. masses of 大量的，大批的（修飾可數或者不可數名詞）
Can‘t you see I have masses of things to see to today ? 你沒看到我今天有很多的事要處理嗎？
I have masses of unanswered letters this week . 本周我有一大堆來信沒有回。
The majority of us are worried about masses of homework on Sunday . 我們大部分都擔心星期天的許多作業。
8. watch the news on television 看電視新聞
9. fix up an electric wire 安裝電線
10. ring the building firm 給建筑公司打電話
11. as it is / was 事實上，既然如此，就目前這樣子看，根據現在的情況看
As it is , we can hardly get to the station by 6 o’clock . 事實上，我們 6 點前是很難趕到車站的。
She agreed to buy the house as it is . 她同意照房子原樣買下來。
I thought things would get better , but as it is they are getting worse and worse . 我原來以為情況會好轉，但現在看來，情況是越來越惡化。
Don‘t do anything to make the situation worse ; it’s bad enough as it is . 不要再火上加油了，現在情況就夠糟的了。
12. report on 對……進行報道
13. one‘s first visit to + 地點 “對……的第一次訪問”。
He will never forget his first visit to China .
14. at war 處于戰爭狀態，處于交戰狀態
At that time China was at war with Japan . 當時，中國正與日本交戰。
注意這里介詞 at 后沒有冠詞 the 。類似的表達還有：at desk 在工作，at table 在用餐，at work在上班，at sea 在海上，at + 名詞
針對練習：
1) When he writes , he always keeps a dictionary （在手邊）.
2) My family and I were ____ (吃飯) when somebody knocked at the door .
3) Don’t be nervous . Make yourself ____ (無拘無束) .
4) ____ (目前) I‘m very busy . Let’s discuss it sometime next week .
5) His manners are rough , but he is a kind man (在內心里) .
6) It‘s ten o’clock (晚上) .
7) He is （求學）in Paris , so I‘m afraid you can’t see him .
8) They had first met (在航海中) .
9) Wilma can play music (一見) .
10) (有時) I made mistakes when speaking English .
11) These nations were (在交戰) but now they are (和好) .
12) You may come and go (隨意地) .
13) Are your parents (在上班) ?
14) The baby weighed 8 pounds (在出生時) .
注意留心下列習語中的冠詞有無，其意義不變：
at (the) worst 在最壞的情況下，at (the) least 至少，at (the) latest 最遲 ，at (the)most 最多
答案：1) at hand 2) at table 3) at home 4) At present 5) at heart 6) at night 7) at school 8) at sea 9) at sight 10) At times 11) at war , at peace 12) at will 13) at work 14) at birth
15. When he was in college , his college was at war . 當他上大學時，他的國家正處于戰爭狀態。
16. fall to pieces 倒塌，解體，垮臺，摔碎，身體垮下來
That ancient building was falling to pieces . 那座古建筑物正在倒塌。
After the death of Napoleon , his empire began to fall to pieces . 那破侖死后，他的帝國就開始瓦解了。
These glasses have fallen to pieces . 這些玻璃杯已經摔碎。
Your father will fall to pieces if he doesn‘t stop working so hard . 如果你父親再這樣拼命干下去，他的身體回垮的。（這里 fall to pieces = break down）
No wonder the car is falling to pieces . Have you seen how he drives it ? 難怪這輛車垮了。你看到他是怎樣駕駛的 ？
The rainy season lasts for six months and water gets in among the stones . 雨季長達六個月，雨水滲入石縫中。
測試要點：注意對比由動詞 fall 構成的短語：fall asleep 睡著。fall behind 落后。fall down 倒塌。fall flat on one’s face 直挺挺地面朝下跌倒。fall in 掉入。fall in love with sb 愛上某人。fall / get into the / a habit of 養成……的習慣。fall off 從……跌落。 fall on one‘s knees = go down on one’s knees 跪下。fall / get sick = fall / get ill 生病。
17. piles of = masses of = supplies of = quantities of = lots of 很多，大量，一堆一堆的。
The study was full of piles of old books . 那個書房里堆滿了一堆堆的舊書。
Piles of rubbish can be seen in that works . 在那個工廠可以看到一堆又一堆的垃圾。
18. get in 進入，收割，滲入，抵達，插入，請來
Can we get in the house by the back door ? 我們可以經過后門進入房子嗎？
What time does the train get in ? 火車什么時間進站 ？
The peasants are busy in getting in the crops . 農民們正忙于收割莊稼。
We must get somebody in to repair the television . 我們必須請人來修理電視機。
Little Jim is always getting in a word when others are talking . 小吉姆總是在別人談話時插嘴。
測試要點：注意理解由 get 構成的短語間意義上的區別。get get a word in = get in a word 插嘴。get about/ around / round 各處走動。get abroad 消息、謠言等的傳開。get along 過活，過日，進展。get away 逃脫。get back 回來，取回，恢復。get cold = catch a cold 感冒。get down 從……下來，寫下。get down to 開始認真干…… 。 get home 到家。get in / into touch with 與……取得聯系。get into 進入。get into a habit of 養成干……的習慣。get into trouble 引起麻煩。get off 從……下來。get on 上車、上馬、上飛機等。get ready 準備好。get rid of 擺脫。get through 結束，完成。get together 聚會。get up 起床。
19. go down to 下到，延續到，減少到
The native women go down to the river to wash clothes . 當地婦女到河里去洗衣服。
During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40 kilos . 她生病時體重由 50 公斤減少到 40 公斤。
注意 go down into 在本課是“根深深扎入”的意思。如：The roots go down into the holes between the stones .
