Useful expressions
Lesson 25
1. Where are you from? I'm from Canada.
▲ From此處作“來自﹍﹍，從﹍﹍來”。例：
I got home from work on Monday at half past five.星期一我五點(diǎn)半下班回家。
Light comes from the sun.光來自太陽。
▲ from有很多意思和用法，常見用法有：
▲ 表示“離﹍﹍(有多遠(yuǎn))”
It's one mile and a half from here to the town.從這兒到鎮(zhèn)上有一英里半。
Far from eye, far from heart. 眼不見，心不煩。
▲ 表示“由于﹍﹍”
The little girl was shivering from cold.這小女孩冷得發(fā)抖。
We were all weak from hunger.我們都因饑餓而虛弱不堪。
▲ 表示“不讓﹍﹍知道”
She was keeping something from him.她有事瞞著他。
Keep the bad news from the sick mother.別讓生病的母親知道這壞消息。
▲ 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，常與副詞或介詞短語連用
Then I heard them calling me from above.隨后我聽到他們從上面喊我。
A carriage came along from behind me.一輛馬車從我身后駛了過來。
The door was suddenly opened from within.門突然從里面開啟了。
Then I took my watch from under the pillow.接著我從枕頭下取出了手表。
▲ 與某些動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)表示來源、起因。例如：come,copy,judge,result,suffer,translate等。
His illness resulted from bad food.他的病起因于飲食不良。
Smoke and flames came from the burning house.煙和火從那間著火的房子里往外冒。
At first his book was translated from Russian to English.這本書開始是從俄文譯成英文的。
Judging from what you said,he ought to succeed.據(jù)你所說，他應(yīng)獲得成功。
▲ 表示時(shí)間時(shí)，有時(shí)可取代since，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語主句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I have known him from a child.(since childhood)我從小時(shí)侯開始就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。
We have been working from early morning.我們從一清早就一直在干活。
▲ 在有關(guān)時(shí)間的場合，用from…to或from…till都可以，但在有關(guān)數(shù)詞的場合，只能用from…to，不能用from…till。例：
I worked from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.我從早上8點(diǎn)干到下午5點(diǎn)。
I worked from morning till/to night.我從早干到晚。
2．Really?I thought you were from the States.真的嗎？我還以為你從美國來的呢？
That's not surprising. A lot of the people can't tell the difference between an American accent and a Canadian accent. 那不奇怪，很多人不能區(qū)別美國口音和加拿大口音。
▲ think表示“認(rèn)為”，此句用過去時(shí)態(tài)，表示過去這么認(rèn)為，而現(xiàn)在說話時(shí)已不那么認(rèn)為了，故謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式。例：
So you haven't been to the Great Wall;I thought you had been there.這么說你沒去過長城，我還以為你去過那兒呢！
Hello,Tom.I didn't know you were here.你好，湯姆，我不知道你也在這兒。
注：如果表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望，想法等，謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。
I had thought that he would come before seven o'clock.我原以為他會(huì)十一點(diǎn)以前來的。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.他們本想幫忙，卻沒能及時(shí)趕到那兒。
I had expected that he would pass the exam,but he didn't.我原指望他能通過考試，但他沒有。
▲ tell此處意為“區(qū)別”“分辨”常與 can,could,be able to連用。例：
Can you tell her from her twin sister?你能區(qū)分她和她的孿生姐姐嗎？
I can't tell which is which.我分不清哪個(gè)是哪個(gè)。
It was difficult to tell the two girls apart.很難分辨出這兩個(gè)女孩。
Some people can't tell red from green,as there is a fault in their eyes.
有些人紅綠色分不清，因?yàn)檠劬τ忻 ?/p>
3．Are there many differences?
No,just a few.For example,most Canadians say news/nju:z/,but Americans say /nu:z/.We mainly use American words,but we use quite a lotof British words too.We fill our cars with”gas”,which is American,but we turn on the “tap”,which is British English.
有很多不同嗎？不，不多。例如，大多數(shù)加拿大人說消息new/nju:z/,但美國人說/nu:z/。我們主要用美國詞，但也用很多英國詞，我們?cè)谄嚴(yán)锛印眊as” （汽油），這是美國英語，但我們開“tap”（水龍頭），這是英國英語。
▲ few的本意是少，是否定詞，用來修飾可數(shù)名詞,a few表示“有一些”,only a few表示很少,quite a few表示“相當(dāng)多”數(shù)量比a few要多 ,not a few也作“不少”或“相當(dāng)多”解釋。例：
Few people can speak a foreign language perfectly.很少有人外語說得很地道。
His theory is very difficult,but a few people understand it.他的理論很高深，但是有些人懂。
Only a few people are perfectly bilingual.只有極少數(shù)人精通兩種語言。
Not a few of my friends are vegetarian.我有不少朋友只吃素食。
I have made quite a few friends since I came here.自從我到這兒以來，我交了不少朋友。
▲ fill…with意為“灌滿，裝滿”，此處fill為及物動(dòng)詞，with意為“用” 即“用……裝滿”.例：
The boy filled his pockets with food.這男孩將吃的東西裝滿了口袋。
The news filled her heart with hope.這消息是她心中充滿了希望。
Go and fill me this bucket with water.去給我把這桶裝滿水。
▲ 也可用be filled with表示狀態(tài)。例：
▲ Her eyes were filled with tears.她淚水盈眶。
4.Oh!And do you use American or British spelling?噢！你們用美國拼法還是英國拼法？
Both!American spelling are used more and more in Canada now.Generally speaking,newspapers follow the Americanwaybut conference reportsand school books use British spelling..
