核心知識
1．詞匯
(1)undertake sth．從事…
(2)go by (時間)經(jīng)過；(某人)過去
(3)be／get engaged to sb 與某人訂婚
(4)on the other hand 另一方面
(5)turn out to be 結(jié)果是
(6)be similar to 與……相似
(7)work on 繼續(xù)工作
(8)go on with 繼續(xù)某種行為
(9)dream of 夢想，夢到
(10)be satisfied with 對……表示滿意或滿足
(11)be curious about sth． 對……好奇的
(12)take a look at 看…
(13)what if…… 倘使…將會怎樣；即使…又有什么要緊
(14)the other way around 相反地，從相反方向
(15)be patient with sth. 對…有耐心
2．日常交際用語(描述人和辯論)
(1)That's correct．
(2)There is no doubt that．．
(3)That's true．
(4)It's clear that．．
(5)It's hard to say．．
(6)What's your idea?
(7)Well，maybe，but…
(8)Have you thought about…?
3．句型
(1)There is no doubt that… 毫無疑問…
(2)Do you doubt that…? 你懷疑…?
(3)There's no point in doing sth．做某事沒有作用或沒有意義。
4．語法
學(xué)習(xí)動詞不定式的用法
重難點解析
1．It takes a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．
分析明顯存在的事物需要非凡的頭腦。
(1)undertake(undertook，undertaken)
vt．承擔(dān)(工作，責(zé)任等)，承辦+名詞
例：He undertook the difficult task willingly．
他欣然承擔(dān)那項困難的工作。
1 will undertake the responsibility for you．
我會為你負(fù)起責(zé)任。
vt.著手，進(jìn)行，企圖+名詞
例：He undertook a new experiment．
他著手一項新的實驗。
(2)analysis復(fù)數(shù)形式andyses．a(chǎn)nalyse vt．
A chemical analysis化學(xué)分析
We made a careful analysis of the problem．
我們仔細(xì)分析了那個問題。
(3)obvious adj. (more obvious，most obvious)
明顯的，明白的，顯而易見的
obviously adv．
例：He told her an obvious lie．
他對她扯了一個明顯的謊言。
It is obvious that…．…是顯然的。
例：It is quite obvious that he didn't do it himself．
顯然他沒有親自去做。
It seemed obvious that he suffered from a bad cold．
顯然他得了重感冒。
2．There is no doubt that． 毫無疑問 ．．
例：There is no doubt that our team will win．
我隊獲勝是毫無疑問的。
I don't doubt that we will win the game．(否定句用that)
我不懷疑我們將會贏得這場比賽。
Do you doubt that he has passed the final examination ? (疑問句用that)
你懷疑他已通過期末考試了嗎?
I doubt whether he is the best man for the job．(肯定句用whether)
我懷疑他是否是擔(dān)任那項工作的最適當(dāng)人選。
3．There didn't seem much point in working on my PhD-I didn't expec to survive that long
取得博士學(xué)位對我來說沒有什么意義，我沒有期望活那么久。
PhD(Doctor of Philosophy ) 指“博士學(xué)位”
There is no point in doing sth．表示“做某事沒有作用或沒有意義”。
例：There is no point in arguing further．
繼續(xù)爭執(zhí)下去沒有意義了。
There is no point in protesting．It won’t help much．
抗議沒有什么用處，于事無補。
that在此處為副詞，意為“那么”，可以修飾形容詞。this也有此用法。
例：I didn't expect he was that rude．
我沒料到他會那么粗魯。
I have never been out this late before．
我從未在外面呆到這么晚過。
Please cut my hair about this much．
請把我的頭發(fā)剪掉這么長。
4．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．
但兩年過去了，我的情況卻沒那么糟糕。
Go by意思是“(時間)過去”。
例：Time went by so quickly．We are already at the end of our summer holiday．
時間過得真快，轉(zhuǎn)眼我們已經(jīng)要結(jié)束暑假了。
Thirty years went by and her hair was beginning to turn gray．
三十年過去了，她的頭發(fā)開始變白了。
5．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jan Wilde．
事實上，事情發(fā)展得還挺順利。我和一位非常好的女孩簡懷爾得訂婚了。
get／be engaged to sb．“與某人訂婚”
例：Did you hear they have got engaged last month?