20. devote + time / energy / oneself + to + -ing 把時間（精力）用于…… 。
He devoted 10 years to doing the research . = He spent 10 years doing the research .
Captain Cook devoted several years to charting the coasts of east America .
Lei Feng devoted all his life to serving the people .
21. lay down 安放，鋪設，放下武器等。
She laid the sleeping child down on her bed .
They refused to lay down their arms . 他們拒絕放下武器。
Many new railways have been laid down in the past few years . 過去的幾年里鋪設了許多鐵路。
22. Lay these boards along , not across . 把這些木板直著放，不要橫著放。
23. in a corner 在角落里
Piles of stones lie in a corner of the courtyard .
We found her crying in the corner of the classroom .
注意：in the corner 是側重在 180 度以下的角。在講到 180 度以上的角時介詞可用 at / on / round / around + the corner 。
There is a bookstore on / at the corner . 在街道拐角處有個書店。
He is standing at a street corner .
24. watch over 看守，照看，監視，守衛
The work of cleaning the stones is watched over by three Indian chemists . 石頭的清洗工作是由三名印度化學家監督的。
The mother bird is watching over her young . 雌鳥守護著她的幼雛。
The prisoners were watched over by policemen .
25. fill in 填滿，填寫
In order get a passport , you must fill in the official form . 要申請護照，你得先填寫正式表格。
26. at midday = at noon 在中午
27. protect against / from 保護不受……的侵襲或者傷害
We wear dark glasses to protect our eyes against the sun .
You must protect those boys against danger .
An umbrella will protect you against the rain .
28. in battle 在戰爭中，在戰斗中
Millions of people were killed in battle .
29. in search of 尋找
注意區別：in one‘s search for
30. carry on 繼續下去，繼續進行
Please carry on as usual while I am away . 我不在時，請照常干。
Conversation was carried on in English .
Now let’s carry on with the work .
31. after sunset 日落后。
32. take on 呈現出新的面貌
After the thorough cleaning , our school took on a new look . 大掃除之后，我校呈現出了新的面貌。
Since 1978 , China has taken on a new look .
Under the vivid pen of the writer , these dry facts of history have taken on flesh and blood . 在這位作家生花妙筆之下，這些枯燥乏味的歷史事實被寫得有血有肉的。
The new leaders are making every effort to improve business management , and the factory is beginning to take on a new look . 新領導努力改善經營管理，工廠開始呈現新的面貌。
After the students put up a Christmas tree in the centre , the classroom took on a holiday appearance . 同學們在教室中央放了一株圣誕樹，教室里呈現出一派節日景象。
33. fall into ruins 坍塌成廢墟
Many of the stone figures had been stolen and others were falling into pieces . 許多石像被盜竊，另外一些石像崩裂倒塌。
34. be astonished by 被……弄得大為吃驚
be astonished to do 干……很吃驚
be astonished that 對……大為吃驚
35. cover an area of = take up an area of = occupy an area of = have an area of 占地面積……
This school covers an area of 500 square miles .
China has an area of about 9,600,000 square kilometres .
36. over a period of + 時間“歷經……時間”
37. up until / to 直到，到……為止
The French , after discovering the ruined temple , did a lot of repair work up until 1970. 在發現這座滿目瘡痍的寺廟后，法國人做了大量的修復工作，直到1970年為止。
They had been built over a period of six centuries up till 1431 . 它們是1431年以前經過六個世紀才建成的。
38. do a lot of repair work 做大量的維修
39. in a poor state 處于破爛不堪的狀態。
注意該詞組的不同搭配：in a solid state 以固體狀態。in a bad state of health 身體狀態不佳。in a good state 狀態良好。
40. have experience in 在……有經驗
He has a lot of experience in repairing TV sets . 他有大量的修理電視機的經驗。
She has much experience in teaching English .
注意：experience 作經驗是不可數名詞，作經歷是可數名詞。
We had several terrible experiences on our trip . 我們在旅途中遇到了幾件可怕的事。
41. hand tools out to workers 把工具分發給工人
42. carry out repairs to + 名詞 “對……實施維修”
43. once in a while 偶爾，有時
I don‘t drink wine as a rule , but I don’t mind a glass once in a while . 我一般是不飲酒的，但是我也不反對偶爾喝一杯。
44. have a shower 洗淋浴
45. depend on / upon sb to do 依靠某人干……
46. have a midday break 中午休息一下
47. give a tip to sb = give sb a tip 給某人小費
You had better give tips to waiters .
48. go/ make / take + on a tour of + 地點 “對……進行參觀；到……旅游”
We are going to make a tour of New Zealand next summer .
49. spread across 傳遍
The disease spread quickly across the village .
50. obey the rules for sb 服從對……的規定
D. 單元語法學習目標
復習動詞的時態：一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時、一般過去時。
● 一般現在時（The Present Indefinite Tense）的測試 5 要點：
1、表示不受時間限制的客觀存在、科學真理、格言等。
Water boils at 100 ℃ .
Twice two is four .
The earth goes around the sun .