兩者都用，現(xiàn)在在加拿大美國拼法用得越來越多，一般說來，報(bào)紙采用美國拼寫方式，而報(bào)告和學(xué)校課本用英國拼寫法。
▲ generally speaking意為“一般來說”是一分詞短語,用來表示說話者的語氣或態(tài)度，類似的還有strictly speaking,嚴(yán)格地說judging by從……判斷等。例：
Strictly speaking,the word is not suitable here. 嚴(yán)格地說，這個(gè)詞用在這兒不合適。
Judging by the number of copies sold the book is a great success.從賣出的冊(cè)數(shù)來看，這本書是極成功的。
Frankly speaking,I don't like the book.坦率地說，我不喜歡這本書。
Judging from her face,shemust be ill.從臉色看，她一定是病了。
【注】上述這些分詞短語已成為習(xí)慣用語，用來修飾整個(gè)句子作狀語。
5.That sounds strange.那聽起來很奇怪。
You mean it looks sttrange! I'll tell you something that does sound interesting.
你的意思是說，這看起來很奇怪！我倒可以告訴你一件聽起來的確很奇怪的事。
▲ 此處look和sound都是連系動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞大致可以分為三類：第一類包括一些表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的詞，如 be,seem,appear,keep,remain等; 第二類包括一些表示感覺的詞，如look, sound ,smell, taste, feel等; 第三類包括一些表示變化的詞，如become,grow,get,go,turn等，后面一般都接形容詞作表語。例：
His English remained very poor.他的英語仍很差。
The song sounds beautiful.那歌聽起來很好聽。
The fish tastes delicious.那魚很好吃。
The meat has gone bad.肉變質(zhì)了。
The leaves turn yellow when autumn comes. 秋天來了，樹葉變黃了。
Her face grew red at the remark.聽到這話，她臉紅了。
6.Many people think that Canadians all over the country speak the same way.
很多人認(rèn)為加拿大人講話全國是一樣的。
▲ way意為“方法”,其前的介詞in常可省略。例：
Do it any way you like.你愛這么干就怎么干。
I think you are putting it together( in) the wrong way.我認(rèn)為你把它裝錯(cuò)了。
Please do not talk (in) that way.請(qǐng)不要以那種方式講話。
▲ 當(dāng)way后面跟有定語從句時(shí)，常用that代替 in which，而且that也可省略，例：
I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting.我喜歡她組織會(huì)議的方法。
The way(that)you are doing it is completely crazy.你這么個(gè)干法，簡直是瘋了。
▲ way 后面可跟不定式作定語，也可跟of+ing結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，兩者沒有重要的區(qū)別。例：
There is no way to prove he was stealing money. = There is no way of proving he was stealing money.
無法證明他在偷錢。
【注】way of一般不用于名詞前,可用by means of來代替。
Can you think of any way of getting in touch with her?你能想出什么辦法來跟她取得聯(lián)系嗎？
I have tried all possible means of communication.我已用了一切可能的聯(lián)系方法。
7.But if you go to the eastern provinces,or go to some country areas,you will notice that the people there speak quite differently from the rest of Canada.但是，假如你去東部的省份，或去某些鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的人跟加拿大其他地方的人說得話完全不同。
▲ differently 是different的副詞形式，表示“區(qū)別”“不同”，后面常接介詞。例：
A solid is different from a liquid is that the solid has a definite shape.固體和液體不同點(diǎn)在于固體有一定的形狀。
The two brothers are very different from each other.這兄弟倆一點(diǎn)也不像。
The two words sound the same,but they are spelt differently from each other.這兩個(gè)詞發(fā)音相同，但拼寫不同。
【注】形容詞different后也接介詞to 和than，其意思和from相同。例：
Her jacket is a bit different to mine.她的外套與我的有點(diǎn)不同。
How different things seem now than yesterday!現(xiàn)在的各種事情看起來和過去多么不同啊！
【注】有時(shí)different than后面可接從句，這時(shí),than不可改成 from或 to。例：
Times are different than they used to be.現(xiàn)今的時(shí)代不同于以往。
They are not different from us.他們和我們不同。
【注】在口語中different from有時(shí)可接疑問詞引起的從句，在這種情況下，from不宜改成than或to。例：
Certainly I could not help being different from when I left the university.的確，我和當(dāng)年離開校園時(shí)迥然不同是不可避免的。
▲ the rest 意為“其余的” rest是形容詞，故即使其代表復(fù)數(shù)也不能加-s，但其做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其代表的內(nèi)容決定是用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。例：
The rest of his life was very happy.他的晚年很幸福。
Some agree with Jim but the rest of us agree with Sam.有些人贊成Jim，但其余的人都贊成Sam.
Lesson 26
1. Canada is the second largest country in the world.加拿大是世界第二大國。
▲序數(shù)詞修飾形容詞的最高級(jí)時(shí)，指“居第幾位”。例：
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黃河是中國第二大河。
Hainai is the second largest island in China.海南是中國第二大島嶼。
Tom is the third tallest student in the class.Who are the first and second tallest ones?
