Ⅰ.Teaching Goals:

1.Talk about drama and theatre.

2.Use the modal verbs:must,can/could,may/might

(1)ask for permission;(2)ask about possibilities

3.Write and act a simple play.

Ⅱ.Teaching Time:

Five periods

Ⅲ.Background Information：

1.About the Author

Guy de Maupassant,the well-known French shortstory writer and novelist,was born on August 5,1850.When he was young,he had a great interest in literature.He practised writing literary works under the guidance of the famous novelist Flaubert.And Balzac was another teacher of his.So he wrote in the tradition of 19th century French realism,and became one of the most famous French critical realists of the late 19th century.

Maupassant's stories were built around the everyday life of the simple humble people.He had a fine use of irony.His style was direct and simple,with attention to realistic details.He saw clearly the toil,sufferings and the bitterly ironic happenings in human lives.At his best,he was able to put into a few pages a life story which would take other writers a whole volume to describe.

Most of Maupassant's works are about the peasant life in Normandy,the France-Prussian War and the life of the petty bourgeoisie.As he had held a number of government positions in Parice since 1871,he became familiar with the life of the government workers.And this experience helped him create his best short story“The Diamond Necklace”,from which our present text is adapted.Almost a hundred years after its first publication the story still touches the readers deeply to their hearts.

Maupassant suffered a great deal from illness in his late life.Yet he struggled to continue writing with tremendous will power.He had but a short life,and died at the age of 43(on July 6,1893).

2.About the Text

This short play is a stage version of The Necklace,one of Maupassant's best-known short stories.It tells about a vain woman,wife of a small clerk,who borrowed a diamond necklace to go to the palace ball.But unfortunately she lost the necklace.Then she and her husband had to work ten long years to pay for it.

The heroine was named Mathilde,who used to be a pretty girl.Being born in a clerk's family,she had no hope of marrying a man of wealth and position.So she let herself be married to Pierre Loisel,a small clerk in a government office.They were not rich and lived a simple life.

One evening her husband brought home an invitation for the palace ball.It was the first time in their lives that they had been invited to an important occasion like this.But the wife did not feel happy at all,because she had no dress for the ball.As the ball was very important to Pierre,he decided to buy her a new dress,which cost about four hundred francs.That was all he had saved.But Mathilde had no jewellery and she didn't want to go to the palace without jewelley.Her husband suggested that she should go and borrow some jewellery from a rich friend of hers,Jeanne Forrestier.Jeanne was very kind and friendly.She brought out her jewelry for Mathilde to choose from.Mathilde borrowed a diamond necklace.

Mathilde was the prettiest woman that night at the palace.She was a great success.All the men wished to dance with her.She danced madly,forgetting herself,her husband,her home and all.

On the way home Mathilde found that the necklace was gone.She and her husband returned to the palace and looked for it in every room but couldn't find it,and they never saw it again.They had to borrow thirty-six thousand francs,buy a diamond necklace exactly like the one they had lost and return it to Jeanne.Then they worked hard for ten years to pay for the money.

At the end of ten hard years,Mathilde had changed a great deal and looked so old that Jeanne couldn't recognize her when they met in a park one day.When Jeanne heard Mathilde's story,she was amazed.She told Mathilde that the necklace she had lent her ten years before was made of glass.It was worth five hundred francs at the most.

The First Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Learn and master the following words:

footprint　shoeprint　fingerprint　tire　mystery　mysterious　scary　dormitory

2.Do some listening.

3.Do some speaking by acting out some short plays.

Teaching Important Points:

1.Do listening and speaking practice.

2.Improve the students' listening ability.

3.Improve the students speaking ability by acting out some short plays in English.

Teaching Difficult Points:

1.How to finish the task of speaking.

2.How to make up short plays.

Teaching Methods:

1.Warming up to arouse the students' interest in creating good stories.

2.Listening-and-choosing activity to help the students go through with the listening material and understand it.

3.Making and acting out simple plays to practise the students' speaking ability.

4.Individual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.a tape recorder

2.a slide projector

3.a computer for multimedia use

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ. Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ. Lead-in

T:Have you read thrilling and exciting stories?

S1:Yes,I've read one.It is Huckleberry Finn.It was written by Mark Twain.It tells us something about a boy who met with much danger and trouble.

T:Have you seen the soul-stirring film?

S2:Yes.I have seen the film“Titanic”.It tells us that the largest and finest ship at that time sank because it hit an iceberg.It is terrible to see the ship sink under the sea.

T:I think most of you have seen the film.It is really a good and soul-stirring film.It won its Oscar.It is well worth seeing.OK.Which of you had adventurous experience?

S3:I had one.

T:Would you like to tell us your experience?

S3:I'd love to.One afternoon when I went home after school,I found our door open.Suddenly I felt something happen.It was a thief who broke into my house.I was about to leave for help when the thief saw me,He tied me to a chair and took away our money and some valuable things.It took me an hour to untie the rope and call the police.