Pride goes before a fall . 驕者必敗。
One today is worth two tomorrows . 一個今天勝過兩個明天。
Practice makes perfect . 熟能生巧。
Japan lies to the east of China .
Shanghai stands on the Huangpu River .
England and France are separated by the English Channel .
2、一般現在時表示經常地或者習慣的動作，常與頻度狀語 usually , often , sometimes , every morning , always , regularly 以及 at present , these days , nowadays , at the moment 等時間狀語連用。
Mum doesn‘t drive as well as Dad . She stops too suddenly and turns quickly .
Peter used to work in Geneva , but at present he works in London .
The Hunts usually live in Scotland , but at the moment they live in the south .
Being middle school students , you do homework every day .
3、在口語中，一般現在時往往可和一個表示未來時間的狀語連用，表達一個按規定、計劃、安排要發生的動作。這種動詞是：go , come , fall , arrive , start , begin , meet , stay , take , place , happen 等。
When do you start , Mr Green ?
This train leaves at 10:00 .
Miss Black comes next week .
- When do they leave for the countryside ?
- They start next Saturday .
A：Is there any meeting today ?
B：Yes . It begins at 2:30 in the afternoon .
4、在時間和條件狀語從句中可用一般現在時代替一般將來時。
Please let me know when he comes back .
I will go to see him if it is fine tomorrow .
If he doesn’t like it , nor / neither will I.
5、在某些以 here , there 開頭的句子中用一般現在時表示正發生的動作。
Here comes the bus ! 汽車來了！
There goes the bell ! 鈴響了！
● 現在進行時（The Present Continuous Tense）的 7 個測試要點
1、現在進行時表示說話時正發生的或者正進行的動作。常與時間狀語 now , at the moment 等連用。
It is raining hard now . Don‘t hurry .
I am writing a letter . Will you please turn down the radio ?
Watch out (當心) ! It’s falling .
Look ! The clouds are gathering .
Look at this picture of a busy railway station . A train is standing at one of the platforms ready to leave . Some of thepassengers are looking out of the windows watching the late-comers who are hurrying along looking for empty seats .
We are busy at the moment . I‘m selling cigarettes . My father is selling some sweets .
2、表示現階段正在進行而此刻不一定在進行的動作。可和時間狀語 now , these days 等連用。
She is studying law while her brother is studying medicine .
Is my daughter working hard in the factory , Manager Wang ?
How are you getting along / on with your studies ?
I usually get up at eight , but I’m getting up at six every day this week .
3、表示按計劃、安排將要發生的動作。
We are going to Rome next week .
Mr Black is leaving for Shanghai in a few days .
Are you doing anything special tonight ?
4、用在時間和條件狀語從句中表達將來正進行的動作。
I‘ll telephone you this afternoon while I’m waiting .
I‘ll think about it while you are writing the report .
When you are talking with him , take care not to mention this .
If you are standing at the corner when I pass , I’ll give you a lift into town .
5、現在進行時和動詞 hope , wonder 連用表示婉轉的口氣。
I am hoping you‘ll give me some advice .
I’m wondering if I may have a word with you .
We are wondering if you have any suggestion .
6、現在進行時與 always , continually , constantly 等副詞連用表示反復或者習慣性的動作，含有說話人的某種感情色彩，如贊揚、遺憾、討厭、不滿等。
He is always asking such easy questions .
He is constantly leaving his books about .
7、少數動詞，如jump , hit , kick , knock , drop 等瞬間動詞用進行時比動作的重復或者即將發生。
He is knocking at the door .
The girls are jumping .
● 一般現在時和現在進行時的 6 個區別點
區別點一：一般現在時表示經常性的動作，而現在進行時表達現在或者現階段正發生的動作。
He studies hard .
He is studying hard this term .
My watch works perfectly . (經常性)
My watch is working perfectly . (短暫性)
He lives in Beijing .
He is living in Beijing .
區別點二：用現在進行時往往帶有感情色彩，而用一般現在時只是說明事實。
John does fine work at school . （說明事實）
John is doing fine at school . （表揚）
Now I live in a very pleasant flat . （事實）
Now I am living in a very pleasant flat . （滿意）
現在進行時表達感情色彩時常和always , forever , constantly 等連用。
He is always thinking of how he could do more for the poor .
She is always changing her clothes .
區別點三：一般現在時表示現在發生的動作，現在進行時表示眼前看得見的動作。
Boats pass under the bridge .
The boat is passing under the bridge .
區別點四：一般現在時用來表示永久的情況或者完成的動作，現在進行時表示的暫時或臨時性動作。
My parents lives in Canada .
I‘m staying with one of my classmates .
區別點五：表示知覺、感覺、看法、感情、愿望的動詞常不用現在進行時而用一般現在時。如：see , hear , smell , notice , taste , know , think , like , want , wish , have , fit , belong to 。
The necklace belongs to Jenny .
I hear you want to do business abroad .
區別點六：表示問候性的親切感多用現在進行時。
How are you feeling today , Xiao Ming ? I hope you will be well soon .
How are they getting along with their work ?
● 現在完成時（The Present Perfect Tense）的 6 個測試要點
1、不帶時間狀語的現在完成時表示說話之前動作已經完成，而后果和影響至今存在。
He has gone to Europe . You can’t see him .
Has he had his supper ?
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
He has been to Beijing .他去過北京。
2、帶狀語的現在完成時表示動作開始于過去并持續到現在，也許還要持續下去的動作或者狀態。
She has been ill for two weeks .