湯姆身高名列班級(jí)第三，第一第二是誰呢？
2. It is larger than the USA and reaches nearly a quarter of the way round the earth.
它比美國還要大，其國土的長度幾乎達(dá)到地球周長的四分之一。
▲reach在這里是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“延伸”，相當(dāng)于 extend。例：
The park reaches as far as the river.這座公園一直連到江邊。
How far does the new road reach?這條新公路多長？
The summer vacation reaches into the middle August.暑假一直放到八月中旬。
They saw nothing but houses as far as the eye could reach.人們極目遠(yuǎn)望，除了房子以外什么也看不到。
▲reach作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“到達(dá)”，“碰到”，“達(dá)成”等。例：
This is the conclusion they reached.這就是他們得出的結(jié)論。
Her voice was strong enough to reach everyone in the hall.
她的聲音很響亮，大廳里每個(gè)人都聽得見。
I'm not tall enough to reach that apple on the tree.
我不夠高，夠不著樹上那個(gè)蘋果。
She reached her son a piece of bread.她遞給她兒子一片面包。
3.The distance from east to west is over 5500 kilometers and the country covers six of the world's 24 time areas.從東到西的距離為5500多公里，加拿大的國土跨過全世界24個(gè)時(shí)區(qū)中的6個(gè)。
▲Cover的原意是“覆蓋”，本句中作“占有（多少面積）”解釋。例：
The city covers an area of ten square miles.該城面積為10 平方英里。
China stretches across vast area covering the cold, temperate and tropical zones.
中國幅員遼闊，包括了寒帶，溫帶和熱帶。
His burnt area covered 30 percent of his body surface. 他的燒傷面積達(dá)到全身的30%。
▲ Cover在本冊(cè)14課中作“采訪”解釋。例：
They sent a great many reporters to cover the conference.他們派了大批記者去報(bào)道大會(huì)的消息。
▲ 復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞Cover的幾種常見意思和用法。
They covered the distance to the place at a run.他們一路小跑趕到了那個(gè)地方。
---Do you have enough to cover all your household expenses?你的收入夠家用嗎？
---Oh,yes,enough and to spare.夠，還有得多。
Snow covered the ground.雪覆蓋著大地。
The walls were covered with white paper.墻上都糊著白紙。
The talks are expected to cover other topics too.會(huì)談估計(jì)還會(huì)涉及別的問題。
Their planes covered their tanks which were attacking the enemy.他們的坦克向敵人進(jìn)攻時(shí)由飛機(jī)掩護(hù)。
4.The population of Canada is about 29million and the captial is Ottawa.There are two official languages, French and English. 加拿大人口是二千九百萬，首都是渥太華，有兩種官方語言，法語和英語。
▲ population作“人口”“居民”“群眾”解釋，是不可數(shù)名詞。例：
There was a fall in population last year.去年人口下降。
The population in the villages has to get water from a river five miles away.這個(gè)村子里的人必須到五英里以外的一條河里打水。
▲ 有時(shí)population前可加不定冠詞。例：
It had a population of some three hundred families.那里大約有300 戶的人口。
【注】說人口的多少不可用many或 few ，要用large 或 small。
The population of the city is very large.這個(gè)城市的人口很多。
【注】問“人口多少”用how large或what。例 ：
How large is the population of the city?或 What is the population of the city? 這個(gè)城市有多少人口？
▲ Official 此處作“官方的，法定的，正式的“解釋，是形容詞。例：
The news comes from an official source.這則消息來源于官方。
I was the only person in the delegation without an official title. 我當(dāng)時(shí)是代表團(tuán)中唯一沒有官銜的人員。
You have to get official permission to build a new house. 要蓋新房你必須得到官方許可。
【注】official 作名詞用時(shí)指一般政府的文職官員（人員）。例：
a government official政府官員 high officials高級(jí)官員
a public official公務(wù)員 a civil service official文職官員
【注】與 officia容易產(chǎn)生混淆的是officer，指“軍官”或“穿特殊制服的人員”。例：
a police officer警官（警察） superior officers of the army陸軍高級(jí)軍官
Officer Smith will help you,madam.夫人，史密斯警官將會(huì)幫助你。
He wished to be an army officer.他希望成為陸軍軍官。
【注】從廣義上說，officer還可包括“公司，政府機(jī)關(guān)的官員”，但前面往往需加上具體的部門或負(fù)責(zé)事項(xiàng)。例：
a press officer新聞發(fā)布官 a customs officer海關(guān)官員
an officer of state政府部長 cabinet officer內(nèi)閣官員
5.The first travellers arrived from England in 1497.Settlersfrom France reached Canadian 1534.For two centuries English and French settlers struggled against each other to control the country.第一批旅行者來自英國是1497年到達(dá)的。法國來的定居者是1534年來到加拿大的。為了控制這個(gè)國家，英國和法國的定居者相互爭斗了兩個(gè)世紀(jì)。
▲struggle意為“斗爭”，若表示“為反對(duì)……而斗爭”，struggle后接介詞against，若表示“為了爭取……而斗爭” 則后接介詞for。例：
The swimmer struggled against the tide.游泳者奮力與海浪搏斗。
Most animals have to struggle for existence in a dangerous world.大多數(shù)動(dòng)物不得不在一個(gè)充滿危險(xiǎn)的世界里為生存而斗爭。
They have been struggling for freedom since last century.他們從上個(gè)世紀(jì)以來就一直為自由而斗爭。
The people struggled together against fascism.人們齊心與法西斯主義作斗爭。
【注】表示“與……爭斗（搏斗）”也可接介詞with。例：
They had to struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties.他們得與各種各樣的困難作斗爭。
The boy struggled furiously with the man twice his size.那男孩與那個(gè)子比他大一倍的人拼命搏斗。
【注】struggle也可作名詞用，意思與作動(dòng)詞時(shí)相同。
The book is about their struggle for liberation.這本書是有關(guān)他們?yōu)榻夥潘鞯亩窢帯?/p>
He made many struggles to get a good education.他曾為獲得良好的教育而頑強(qiáng)地奮斗過。
▲ Control意為“控制，支配”。例：
He tries to control me as if I were his slave.他要支配我，好象我是他的奴隸似的。
She controlled her feelings when she heard the bad news.當(dāng)她聽到噩耗時(shí)，她控制住了自己的感情。
6.Today,one province of Canada is French-speaking. The TV and radio programs there are in French. There are French restaurants and all the teaching in schools is done in French.