你有沒有聽說他們上個月訂婚的消息?
Tom got engaged to Mary，whom he had met on the train．
湯姆和瑪麗訂婚了，他們在火車上認(rèn)識的。
Be engaged in(on)+n．／doing sth．從事(工作)的，忙于……的
例：She was engaged in protecting wild birds．
她從事保護(hù)野生鳥類的工作。
Right now I’m engaged．
我現(xiàn)在正忙著。
be engaged (電話等)通話中的，占線中的，相當(dāng)于美國英語的busy．
例：The line／number is engaged。線路被占用。
engagement n．訂婚(to)
例：announce one's engagement to…宣布與…訂婚
break off one's engagement解除婚約，解約
engagement ring訂婚戒指(戴在左手無名指上)
6．Scientists，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．
霍金寫到，從另一個方面說，科學(xué)家知道他們的工作是永無止境的，即使是最完美的理論，也可能是錯誤的。
Turn out to be“結(jié)果是”“最后的情況是”+副／+形／+to do／+that．．
例：The weatherman said it was going to rain this afternoon but it turned out to be very lovely．
天氣預(yù)報說今天下午有雨，其實今天天氣非常好。
The lecture turned out to be very dull．
講座結(jié)果很無聊。
Everything turned out well．一切順?biāo)臁?/p>
The rumor turned out (to be) true．那謠言后來證明是真的。
It turned out (that) two travelers had been killed
后來證實(查明)有兩位旅客喪生。
turn out vi. (為集會等)外出，去。
turn out vt.．(可分開用) 關(guān) (熄滅) (煤氣，電燈油燈等)
turn out vt. (可分開用 ) 生產(chǎn) (產(chǎn)品)，出產(chǎn)
例：The factory can turn out l000cars a day．
這家工廠一天能生產(chǎn)1000輛汽車。
7．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．
每個人都有自己的專長和興趣，只有發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長，我們才能期望達(dá)到自己的目標(biāo)，真正與眾不同。
only修飾介詞短語或從句時，要求倒裝。
例：Only at that time did I realize its importance．
直到那時我才意識到它的重要性。
Only in this way can you make progress in your English study．
只有這樣你才能在英語學(xué)習(xí)上取得進(jìn)步。
Only when you finish your homework can you go out to play football．
只有當(dāng)你完成作業(yè)你才能出去踢球。
only修飾主語時，通常置于主語之前。
例：Only you understand me．只有你了解我。
only修飾主語以外時，通常置于動詞之前(有be動詞、助動詞時，則置于其后)
例：She only eats vegetables．她只吃蔬菜。
I only lent you the money．那筆錢我只是借給你(不是給你)。
He only works when he's got homework．
他只在有家庭作業(yè)時才做功課。
I've only seen him once．
我只見過他一次。
8．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．
想象一下這種情況：你二十一歲是世界最有名大學(xué)里的一個有希望的畢業(yè)生。
imagine+名詞
例：Can you imagine life with out electricity?
你能想像沒有電的生活嗎?
The gir1 tried to imagine the gentleman as her father．
這女孩試著把這位紳土想像成自己的父親。
imagine+doing想像做”
例：I didn't imagine becoming a writer in my childhood．
在孩提時代，我并未想像成為一名作家。
imagine+名(人)+doing想像(某人)做…
例：I can't imagine her marrying him．
我無法想像她和他結(jié)婚。
imagine+(that)…／wh-想像…；想…，推測 (不可用進(jìn)行時)
例：Imagine you are a bird．
想像你是一只鳥。
Can you imagine how much 1 was surprised to see it ?
你能想像我看見它后感到多么驚訝嗎?
Iimagine (that) I have met you somewhere before．
我想以前曾在哪里見過你。
Can you imagine what he is doing?
你能猜測他在做什么嗎?
(Just) imagine (it) ! 想想看!