I haven‘t seenhim for many months .
She has learnt a lot since she cameto No. 16 Middle School .
3、在用 already , yet , before , just , ever , lately , recently 這類副詞或者頻度副詞 often , sometimes , rarely , never , once , twice , three times 做狀語時常用現在完成時。
Have you ever listened to foreign music ?
This is the second game . They’ve already won a game .
He as well as I has seen the film before .
We went to have a haircut once a month .
4、特別注意由 since , for 引起的時間狀語與現在完成時的連用。since 后必須是確定的時間點，而不能是一段時間。
I‘ve known him since we were children .
They haven’t visited us since 1998.
由 for 引起的時間狀語中，介詞 for 常被省去。
I‘ve studied English (for)a long time .
For months he hasn’t gone to the movies .
5、含下列狀語的句子常與現在完成時連用：ever since , in the past two weeks , in the last few years , until now , till now , up to now , up to the present , so far , for the last few months , over the last few weeks . during the last few centuries 。
Up to now , everything has been successful .
In the last 50 years China has made great advances in socialist revolution and socialist construction .
6、注意現在完成時不能與非延續性動詞連用。如：marry , die , leave , start , join , end 等。但可以借助這些動詞的形容詞或狀態詞與現在完成時連用。
He has been married to Joan for a year . = He married Joan a year ago .
She has been a Party member for two weeks . = She joined the Party two weeks ago .= It is two weeks since she became a Party member .
● 一般過去時（The Past Indefinite Tense）的 4 個測試要點
1、一般過去時表示過去某一時刻或者某一段時間發生的動作或者狀態。
Last night we went to enjoy a good performance .
I usually sleep indoors , but I slept outdoors last summer .
- How long have you been here ?
- Only about five minutes . Jane and Simon walked here with me .
I can‘t find the dictionary . Someone put it on the top of the bookshelf .
2、表示過去的習慣動作。通常同時間或者頻度狀語連用。
He smoked a lot five years ago .
We went to school together when we were boys and so we saw each other every day .
The doctor came once a week and examined all who were ill .
3、used to do 和 would 常表達過去常干……。used to 含有強烈的今昔對比，可以和狀態動詞連用。而would 不能與狀態詞連用，句中常用時間狀語的暗示。
Tom used to eat out every day , but now he can’t afford it .
When he was old , he would rise early and take a walk before breakfast .
We used to be good friends . (不能用 would)
There used to stand a tower at the foot of the hill . (不用 would)
4、在句型 “It is time that …；It is about time that … ；It is high time that … ”后的從句中用一般過去時。在 would rather , would sooner , had rather , had sooner 后的從句中用一般過去時。
It is high time that we went to school .
I had rather you came next week .
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
Unit 7 句型與難點釋疑
Lesson 25
1. I don‘t think these will be enough . 我認為這些還不夠。
〖釋疑〗注意陳述句以第一人稱主語 I / we + don’t think (expect , believe , guess , imagine , suppose) + that 從句時，反意疑問句與從句相一致 ， 用肯定式，因否定已前移。否則，主句是由其他人稱作主語時，仍與主句相一致。例如：
I don‘t think these will be enough , won’t they ?
We don‘t believe that she has her breakfast , does she ?
對比：we don’t believe that she has had her breakfast , has she ?
He doesn‘t suppose you are a great success , does he ?
2. What can we do to make it look less ugly ? 我們能想個什么辦法使它不那么難看呢 ？
〖釋疑〗注意使用 make sb do , make oneself done , be made to do , make sth to do
They made us work all day and all night against the flood water . = We were made to work all … .
She raised her voice to make herself heard by all of the them .
He made a box to put his shoes in .
3. As long as that ? 要那么長的時間嗎 ？= Will it take as long as that ?
〖釋疑〗as long as 長達……之久。
It took as long as eight years to repair the old temple .
It took them as long as three years to find out the cause of the plane crash .
It took this tennis player as long as four hours to win the championship .
另外注意 as long as = so long as = if “只要”引起條件狀語從句，句中用現在時代替將來時。
You can smoke as long as you are not afraid of breaking the rules .
Lesson 26
1. Piles of stones lie in a corner of the courtyard , waiting to be replaced . 院子的角落里放著一堆一堆的石頭，準備作更換之用。
〖釋疑〗句中的 waiting to be replaced 是現在分詞短語作伴隨狀語。這時可以變為并列謂語動詞的句子或者非限制性定語從句。如上面的分詞短語可換為：
Piles of stones are in a corner of the courtyard , and are waiting to be replaced .
Piles of stones are in a corner of the courtyard , which were waiting to be replaced .
Many people stood along the river bank watching the boat race . = Many people stood along the river bank and watched the boat race .
2. As the sun sinks lower , shadows spread across the courtyard . 隨著夕陽西下，院內的陰影擴展開來。
〖釋疑〗as 作連詞引導的時間狀語從句含有“當……的時候；一邊……一邊”。 when常含有“突然……”。while 常含有“對比”。
As one grows older , one becomes more experienced .
We were walking along the street when we heard “Help ! Help !”.
He was doing some reading while I was doing some washing .