現(xiàn)在加拿大有一個(gè)省說法語，那里的電視和廣播節(jié)目都是用法語播送的。那兒有法國餐館，學(xué)校的全部
教學(xué)都是用法語進(jìn)行的。
▲ French-speaking 與spoken French
French-speaking 是一個(gè)形容詞，而spoken French意為“法語口語”是名詞，類似的有：
English-speaking countries講英語的國家 Spoken English英語口語
written exercises書面練習(xí) peace-loving熱愛和平的 labour-saving省力的
▲ 動(dòng)詞do的意思和用法
do與動(dòng)名詞連用表示做該動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作。例：
do washing洗衣服 do cleaning打掃 do reading讀書 do sewing做針線
We do some listening twice a week.我們一星期聽兩次錄音。
Did you do some sight-seeing there?在那兒你游覽了什么地方?jīng)]有？
She did most of the talking.大部分時(shí)間都是她說。
I can do the translating.我來翻譯。
▲ do與表示動(dòng)作對(duì)象的名詞連用，意為“打掃，收拾，洗，擦，梳”等。
Who are doing the dishes?誰在洗盤子？
Let's do the vegetables a little longer.菜多煮一會(huì)兒。
First I wash my face, then I do my face.我先洗臉，然后刷牙。
▲ Do在口語中，用于表示各種意思。例：
He's done me this time.這回他可把我騙了。
They will certainly do you well.他們一定會(huì)好好待你的。
The car does 105 miles an hour.這種車每小時(shí)行105英里。
▲ Do可以表示“符合需要”譯作“行，合適，夠了”。例：
No,that won't do,it's too risky.那不行，太冒險(xiǎn)了。
These shoes won't do for mountain-climbing.這種鞋爬山不行。
7.As in China, the weather is different from area to area.和中國的情況一樣，那兒各個(gè)地區(qū)氣候都不相同。
▲ As in China是一個(gè)省略的方式狀語從句，相當(dāng)于 As it is the case in China，其中as是連詞，作“如像，正如”解釋。例：
In 1939,as in 1934 there started a terrible killing of man.在1939，正如在1914年那樣，開始了一場人類可怕的屠殺。
As in your country, we grow rice in the south and wheat in the north. 和你們國家的情況一樣，我們?cè)谀戏椒N大米，北方種小麥。
She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be.她是一個(gè)很出色的歌唱家，和她母親當(dāng)年一樣。
You should do the experiments as the teacher does.你必須按老師那樣教的去做這些實(shí)驗(yàn)。
Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.正如水是液體中最重要的液體一樣，空氣是氣體中最重要的氣體。
The result of this experiment is good enough as it is.照現(xiàn)在這樣，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果夠不錯(cuò)的了。
【注】在非正式的美國英語里like常作連詞用，代替as。例：
Nobody loves you like I do,baby.孩子，誰也沒有像我這樣疼你。
Don't talk to me like you talk to a child.不要像跟一個(gè)孩子講話那樣跟我講話。
▲ From area to area 意為“從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方”或“各個(gè)地區(qū)”。在from….to結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞都用單數(shù)形式。例：
She turned from side to side to see if the dress fitted her.她在鏡子前轉(zhuǎn)過來轉(zhuǎn)過去看衣服是否合身。
The bricks were passed from hand to hand.磚頭是人們用手傳過去的。
8.In the north,the winters are long and hard,with snow for six months of the year.在北方，冬季時(shí)間長，而且寒冷，一年中有六個(gè)月下雪。
▲ 此處hard是形容詞，作“嚴(yán)寒的，酷熱的”解釋，一般指天氣和氣侯
We had a long and hard winter last year.去年我們度過了一個(gè)漫長而又嚴(yán)寒的冬天。
In the early spring this year,many crops died from a hard frost.今年早春，很多農(nóng)作物死于霜凍。
▲with在本句中作“有，帶有”解釋，構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，起補(bǔ)充或修飾作用
It is Mr Brown's house,with a small garden in front of it.這是布朗先生的房子，前面有一個(gè)小花園。
Our maths teacher is tall and thin,with a smile on his face.我們的數(shù)學(xué)老師有高又瘦，臉上總是戴著微笑。
9.The temperature can fall to -60°C, that is 60°C below freezing.氣溫可降至-60°C，也就是零下-60°C。
▲ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can在這里不是表示能力，而是表示可能性，含有“有時(shí)也可能”之意，是指“一時(shí)的特性”。例
Even a wise man can sometimes make mistakes.甚至一個(gè)聰明人有時(shí)也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。
Can it be true that she has won the gold medal?她真的獲金牌了嗎？
Don't throw old newspapers and magazines away.They can be useful sometimes.