Imagination (名) imaginative (形)
promising (形) 有希望的，有前途的，前途光明的
例：a promising actress有前途的女演員
9．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．
從那時起，霍金就繼續(xù)尋求關(guān)于宇宙特征的問題的答案。
seek+(for after)+名詞 搜尋，尋找；尋求，探求；追求
例：They sought shelter from the rain．
他們找尋避雨的地方。
He found it worthless to seek fame．
他發(fā)現(xiàn)追求名聲是不值得的。
We must seek (for) a solution to the problem
我們必須尋求解決問題的方法。
seek+名 征求，請求 ，
He sought his doctor's advice．
他向醫(yī)生請教(征求醫(yī)生的意見)。
語法點撥
動詞不定式
不定式由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to do“，不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。
不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語，但不能單獨作謂語。不定式的邏輯主語有時用“for+名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。
1．不定式的用法：
(1)作主語
不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語之后，用It作形式主語。例如：
To see is to believe．眼見為實。
It is right to give up smoking. 戒煙是對的。
(2)作賓語
不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之后，而用it作形式賓語。例如：
He wanted to go．他想走。
I find it interesting to work with him．
我發(fā)現(xiàn)和他一起工作有趣。
(3)作賓語補足語。例如：
He asked me to do the work with him．
他叫我跟他一起做這個工作。
注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等詞后的補足語中，不定式不帶to。但是這些句中如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，就必須帶to。例：
I often hear him sing the song．He is often heard to sing the song
我常聽到他唱這首歌。他經(jīng)常被聽到唱這首歌。
注意：不定式動詞在介詞but，except，besides后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則要帶to。
例如：
She could do nothing but cry．她只會哭了。
What do you like to do besides swim?
除游泳外你還喜歡什么?
I have no choice but to go．我不得不走。
(4)作定語。例如：
I have some books for you to read.
我有幾本書供給你讀。
注①：作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：
He is looking for a room to live in ．
他在找一個房間住。
There is nothing to worry about．
無什么可擔(dān)心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with．
請給我把刀子來切東西。
但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。例如：
He had no money and no place to live．他沒錢沒地方住。
注②：當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其意義有所不同。試比較：
A)Have you anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎?(不定式tosend的動作執(zhí)行者是you)
B)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?(不定式to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
(5)作狀語，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。例
I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (結(jié)果)
To look at him，you would like him．(條件)
要是看見他，就總會喜歡他的。
目的狀語還可以用in order to或so as to來表示。例如：
In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard．
為了考試及格，他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。
We ran all the way so as not to be late．
為了別遲到我們一路上跑來的。
不定式也可以在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。例如：
I am very glad to hear it 聽見這事我很高興。
The question is difficult to answer．這個問題難回答。
“too+形容詞或副詞+不定式”也作狀語。例：
He is too old to do that．
他太老不能做這事了。
另外句子中有enough這個詞時，常用不定式作狀語。例如：
The room is big enough to hold us．
這間屋子夠大能盛得下我們。
(6) 作表語。例如：
My job is to help the patient 我的工作是幫助病人。
(7)作獨立成分。例如：
To tell the truth，I don't agree with you．
說實話，我不同意你的觀點。
(8)不定式與疑問詞who，which，when，where ,how，what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語表語、賓語等。例：
He didn't know what to say. (賓語)
他不知道說什么。
How to solve the problem is very important （主語）
如何解決這個問題很重要。
My question is when to start．(表語)
我的問題是什么時候開始。
注意：在與why連用時，只用于why或why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶to。例：
Why not have a rest?
(9)不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式，多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的，但有時的確比較復(fù)雜，請注意以下幾點：
A)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時，不定式往往用主動形式。
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
你有開門的鑰匙嗎?