3. To make things worse , many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay , leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work . 更糟糕的是，很多男子去城里謀求較高工資的工作，因此，只有讓附近村莊里的婦女來從事這一修復工作。
〖釋疑〗to make things worse “使情況更糟糕的是”。
leaving women … 是現在分詞短語作結果狀語。
注意 leave 的復合結構有：
1）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + to do 讓某人去干……。
Oh , you can leave me to deal with the matter .
2）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞作賓補
His illness has left him very weak .
3）leave + 名詞/代詞 + 過去分詞作賓補
How careless you are to leave your room unlocked .
4）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 現在分詞做賓補
His words left us talking all the day .
5）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語作賓補
This left her without a ray of hope .
6）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 從句
Leave it where it is .
Leave everything as it is .
Leave the animals as they are .
4. Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet , beautiful place . 世界上再沒有這樣優美、恬靜的的放了。
〖釋疑〗此句是倒裝句。正常語序是：There is nowhere else in the world as quiet and beautiful as this place . 如果 nowhere 不放在句首，句子就不倒裝。
當含有否定意義的副詞或者連詞放在句首時句子用倒裝。這類詞有：hardly , never , not , neither , not only … but also , little , nowhere , not a single , scarcely , barely , at no time , not once , in no time 立即,in no way 決不，by no means 決不， 等。
Never in my life have I seen such a stone .
Not a single mistake did he make this time .
Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here .
By no means should we do like that .
Not only was everything he had taken away from him , but also his German citizen .
Nowhere is there a place for him to settle down .
Nowhere can you enjoy such beautiful music .
Ltttle did he know what trouble he was going to have .
Not until quite recently did I hear from her .
Very little did they sleep last night .
對比：Her watch is nowhere to be found . = Nowhere is her watch to be found .
注意對比由 not only … but also 連接兩個并列成分作主語時，句子不倒裝。
Not only girls but also boys wear such red skirts as that .
Lesson 27
1. Thousands of stone blocks were moved and new roof sections were replaced where necessary . 移動了成千上萬的石塊，必要的地方還換上了新的屋頂。
〖釋疑〗where necessary = where it is necessary to replace them .
本句是省略句。常見的省略有：
一、主語中的省略
1. 主句中的省略多見于句首，且多用于非正式文體。如：
(It is) Too bad you can’t go camping with us next week .
(Is there) Anything more you want to say ?
2. 回答時，主句有時全省去。如：
- When shall we start ? - (You may start) Whenever you like .
- Why is he angry with her ? - (He‘s angry with her) Because she lost his keys to the office .
二、從句中的省略。
1. 賓語從句。
以 which , when , where , how , why 等引出的賓語從句中謂語與主句相同時，可省略謂語乃至主語而只保留引導詞。如：
Please hand me any one of these books ; I don’t care which (you hand me) .
He‘ll return to his hometown , but we don’t know when (he‘ll return ) .
She can’t attend this meeting , but we wonder why (she can‘t attend) .
2. 在 I’m afraid , I believe , I hope , I imagine , I should say , I suppose , I think 等之后的“not”與 “so”分別等于否定與肯定的賓語從句。如：
Will it snow tonight ? - I hope not . (= I hope that it won‘t snow tonight . )
Is he disappointed ? - I’m afraid so . (= I am afraid that he is disappointed . )
3. 定語從句可以省略作賓語的關系代詞；在非正式文體往往省略關系副詞 when 和where ; 關系代詞 as 引導的定語從句中，主謂結構也往往被省略。如：
I‘ll never forget the days (which) we spent together in the village .
I’ll never forget the day (when) we first met .
He gave the same reason as (he had given) before .
4 . 狀語從句。
(1) 在時間、讓步、方式、條件狀語從句中，如果從句主語是 it 或與主句主語一致時，則從句中的主語和 be 動詞通常省略。如：
My sister started to learn dance when (she was) a child .
Although (he was) the youngest in his class , he won the first prize .
His suggestion , whether (it is) right or wrong , would be considered .
I‘ll attend this lecture , if (it is) possible .
(2) 由 than , as 引導的比較狀語從句中，在不影響句子要表達的完整意義的條件下，從句中的成分可省略。如：I know you better than (I know) him .
【妙文賞析】
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從 1- 20 各題所給的四個選項中選出最佳答案。
James sat outside the office waiting for the interview . He felt so (1) that he didn’t know what to do with (2) . The person who had gone in (3) him had been in there for nearly an hour . And she looked so confident(自信的) when she went in . (4) James . He felt (5) that she had already got the (6) . The problem was that he wanted this job (7) . It meant (8) to him . He had (9) it such a lot before the day of the interview . He had imagined himself (10) briliantly at the interview and (11) the job immediately . But now here he was feeling (12) . He couldn‘t (13) all those things he had (14) to say . At that moment , he almost decided to get up and (15) . But no - he had to do this . He had spent so much time considering it that he couldn’t (16) like that . His hands were hot and sticky and his mouth felt dry . At last the door of the office opened . The woman who had gone in an hour earlier came out looking very (17) with herself . She smiled sympathetically(同情地) at James . At that moment James (18) her . The managing director then appeared at the office door . ‘Would you like to come in now , Mr Davis ? I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting . ’James suddenly (19) that he had gone home after all . He got up ,legs (20) and forehead sweating and wondered whether he looked as terrified as he felt .