別把舊的報(bào)刊扔掉，它們可能會(huì)有用的。
It is usually warm in winter in the south,but it can be cold and even have snow sometimes.
南方的冬天通常是暖和的，但有時(shí)也會(huì)很冷，甚至下雪。
▲that is意為“那就是；即”是對(duì)上文的解釋，相當(dāng)于namely,or。例：
Tom drove 150 kilometers an hour,that is 300 li.湯姆開車每小時(shí)時(shí)速150公里，即300市里。
Three students were mentioned, that is John, Mike and Helen.三個(gè)學(xué)生被提到，即約翰，邁克和海倫。
10.In the capital Ottawa,the average of winter temperature is -10°C and in summer 21°C在首都渥太華，冬季平均氣溫是-10°，夏季是21°C。
▲ average在此處是名詞，意為“平均數(shù)，一般水平”。
Tom's maths is above the average in class,but his English is below the average. 湯姆的數(shù)學(xué)成績?cè)诎嗥骄希挠⒄Z則在班平均之下。
The average of 5,9,10 is 8. 5,9,10的平均數(shù)是8.
With the help of the teacher,Mary's physics is now well up to the average.在老師的幫助下，瑪麗的物理成績已達(dá)到平均水平。
▲average也可以作形容詞，意為“平均的，平常的”。例：
The average temperature in Shanghai in summer is 32°C.上海夏天的平均氣溫是32度。
What's the average age of the girls in your class?你們班上女生的平均年齡是多少？
11.The west coast of Canada is the warmest place in winter. The average January temperature is 3°C, and in July it is 18°C.加拿大的西海岸是冬季最暖和的地方。一月份的平均氣溫是3°C,七月份是18°C.
▲coast意為“海岸或海濱（地區(qū)），與介詞on連用。
①The Smiths spent the summer holiday on the north coast of Spain last year.史密斯一家去年夏天在西班牙的北海岸度假。
②Flying along the east coast of China,you can see many islands.沿著中國的東海岸飛行，你可以看到許多島嶼。
③Our school is five miles from the coast.我們學(xué)校距海岸5英里。
④Looking down from the plane,we could see the French coast.從飛機(jī)上望下看，我們可以看到法國的海岸線。
▲ 比較coast,beach和 shore。
Coast通常指的是海岸線即從遠(yuǎn)處看到的海岸與陸地的分界線，范圍比較廣，距離也比較長，常與海防地圖，氣候有關(guān)。如上述例句①②④，以及課文中的句子。 beach 為平坦的海岸部分，有沙或小石子稱海灘，適宜于游泳日光浴或停靠小船。而shore 既包括beach，也可指巖石突兀或陡峭的岸邊。例：
⑤I like lying on the beach,looking at the blue sea and the white clouds in the blue sky.
我喜歡躺在沙灘上，看著蘭色的大海和藍(lán)天白云。
⑥Look!The boys are walking on the shore collecting shells.看！男孩子們走在海岸上拾貝殼。
12.Here it rains a lot every month of the year. Plants grow well all the year round and the parks and gardens are famous for their flowers.在這里，每個(gè)月都下很多雨。一年四季植物生長良好。這里的公園和花園都以其花卉而聞名。
▲ all the year round是名詞詞組，意為“一年到頭，一年四季”，在句中作時(shí)間狀語，類似的名詞詞組有 all day long, all night long, all the time等。
In order to get more money,he had to work all night long.為了得到更多的錢，他不得不整夜地干活。
The nurse sat by the patient all night long.護(hù)士整夜守在病人身邊。
In my hometown there's plenty of rain all the year round.我的家鄉(xiāng)一年四季雨水充足。
▲ be famous for意為“以……而聞名”。例：
Suzhou is famous for its beautiful gardens.蘇州由于美麗的花園而聞名。
Charlie Chaplin was internationally famous for his fine acting.查里.卓別林以其出色的演技而世界聞名。
▲請(qǐng)比較be famous as作為……而聞名。例：
The town is famous as a hot-spring resort. 作為一個(gè)溫泉?jiǎng)俚兀@鎮(zhèn)子聞名遐邇。
Charlie Chaplin was internationally famous a s a character actor. 查里.卓別林作為一名性格演員而世界聞名。
13.Canada has one third of the world's supply of fresh water.There are five great lakes in the south, and there are many others, especially in the north.加拿大的淡水供應(yīng)量占全世界的三分之一。這個(gè)國家的南部有五個(gè)大湖，還有許多別的湖泊，特別是在北方。
▲ Supply在此處為名詞，作“供給，供應(yīng)”解釋，是不可數(shù)名詞。例：
The water supply here is good.這里供水很好。
▲ Supply作“供應(yīng)品，給養(yǎng)，補(bǔ)給品”解釋時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞。例：
Who will be responsible for the expedition's supplies?誰來負(fù)責(zé)遠(yuǎn)征隊(duì)的給養(yǎng)？
Medical supplies were sent to the front immediately.醫(yī)藥用品被立即運(yùn)往前線。
▲ Supply還可作動(dòng)詞用，表示“供給，提供”，不能接雙賓語。如果表示“向某人提供某物”不可說supply sb. sth. 而應(yīng)該說 supply sb.with sth.或supply sth. to/for sb.例：
The cow supplies us with milk.奶牛給我們提供牛奶。
The peasants supply tons of vegetables to the city each day.農(nóng)民每天向城市供應(yīng)成噸的蔬菜。
The government has promised to supply this mountain village with power next year.政府答應(yīng)明年向這個(gè)山村供電。
▲Especially 相當(dāng)于 above all，意為“尤其，特別，主要”。例：
I don't like bright colours,especially red.我不喜歡鮮艷的顏色，尤其是紅色。
This is a very common word,especially in spoken English.這是一個(gè)很常用的詞，尤其是在英語口語中。
Noise is unpleasant,especially when you are trying to sleep.噪音使人不愉快，尤其是你要入睡時(shí)。
I like the country,especially in spring.我喜歡鄉(xiāng)村，尤其是在春天。