(A key unlocks the door．)
B)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，不定式常用主動形式。
I have got a letter to write．(I write a letter．)
我有封信要寫。
He needs a room to live in．(He lives in a room．)
他需要間屋子住。
C)不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，不定式多用主動形式，這是因為人們往往認(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for one或for people．例如：
He is hard to talk to．很難跟他交談。
The book is difficult to understand．這本書很難懂。
但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者時，亦可用不定式被動句。例如：
The handwriting is very difficult to be read．
這字太難認(rèn)讀了。
The box is to heavy to be lifted．
這箱子太重舉不起來。
D)在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式，如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動形式。
There is a lot of work to do． (Somebody has to do the work．)
There isa lot of work to be done．(The work has to be done．)
請注意下面兩個句子的含義是不同的：
There is nothing to do．意為無事可做，感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done．意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復(fù)正常。
2．不定式的時態(tài)
(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作，通常與謂語的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。例如：
I saw him go out．我看見他出去了。
(2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，這時不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。
例如：
I am very glad to be working with you．很高興和你一起工作。
(3)如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，要用完成式。例如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting．對不起讓你久等了。
3．不定式的語態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動形式。例如：
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．
他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
經(jīng)典賞析
【例1】 (全國高考題)Robert is said--abroad，but l don't know what country he studied in．
A．to have studied
B．to study
C. to be studying
D．to have been studying
[解析] 本題前一句意思為“據(jù)說羅伯特以前在國外學(xué)習(xí)過”，句型為“sb．issaidtodosth．因在國外學(xué)習(xí)”這一動作發(fā)生在be said之前。
[答案] A
[例2] (全國高考題)The purpose of new technoloqies is to make life easier，--it more difficult．
A．not make B．not to make
C. not making D．don't make
[解析] 根據(jù)句子的含義及結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷，很顯然，考查的是動詞不定式作表語，而此處前后兩個動詞不定式呈對比關(guān)系，to不能省略。
[答案] B
[例3] (全國高考題) I've worked with children before，so I know what--in my new job.
A．expected B．to expect
C．to be expecting D．expects
[解析] 從后半句可知考查疑問詞+不定式用法。expect的賓語是what。
[答案] B
[例4] (全國高考題) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but
--whether they will enloy it.
A．to see B．to be seen
C. seeing D．see
[解析] remain to be seen拭目以待，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選B。
[答案] B
[例5] (全國高考題)It is said in Australia there is more land than the govemment knows--.
A．it what to do with B．what to do with it
C．what to do it with D．to do whtat with it
[解析] 該題考查疑問詞+todo用法。根據(jù)句意what to do with it如何處理它。
[答案] B
[例6] (全國高考題)The mother didn't know--to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out .
A who B when C how D why
[解析] 根據(jù)句意“媽媽不知道責(zé)怪誰，因為打破杯子這件事發(fā)生在她不在家的時候
[答案] A
即學(xué)即用
1．Last summer I took a course on--.
A．how to make dresses
B．how dresses be made
C．how to be made dresses
D．how dresses to be made
[答案] A
2．Let Harry play with your toys as well，Clare you must learn to--.
A．support B care
C．spare D share
[答案] D
3．There are five pairs--, but I’m at a loss which to buy．
A．to be chosen B to choose from
C . to choose D for choosing
[答案] B
4．Paul doesn't have to be made--.He always works hard．
A．1earn B. to learn
C．1earned D．1earning
[答案] B
5．We agreed --here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B.meedng
C． to meet D． to have met
[答案] C
6．The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，
but his mothertold him-- ．
A．not to B . not to do
C．not do it D . do not to
[答案1 A
7．The patient was warned--only food after the operation．
A．tO eat not B . eating not
C．not tO eat D . not eating
[答案] C
8．I would love--to the party last night，but l had to wotk extra hours to finish a report．
A .to go B．to have gone
C . going D．having gone
[答案] B
9．MrSmith warned her daughter--after drinking．
A。never to drive B . to never drive
C．never driving D . never drive
[答案] A
10．-The light in the office is still on．
-0h，I forgot--.
A．turning it off B .turn it off
C．to turn it off D . having turned it off
[答案] C
11．Little Jim should love--to the theatre this evening．
A．to be taken B．to take
C . being taken D．taking
[答案] A
12．Charles Babbage is generally considered--is the first computer．
A．to invent B . inventing
C . to have invented D . having invented
[答案] C
13--down the radio--the baby's asleep in the next room．
A．Turning B . To turn
C．Turned D . Turn
[答案] D
14．Mother--us stories when we were young .
A .was used to tell B . is used to telling
C . used to tell D . used to telling
[答案] C
15. She pretended--me when I passed by .
A .not to see . B . not seeing
C . to not see D .having not seen.
[答案] A