1 . A . healthy B . nervous C . careless D . confident
2 . A . the managing director B . the woman C . himself D . the situation
3 . A . by B . with C . before D . after
4 . A . Not like B . So did C . Do as D . Do like
5 . A . doubtful B . sure C . angry D . astonishing
6 . A . reward B . first C . prize D . job
7 . A . hopelessly B . naturally C . easily D . so much
8 . A . everything B . happiness C . difficulty D . nothing
9 . A . dreamed of B . learned of C . thought about D . talked about
10 . A . explaining B . performing C . answering D . writing
11 . A . offered B . asked for C . being offered D . being asked for
12 . A . crazy B . excited C . probable D . terrible
13 . A . depend on B . afford C . believe in D . remember
14 . A . kept B . been taught C . planned D . been supplied
15 . A . leave B . go in C . prepare D . practise
16 . A . take back B . put off C . give up D . put down
17 . A . ugly B . pleased C . sad D . pretty
18 . A . noticed B . loved C . missed D . hated
19 . A . thought B . hoped C . wished D . regretted
20 . A . shaking B . bending C . walking D . stopping
〖賞析〗從上下文透射出文章中的兩個形成鮮明對比的人物，一個是洋洋得意的女求職者，她傲慢的形象令人作嘔。另一個是令人同情的 Mr Davis ，他很需要這份工作，但自己信心不足，位能表現出比勝的信心。1、選B。從下文那位女子在里面已有近一個小時可想 Mr David 在門外焦急等待的心情。2、選C。越是焦急，越是控制不住自己的形象。do with himself 在這里可理解為 “控制自己”。3、選C。從下文等待知已有人在他前面應試。4、選A。從該女子lookes so confident “顯得如此自信”可以說她不像Mr Davis 那樣。5、選B。feel sure that “感到一定能”為固定詞組。6、選D。來這里是為了謀到一份工作。7、選D。從下文He had thought about it such a lot before the day of the interview 可以推出他十分需要這分工作。8、選A。既然對這次應聘左思右想，自然意義重大。9、選C。從下文的該說什么，該怎么表現出非凡的形象可推知應提前反復考慮。10、選B。要想應聘成功，必須給人以稱職的印象，這就需要應試這表現出非凡的言談舉止和素養。故用perform有表現之意。11、選C。應試成功就被別人給一份工作，imagine 要求后跟動名詞，故應被給一份工作，這里用了動名詞的被動式。12、選D。從那位女子的情況導致他失去應試的決定。這自然是讓人不寒而栗的。13、選D。在關鍵時候人一緊張會產生手忙腳亂，丟三忘四的情況。14、選C。原計劃的所作所為成為泡影，plan to 計劃干……。15、選A。從get up 可看出他準備放棄應試，一走了之。16、選C。可又一想，自己為此不知花了多少時間，這樣輕而易舉的放棄不是太可惜嗎？成功與否，不試哪能知曉？17、選B。那女子自以為勝券在握，但下文讓Mr Davis 進去說明鹿死誰手，難以定論。18、選D。看著那樣一個女子是自己的對手，他當然是懷恨在心。19、選C。他的心情真是十分混亂，狠不得自己早已溜走。20、選A。緊張時人口干、腿軟、額頭冒汗，這是常識。
【思維體操】
人體名詞的別致魅力
在英語里，表示人體各部分的名詞，如眼、耳、口、鼻、心、手、腳等常用在習慣用語中，生動形象，栩栩如生，具有強烈的修辭效果。請同學們仔細閱讀下文，體會人體名詞的具體意義。
一、人體名詞賦有抽象意義，具有轉喻性。
It was surprising that there were so many hungry mouths .
令人不可思議的是，竟有如此多的難民。
Premier Zhu completed the first leg of a five－nation tour .
朱總理完成了訪問五國旅途中的第一段行程。
Her niece has a sharp tongue . 她侄女說話尖刻。
Will you keep an eye on my suitcase ?
請照看一下我的手提箱好嗎 ?
She has an ear for music. 她有欣賞音樂的能力。
Journalists usually have a nose for news .
記者常善于打聽消息。
He has a head for figures . 他善于計算。
They live in the heart of the city . 他們住在市中心。
Little Tom has a tooth for candy. 小湯姆愛吃糖。
He is four feet six inches . 他身高四尺六寸。
二、人體名詞具有擬人的修辭效果。
The wheat is heading up nicely . 小麥長勢良好。
His name heads the list . 他是名單上的第一名。
The docks fingers out into the water. 碼頭伸向水面。
She always eyes him narrowly . 她總是端詳著他的一舉一動。
A soldier handed her out of a car . 一位戰士扶她下了車。
Arm our minds with DengXiaoping’s Theory .
用鄧小平的理論武裝我們的頭腦。
三、在一些諺語或警句中，人體名詞具有對應修辭格的特點。
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush .
雙鳥在林不如一鳥在手。(多得不如現得。)
Two heads are better than one. 兩人智慧勝一人。
Many hands make light work. 人多事易做。
Out of sight，out of mind. 離久則情疏。（眼不見心不煩。）
四、人體名詞代替人，有提喻作用。如：
We‘re short of hands at present. 目前我們缺乏勞動力。
The plane was lost with 100 souls. 那架飛機失事，有100人喪生。
Grey hairs are respected in China. 在中國，老年人受到尊敬。
Do pay attention to those hungry mouths.
務必關注那些饑餓的人們。
Dear heart，look at your face! 寶貝，看看你自己的臉吧!