【注】specially也有“特別地，專門地，尤其”之意，但它表示“為了一個(gè)特別的目的”。
These shoes were specially made for me.這鞋是專門為我做的。
I came here specially to see you.我特地到這兒來看你。
【注】如果要表示什么事情不尋常，過分或特別重要，可以用specially也可以especially。例：
It's not specially cold today.今天不算特別冷。
I took special trouble over this job.在這件工作上，我可費(fèi)了特別大的勁。
【注】在正式文體中especially，在介詞短語或連詞前面尤其如此。例：
especially on Sunday特別是在星期日 especially in the north尤其是在北方
especially when we have visitors特別是當(dāng)我們接待客人時(shí)
14.Most of the electricity is produced by water.The country has a great deal of coal,oil and natural gas,and these are all exploited for energy.大部分電是用水力發(fā)電。加拿大擁有大量的煤，石油和天然氣，這些全部開發(fā)作能源。
▲exploit意為“開采，開發(fā)，利用，相當(dāng)于develop。例：
A mine is exploited for its minerals.開礦是為了取得礦物。
We should exploit the natural resources by our own efforts.我們應(yīng)該憑自己的力量來開發(fā)自然資源。
The oil companies were looking for new oil fields to exploit in East Asia.石油公司正在東亞尋找可開采的新油田。
▲ Exploit也可作“剝削”解釋。例：
He became rich by exploiting his workers.他通過剝削工人而致富。
The boss exploited workers by making them work for less pay.老板靠壓低勞動(dòng)者工資的辦法來剝削他們。
▲介詞for在此處表示用途。例：
That will be bad for your health.那將有損于你的健康。
Is that cake for eating or just for looking at?那塊蛋糕是吃的還是光讓人看的？
An altimeters used for measuring height above sea-level.高度計(jì)是用來測(cè)量海拔高度的。
15.Much of the country is covered by forests, and wood is cut and sold all over the world.這個(gè)國家許多地區(qū)為森林所覆蓋砍下的木材銷售到世界各地。，
▲ be covered by意為“被……所覆蓋”，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如用主動(dòng)語態(tài)則該句為Forests cover most of the country. “為……所覆蓋”還可用be covered with來表示，但這不是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，注重于事物的狀態(tài)，可譯為“到處都是”。例：
The mountain was covered with snow all the year round.這座山一年到頭都被雪覆蓋著。
It must have rained last night,for the ground is covered with water.昨晚一定下過雨，因?yàn)榈咨系教幎际撬?/p>
▲ all over 此處作“遍及”解釋。例：
I have travelled all over Europe many many times in my life.我這一生在全歐洲旅行過許多次。
I've looked all over the house.我在這棟房子里找遍了。
He was very well thought of all over the district.他在整個(gè)地區(qū)得到很高評(píng)價(jià)。
▲ all over亦可作“全身，到處”解釋。例：
He was shivering all over.他全身上下都在發(fā)抖。
I looked all over for you before I started.我動(dòng)身之前到處找你。
▲ all over還有“全完了”之意。例：
“If I'm found,it's all over.”he said.他說，“如果我被發(fā)現(xiàn)，那就一切都完了。”
16.Canada is also the world's biggest producer of the kind of paper which is used for newspapers.Fishing is also important for Canadians.Fish from the east and west coasts is sold to many other countries.加拿大還是世界上最大的生產(chǎn)新聞紙的國家，對(duì)加拿大來說漁業(yè)也是很重要的，從東海岸和西海岸捕的魚銷售到許多其他國家。
▲be used for介詞 for在這里相當(dāng)于as，作“作為”解釋，表示“用途”。例：
She decided to use it for gifts.她決定把它作為禮物。
I shall be very glad to have you for a friend.我將非常高興把你作為我的朋友。
Most of the palaces are used for offices.大多數(shù)宮殿現(xiàn)在被用作辦公室。
The pupils could use this for their written work.學(xué)生們可以把這作為他們的書面作業(yè)。
▲for Canadians 此處 for作“對(duì)于……”解釋。例：
She had a good ear for music.她對(duì)音樂很有鑒賞力。
I'm too old for the job.我太老了，不能干這件工作了。
They had considerable respect for Mr Smith.他們對(duì)史密斯先生很尊敬。
Fortunately for him,he can swim.很幸運(yùn)他會(huì)游泳。
Lesson 27
1. North American Indians have lived in southern Canada for over 20,000 years.北美印第安人在加拿大南部生活了20000多年。
▲north ，south ，west ，east這類表示方位的詞一般作名詞。例：
Here in the north it would be bitterly cold when darkness came.天黑的時(shí)候北方特別冷。
Canada lies to the north of the United States.加拿大位于美國北邊。
York shire is in the north of England.約克郡在英國北部。
▲north，south ，west，east這類詞也可作定語。例：
Mexico is in the south of North America.墨西哥位于北美洲的南部。
It is grown in both north and south China.這類植物在華南和華北都種植。
▲上述的四個(gè)表示方位的詞也可作副詞，意為“往東（南，西，北）方，用于修飾動(dòng)詞。例：
Leaving the city,we headed north.離城后，我們向北走。
Drive north for the next mile.向北駛一英里。
▲ 用于north of 或 south ,west,east of…表示在……北（南，西，東）面。
Boston is north of New York.波士頓在紐約北面。
【注】上句用法相當(dāng)于to the north(south,west,east)of…
▲ northern,southern,eastern,western是形容詞作定語。例：
The northern half of the Earth is called the Northern Hemisphere.地球的北半部分叫做北半球。