T:What an advanture experience!Sometimes,all of us are likely to be in trouble.What should we do when we get into trouble?Now we'll have a discussion in pairs.Begin,please.

(After two minutes,teacher collects some advice from the students and shows them on the screen.)

Dos

Find a good chance to get rid of dangerous situation

Call 110 for help.

Ask neighbours for help.

Use your clever head to defeat the other.

…

Don'ts

Don't enter the dangerous situation.

Don't fight with him,for you are weak.

…

T:Your advice is very good.

Step Ⅲ. Warming up

T:Today a foreign senior boy and a Chinese senior girl are travelling on a small island.They have adventurous experience.Now open your books and look at the pictures in Unit 15.Make up a story about something happening to the boy and the girl.Prepare it in four groups.

(Teacher gives students enough time to prepare it.Then ask one group to read the story.)

T:(After some minutes.)Are you ready?Now I'll ask one group to read the story to the whole class.Which group will try?

Group 2:A foreign senior boy and a Chinese senior girl were travelling on a small island when they met an old wise man with long beard.They talked with the man,who had a map in his hand.He told them there were valuables in a certain castle according to the map.So the boy and the girl came to a secret chambers in a mysterious castle on the island and they found a box full of jewellery.They were very excited.And they were thinking about what to do when a huge monster appeared.The monster was angry with them and began to run after them.They were frightened and ran quickly.But the monster went on running after them and they couldn't get away from the monster.At that time the wise old man suddenly appeared before them and helped them leave the dangerous situation.At last he told them that everyone liked treasures.But only when we worked hard by hand to get treature could we own them.

T:Thank you for your story.

Step Ⅳ. Listening

T:Now let's do some listening.Listen to a short play on the tape.The play has three scenes.There are two questions for each scene.First we'll learn some new words on the blackboard.(Write the words“footprints,shoeprints,fingerprints”on the blackboard.)We have known“print”means“a mark mad e on a surface showing the shape pattern of a thing”.Can you guess the meaning of the words?

S4:I'll try.I think“footprint”is a mark made by the foot of a person or an animal.

S5:I think“shoeprint”is a mark made by a sole of a shoe.

S6:“fingerprint”is a mark or pattern of lines made by the end of a finger.

T:(Teacher shows some pictures on the screen.)

Yes.You are right.Look at the pictures.(Teacher points at them.)This is a footprint.This is a shoeprint and this is a fingerprint.

footprint shoeprint　fingerprint

(Teacher writes the words“tire,mystery”on the blackboard and explain them.)

T:Now look at your books on Page 11 and go through the information and make sure you know what you must do before listening.

(After a while.)

T:Now,do you know what you should do after you listen to the tape?

Ss:Yes.

T:I'll play the tape three times.For the first time,you just listen to get a general idea.Then listen to the tape a second time and do the exercise.At last you can check your answers when I play the taperecorder for the third time.Let's begin.

(If the students have any difficulty,teacher plays it once more.At last,teacher checks the answers.)

Step Ⅴ. Speaking

T:You have read,seen and heard many exciting stories.Have you written any plays?

Ss:No,we haven't.

T:Today we'll write one to give the rein to your imagination.Before doing it,first read the situations and choose one of them to make up a short play,according to the situation you choose.Meanwhile,pay attention to the meanings of a few words:scary,mysterious,dormitory.

(Teacher writes them on the blackboard and explains them to the students.)Now you are divided into three groups.One group,one short play.After ten minutes,I will ask each group to act out the play in front of the class.

(After some time,teacher asks each group to act out the play before class.)

Sample plays:

The Secret of the Black Tower

(It is a dark night in April.Three friends have been hiking in the mountains all day.)

A:It's getting dark.I think we can't go home tonight.

B:I'm tired.We'd better find a place to spend the night.

C:Where shall we go?There is no house for us to live in.

B:Look!There is a tower over there.Let's go to see if we can spend the night there.

(They walk to the tower and enter it.)

A:It's so dark here.But we have no choice but so stay here.

C:It's so large and empty.I feel afraid.

B:Don't be afraid.There are even no windows in the walls.Nobody can move in if we put a big stone at the entrance.

(They go to bed and try to fall asleep.Suddenly they hear a sound.)

A:Listen!

B:It may be a mouse.

A:Really?Let me see.(Lighting a match and walking around)Oh,dear!

B and C:What happened?

A:Come and have a look.There is a man lying on the ground.

B:A man?What about him?Can he breathe?

(B and C walk to the man.)

C:Let me see.Oh,no.I think he has been dead for a long time.

A:I think so.He doesn't look like a modern person.He seems to be a person from ancient times.

C:Oh,I know.Look at his head.He may be a Buddhist monk.I have read a report.It says that a buddhist monk doesn't degenerate because he had taken some special drug before he died.

B:In that case,his body is worth studying.

C:Of course.Many countries want to get it.However,no one knows where it is.

A:What should we do with it?

B:We ought to report to the government tomorrow.