五、人體名詞表委婉修辭
The old man closed his eyes. 那位老人已去逝了。
She is off her head for ages. 她已精神失常好久了。
The man in black is a light－fingered gentleman.
穿黑衣服的是個小偷。
She is still with one foot in the grave. 她已危在旦夕。
The news made us open our eyes. 那消息使我們瞠目吃驚。
He is on his last legs. 他已奄奄一息。
六、人體部位詞可以作句子的狀語
In those days they fought shoulder to shoulder bravely.
那時他們英勇無畏地并肩戰斗。
Strangely，they were standing face to face.
奇怪的是，他們當時面對面站著。
Both of them lay there back to back. 他們倆背對背而臥。
七、人體部位詞后加－ed可構成復合形容詞，形象而逼真。
a warm－hearted man 熱心腸的人
a fair－haired girl 一個長著金色頭發的姑娘
a round－faced boy 一個圓臉男孩
a blue－eyed woman 一個藍眼睛的婦女
a three－legged table 一張三條腿的飯桌
a one－eyed general 一個獨眼將軍
三、智能顯示
【心中有數】
一、高中英語第三冊 Units 1-6 詞語辨析
Unit 1
1 . believe / believe in
believe 意為“相信，認為”，其后跟名詞，也可跟從句或帶不定式的復合賓語 ( 動詞多為 be，它還可以用在否定的“簡略答語”中，not 位于動詞之后 ) 。例如：
I just could not believe my eyes . 我簡直不能相信我的眼睛。
I believe that he was dead . 我認為他那時已經死了。
He believed the earth to be a globe . 他相信大地是一個球體。
- Will they be ready tomorrow ? 他們明天能準備好嗎 ?
- I believe not . 我看不行。
believe in 意為“信奉，信仰”，后面常接表示真理或宗教一類的名詞，也作“信任，信賴”解。例如：
My grandpa believes in Buddhism . 我爺爺信奉佛教。
We don’t believe in ghosts . 我們不信鬼神。
We must work , and above all we must believe in ourselves . 我們必須注意：believe in sb 與 believe sb 有不同的含義。試比較：
I believe him . ( = I believe what he says . )我相信他的話。
I believe in him . ( = I think he is a good comrade . )我信任他。
2 . disappointed / disappointing
兩者都是形容詞，與系動詞 be 連用能構成復合謂語，be disappointed 意為“對……感到失望”，當賓語為“某人”時，其后跟介詞 with；當賓語為“某事物”時，其后跟介詞 with , at 或 about；當賓語為動詞-ing 形式或 what 從句時，其后多用介詞 about 或 at。例如：
I‘m disappointed with you . 我對你感到失望。
Are you very disappointed about / at losing the race ? 你比賽輸了感到失望嗎 ?
注意：disappointed 是表示感情的詞，因此，主語多為表示人的名詞。而 disappointing 意為“……令人感到失望”，主語多為表示某物或某種情況的詞。例如：
The talk is disappointing . 這個報告令人失望。
It is very disappointing to heart that you are going to leave us soon . 聽說你快要離開我們了，我們很失望。
disappointed 和 disappointing 也可以用作定語。如：a disappointed person 失望的人；disappointing news 令人失望的消息
3 . deep / deeply
兩者都可以用作副詞，這兩個詞不僅音形相似，而且都意為“深深地”。deep 多用于描寫狀態，常與介詞 into 搭配。例如：
Radium , because of its powerful radioactive rays , can go deep into the human body . 鐳具有很強的射線，能深入到人的肌體。
Father often works keep into the night . 父親常常工作到深夜。
在某些短語中，常用副詞 deep。如：drink deep 痛飲；be buried deep 深埋deeply 常和表示感情的動詞、形容詞或過去分詞連用，相當于 very much。例如：
Marie was deeply shocked by Pierre’s death . 皮埃爾的逝世使瑪麗極為震驚。
Since then the boy has been deeply interested in physics . 從那時起，這孩子對物理學發生了極濃厚的興趣。
修飾表示具體的動作或狀態的動詞時，常用 deep，有時也可用 deeply。例如：
I know she would sleep deeply(或 deep)for about twelve hours . 我知道她會沉睡十個小時。
deep 還可以用作形容詞和名詞，deeply 則不能。例如：
This well is 30 metres deep . 這口井有30公尺深。
the deep of winter 隆冬
4 . cure / treat
cure 意為“治療”，“治愈”，強調治好疾病的結果，使病人恢復健康，有時可指突然的、戲劇性的痊愈，它后面可以跟指疾病或指人的賓語，也可以在指人的賓語后面用 of 再加指疾病的賓語。例如：
Radium is still used today for curing cancer . 今天鐳仍被用來治癌。
The doctor cured him of his stomach . 醫生治好了他的胃痛病。
cure 還可解作“矯正”、“糾正”，借喻指消除社會某種不良現象或個人惡習等。例如：
The parents tried to cure the child of his bad habits . 父母親盡力糾正這個孩子的不良習慣。
treat 意為“醫治”，“治療”，強調治療的動作或醫治的過程，不涉及治療的結果。例如：
The doctors are trying their best to treat her with a new drug . 醫生們試圖用一種新藥為她治病。
Which doctor is treating you for this trouble ? 哪位醫生在給你治病 ? treat 還可解作“對待；看待”。例如：
The villagers treat the old people kindly . 村民們待老人很好。
Unit 2
1 . in charge of / in the charge of
兩者在句中常用作表語和定語，in charge of 是“某人負責或管理什么”，含主動意思。例如：
Cook was to be in charge of this expedition as captain of the ship Endeavour . 庫克將作為“奮進”號輪船的船長負責這次遠航。
Who‘s in charge of the booking office ? 售票處是哪一位負責 ?