He has traveled in northern countries.他在北部一些國家旅游過。
【注】當(dāng)north 和 northern都作定語時(shí)，一般認(rèn)為比較明確劃分的地區(qū)，常用 north(south,east,west)這類詞作定語，劃分不很明確的地區(qū)用northern這類詞作定語時(shí)更多一些。
South Africa南非 Southern England英國南部 The North Pole北極 Northern Europe北歐
East Germany東德 Eastern countries東方國家
2. In the early days,some lived in tents, moved from place to place and hunted wild animals. Others remained in one place and started farms of their own.在早期有些印第安人住帳蓬，到處遷移捕獵野獸；另外一些人定居下來，開辦自己的農(nóng)場。
▲ Days“時(shí)代，時(shí)期”，既可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例：
He spoke of his student days in Geramny.他說到了他在德國的學(xué)生時(shí)代。
Its history as a fortress dates back to the days of Richard.它作為一個(gè)城堡的歷史要追溯到里查德時(shí)代。
Marxism is the philosophy of human progress in our day.馬克思主義是我們時(shí)代人類進(jìn)步的哲學(xué)。
【注】one day,some day,the other day的區(qū)別。one day既可指過去，又可指將來。例：
One day last month,I met Mr Smith by chance.
One day rockets may be able to go anywhere in space.
▲ some day只可指將來。例：
We may drive cars that are run by electricity some day.
▲ the other day只能指過去的某天，或不久前的某一天。例：
I came across one of my schoolmates the other day.
The other day we visited the science museum.
▲ Hunt此處作“打獵”解釋，既可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。例：
November is a good time to hunt deer.
The men only hunted,the women did everything else.
▲ Hunt也可作“搜捕”解釋。例：
Police are hunting an escaped prisoner in this area.
▲ remain此處作“留下，停留”解釋。例：
They'll remain in the countryside till the harvest season is over.
The troops were ordered to remain where they were.
I'll remain to see the end of the match.
▲ Remain的另一個(gè)常見用法是作連系動(dòng)詞，意為“仍然（處于某種狀態(tài)）”。例：
He remained standing though we repeatedly asked him to sit down.
She remained unmarried all her life.
The wind remained low but the cold was intense.
Charles remained a pilot for 20 years.
3.Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life.今天許多印第安人住在特定的區(qū)域里，在那兒他們可以繼續(xù)保留他們自己的生活方式。
▲ 本句是一個(gè)帶有定語從句的復(fù)合句，以關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)，修飾先行詞areas表示地點(diǎn)，continue此處是行為動(dòng)詞，表示“繼續(xù)做某事”，后接名詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞均可，并無重大區(qū)別。
He continued working as if nothing had happened.
Meanwhile I continued my investigation.
He continued his magazine subscription for another year.
▲ Continue可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
The story will be continued in next month's issue.
If our present policy is continued,I'm afraid that war is inevitable.
▲ Continue可作連系動(dòng)詞，意為“繼續(xù)（處于某種狀態(tài)）”，類似于remain。例：
On my way home,I continued angry with Betty.
He continued silent.
It will continue cold with frost tomorrow morning.
4.The people of northern Canada called Inuit,who came from Asia and settled in Canada about 40000 years ago.加拿大北部的人稱為因努伊特人，他們來自亞洲，約在4000年前就定居在加拿大了。
▲ Inuit:a member of a race of people living in the very cold northern areas of North America. 因努伊特人：居住在北美洲北部高寒地區(qū)的一支人種。
▲ Settle此處意為“定居，使安居”。例：
You must come and see our new house when we are settled in.
The boys were settled in the dormitory.
The Smiths settled in Boston in 1954.
▲ Settle的另一個(gè)常用意思是“解決，調(diào)解，決定”。例：
The internal affairs of each country should be settled by its own people.
They have settled the matter among themselves.
Have they settled where to go?
Why can't you settle your differences and be friends again?
▲ Settle可作“支付，結(jié)算”解釋。例：
Will you settle the bill? I have no more money on me.
All accounts have been settled.
Let's go.I've already settled up with the waiter.
5.They used to travel around from place to place with teams of dogs which pulled their baggage.In summer they hunted a type of deer and in winter built small round houses with blocks of snow.他們以往總是用一群群的狗拉著行李從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)地方。夏天他們捕殺一種鹿，冬天他們用雪塊建造小小的圓形房子。
▲ Type作名詞用時(shí)意為“類型，種類，品種”，表示把相似的事物歸類編組，比較明確具體地按客觀條件劃分。例：
the four basictypes of blood四種基本血型 types of world literature 世界文學(xué)類別
He invented a new type of telescope.
We are in great need of different types of designs.
There are two types of rock in this area.
There are three types of racing car on display.
【注】kind,sort也作“種類”解釋，與 type是同義詞，但 sort of 和 kind of 用在非正式文體中聽起來不那么肯定，比較含糊，而 type 的分類比較明確，并且 kind of 與 sort of可與不同詞類連用，如名詞，形容詞，動(dòng)詞等。例：
I sort of thought you might forget.
Her eyes are kind of greenish-gold.
Sometimes I wonder whether I should sort of get a job or something.
He was acting sort of crazy.
6.They lived on fish and meat and used to make holes in the ice and catch fish and seals.他們一魚和肉為主食，常在冰上挖洞，捕捉魚和海豹。
▲ live on意為“以……為生”，此處on為介詞，故需后接賓語。例：
The natives of the island live mostly on fish.
I don't know what he lives on.
Since Smith fell ill,the family has had to live on what Mrs Smith earns.
He should not live like that on his parents.
▲live on中的 on也可以是副詞，但這時(shí) live on作“繼續(xù)活者”解釋。例：
He will die,but his fame will live on after him.
The old people died but the young people lived on in the village.
7.They made clothes and shoes from furs and from skins of seals. They made use of animal bones, which they carved into basic tools.他們用獸毛和海豹皮做衣服和鞋子。他們利用獸骨，把獸骨雕成基本工具。
▲ make…from是指“用……制成”, make后的名詞是制成品，from 后的名詞代表原材料，語序與 make…of一樣，而 make…into則相反，make后接的名詞代表原材料，into后的名詞代表成品，這三個(gè)詞組經(jīng)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例：
The boys made a boat out of wood.
Wine is made from rice.
Bamboo can be made into walking sticks,chairs,tables and so on.
▲ make use of 意為“利用”，use在這里是不可數(shù)名詞，其前可以用形容詞修飾。
We should make use of water to produce electricity.
You should make full use of the time and never waste a single moment.
8.There are about 25,000 Inuit in all. They live in settlements. 因努伊特人總共約有25000人。他們定居下來了。
▲in all相當(dāng)于altogether意為“總共，總的來說”。例：
I visited in all ten hospitals in China.
In all,the French admitted they had 13191 military personnel in Africa.
In all we did very well.
▲ Settlement是可數(shù)名詞，意為“定居點(diǎn)，住宅區(qū)”。例：
They left England and formed settlements in America.
These people lived in the settlements in the suburb of the city.
▲ Settlement作“解決”解釋時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。例：
After the settlement of our differences, we became friends.
Martin lost the house in their divorce settlement.
▲ settlement作“解決辦法”解釋時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞。例：
The strikers have reached a settlement with the employers.
9.The government started a new project in which Inuit teach their own young children.政府已經(jīng)開始實(shí)施一項(xiàng)興辦學(xué)校的新計(jì)劃，由因努伊特人來教育他們自己的小孩。
▲ started 此處作“發(fā)起，開動(dòng)，使開始”解釋，與 begin不能換用。例：
My watch has stopped.I muststart it again.
The smoke started her coughing.
Any such news would start him worrying.
How was the Gulf War started?
▲ start 作“動(dòng)身，出發(fā)”解釋時(shí)也不能用 began代替。例：
At last the train started.
We'll start at 8 on Saturday morning.
10.School children visited Inuit villages and have classes where they learn how to fish, how to carve bones and how to make clothes. So it is hoped that the way of Inuit life will be kept alive for many more centuries.學(xué)校里的兒童參觀因努伊特人的村莊，上課時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)如何釣魚，如何雕刻骨頭，如何縫制衣服。這樣，人們希望因努伊特人的生活方式將會(huì)保存更多世紀(jì)。
▲ have classes 意為“上課”，主語既可是老師，也可是學(xué)生或其他受教育者。另一個(gè)詞組 give a class(classes)的主語則是老師，不能是學(xué)生或其他人，而 take a class的主語只能是學(xué)生或類似的受教育者，不能是老師。
▲ It is hoped that…相當(dāng)于 People hope that…類似的表達(dá)法還有 It is announced that…等等，此類句型在前面的題中均有所涉及。
▲ so在本句中是副詞，可表示方式，方法，情況等，意為“這樣，那樣”。例：
So it goes throughout the nation.此事就這樣傳遍了全國各地。
His step was light,for his heart was so.他的腳步是輕快的，因?yàn)樗男木骋彩沁@樣。
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
區(qū)分A和B 某些鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)
采用美國英語的拼法 世界上第二大國
以魚、肉為主食 冬季平均氣溫
開辦自己的農(nóng)場 水力發(fā)電
在早期 到處遷移
Sentences:
1. 和中國的情況一樣，加拿大各地區(qū)氣候都不相同。
2. 為了控制這個(gè)國家，那些定居者相互爭斗了兩個(gè)世紀(jì)。
3. 我希望你或你姐姐順便把我?guī)Щ丶摇?/p>
4. 城市的街道比過去臟得多。
5. 人們希望他們的生活方式將會(huì)保存更多世紀(jì)。
6. 杭州由于美麗的西湖而聞名。