in the charge of 是指“某人或某物由別人管理或照顧”，含被動意思。例如：
The hospital is in the charge of Dr Green . 這醫院由格林醫生負責。
I have placed the papers in the charge of my bank manager . 我把文件交給我的銀行經理保管。
2 . remember to do / remember doing
remember to do 表示“記住要去做(某事)”，to do 發生在 remember 之后。例如：
Please remember to lock the door . 請別忘了鎖門。
You must remember to write to us when you get there . 你到達那里時，記住給我們寫信。
remember doing 表示“記得曾做了(某事)”，doing 發生在 remember 之前。例如：
I remember seeing you somewhere in Beijing . 我記得在北京什么地方見到過你。
He remembered putting the key in the box under his bed . 他記得把鑰匙放在床底下的箱子里了。
動詞-ing 的一般式 doing 也可換用完成式 having done。例如：
I remember having asked her to write to us . 我記得曾經要她給我們寫信。
注意：remember doing = remember to have done。如：I remember meeting him a year ago . ( = I remember to have met him a year ago . )我記得一年前見過他。
Unit 3
1 . elder / older
elder 和 older 均為形容詞 old 的比較級形式，但用法不同。elder 只用于人，多指兄弟姐妹之間年齡長幼中的“長”，只用作定語，不用作表語，不能同 than 連用。例如：
He is my elder by several years . 他大我幾歲。
Their know ledge , customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race . 他們的知識、風俗習慣以及他們所懷念的事情都是由他們種族的長輩傳下來的。
older 可用于人或物，用于人時，指實際年齡大小中的“大”，用于物時，意為“較舊的”，既可作定語和表語，也可同 than 連用。例如：
He is older than I . 他的年齡比我大。
Our classroom building is older than yours . 我們的教學大樓比你們的舊。
2 . argue / quarrel
argue 意為“爭論，爭吵，辯論”，著重就自己的看法或立場提出論證，和大家辨論，其后可接名詞性從句。例如：
Mary and Mike argued in a law court . 瑪麗與邁克在法庭上辯論。
He argued that the oral English class could be conducted in another way . 他論證英語口語課可以采用另一種方法進行。
We heard them arguing in the other room . They were getting very angry . 我們聽見他們在另一個房間爭論，他們都很生氣。
quarrel 意為“爭吵，吵架”，它表示一種因不同意或不喜歡而產生的強烈爭吵，既可指言辭上的不和，也可指激烈的爭吵。例如：
They had even quarrelled several times . 他們甚至吵過好幾次了。
It’s no use quarrelling about it with me . 為這事和我吵沒有用。
Unit 4
1 . order / book
order 意為“訂貨”，“定購”，常用作及物動詞，還可以解作“點菜(飯、酒、飲料等)”，既可用作及物動詞，也可用作不及物動詞。例如：
I ordered some new clothes a month ago . 一個月前我定做了幾件新衣服。
What drink shall we order ? 咱們點什么酒呢 ?
Have you ordered yet ? 你點過菜了嗎 ?
book 意為“預定(戲票、車票等)”(ask and pay for a seat for the theatre , a journey etc . )。例如：
You are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you . 你們去旅館，房間已經給你們訂好了。
The tickets are all booked . 票全部預定光了。
2 . in a / one word , in words , in word / with words , with the / these / words in a / one word 意為“總之”(=in short)。例如：
In a word , hunger is a big problem in the world today . 總之，饑餓是當世界的一大問題。
In one word , I don‘t trust him . 一句話，我不信任他。
in words 意為“用語言(來表達)”。例如：
You don’t know how wonderful it is . It can‘t be described in words .
你不知道那有多么美妙，簡直無法用語言來描述。
in word 和 with words 都解作“在口頭上”。例如：
We should not work for the people in word . 我們不應該僅在口頭上為人民而工作。
He has acknowledged his faults with words . 他已在口頭上承認錯誤了。
with the / these words 意為“這樣說著”，“說完這話就……”( after saying these words)。例如：
With the words , he left the room . 說完這些話，他離開了房間。
3 . result in / result from
result in 意為“導致”，一般說來，主語表示原因，介詞 in 的賓語表示結果。例如：
They would not vote to lose their land wealth , even if it resulted in a fairer society . 他們是不會投票贊成讓出土地和財產的，即使這樣做的結果能導致一個較為公平的社會。
His careless driving resulted in the accident . 他粗心的駕駛導致了那起事故。
result from 意為“由于……而引起”，與 result in 相對，一般說來主語是結果，介詞 from 后面的賓語為原因。試比較：
Success results from hard work . 成功來自努力。
Hard work results in success . 努力終歸會成功。
Unit 5
1 . gift / present
兩者都可以表示“禮物”的意思，有時兩者可以通用。如：birthday gift (或 present)“生日禮物”。gift 著重于誠意和份量，一般指上級或同級所贈的禮物，用于表示好感、友誼或尊敬。