A and C:That's right.

Step Ⅵ. Summary and Homework

T:In this class,we've made up a story and a play and listened to a short play.You have done very well in class.After class,please remember and use the new words of this period.(Pointing to the blackboard.)Tell your story and perform your play.The more you practise,the better you'll speak English.Practice makes perfect.We should always remember this.So much for this class.Class is over.

Step Ⅶ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 15　The necklace

The First Period

Remember the new words:

print→footprint,shoeprint,fingerprint

tire n.

mystery n. mysterious adj.

scary adj.

dormitory n.

Step Ⅷ. Record after Teaching

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

The Second Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Learn and master the following words and expressions:

recognize,ball,continue,diamond,jewellery,necklace,palace,francs,after all,call on,bring out,try on,have a good time,without luck,pay off

2.Improve the students' reading comprehension through reading activities.

Teaching Important Points:

1.Learn the language in the play,especially in dialogues.

2.Learn the usages of some words and expressions.

3.Get the students to improve their reading comprehension.

Teaching Difficult Points:

1.How to use the tenses correctly in a dialogue.

2.How to tell the differences between“after all,in all and above all”.

Teaching Methods:

1.Question-and-answer method before reading to make students interested in what they will learn.

2.Fast-reading to get the general idea of the text.

3.Individual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.a tape recorder

2.a slide projector

3.a computer for multimedia use

4.a TV set

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ. Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ. Revision

T:Yesterday we practised making up some short plays.Now I'll ask some students to act out them before class.

(Teacher asks two or three groups to act.)

Step Ⅲ. Lead-in

T:OK.Thank you for your performance.

(Teacher shows a picture on the screen.)

T:Now look at the picture.Who is he?What part did he play in the picture?Do you know?

Ss:Yes.He is Li Lianjie.He played a part of Wu Ming in the famous film“Hero”.

T:Do you like the role?Who can tell me about this?

S1:Yes,I like it.He acted successfully.

T:Yes,you are right.He acted in many films.He is very famous.There are also many famous actors we all like,such as,Liang Chaowei,Zhao Wei,Zhou Xun,Zhang Zhiyi and so on.Have you ever acted in a play?What role did you play?

S2:Yes.I played a naughty boy when I was a junior middle school student.

T:Do you like acting in plays?

S2:Yes.But I think it's difficult work.We need a lot of practice and we must remember the lines of the dialogues,but it's very interesting.

T:So you must have seen some plays,haven't you?

S2:Yes.I have seen many films.And I have seen “Romeo and Juliet” twice.

T:What kind of plays do you like,funny plays,serious plays or sad plays?

S2:Funny plays.

T:What about you,Wang Li?Which do you like?

W:Sad plays.

T:Have you seen the play“The necklace”?

Ss:No,but we're heard of it.

T:This is a very good play written by Maupassant.I like it most.

Step Ⅳ. Pre-reading

T:Now let's watch the play together.Watch carefully and then I'll ask you some questions.

(Teacher plays the TV set for the students to watch.After that,teacher asks the students some questions.)

T:When and where did the story happen?

S3:It happened in a park in Paris,one afternoon in 1870.

T:Who can tell me something about the play?

S4:It's a play about a necklace.And it tells us a story about Mathilde Loisel,who borrowed a diamond necklace from her friend Jeanne.They were good friends then.When they met in a park ten years later,Jeanne didn't recognize Mathilde at first and then Mathilde told Jeanne what had happened to her.

T:Yes,you are right.In order to know more details,we'll learn the play later.Before reading the play,we'll learn the new words and expressions on the screen first.

(Teacher shows the words and expressions on the screen.)

Words:Jeanne n.　讓娜(女子名)

Mathilde n.瑪?shù)贍柕?/p>

Pierre n.皮埃爾

diamond n.鉆石

ball n.舞會(huì)

jewelry n.珠寶a jewel,a piece of jewellry

franc n.法郎

debt n.債務(wù)，欠款

continue vt./vi繼續(xù)

lovely adj.可愛的

precious adj.寶貴的；貴重的；珍愛的

Expressions:call on 　 訪問；號(hào)召；邀請(qǐng)

bring back 拿回來、使恢復(fù)

pay off還清(債務(wù)等)；付清

(Teacher asks students to read the words after the tape twice and then read them aloud.Then teacher gives simple explanations in English to the students.At last,students try to remember them in a short while.)

Step Ⅴ. Reading

T:Let's read the play.While you are reading,please pay special attention to the tenses of the verbs.In the play there are three scenes.Now read the first scene carefully.After reading,discuss the questions on the screen,please.

(Teacher shows the following questions on the screen.)

Answer the following questions:

1.Why didn't Jeanne recognize Mathilde at first?

2.What was the life Mathilde lived in the next ten years like after she returned the necklace?

3.Why had she been working very hard?

(Teacher goes among the students and joins in the students' discussion.After a few minutes,teacher says the following.)

T:Have you finished?(Ss:Yes.)Now,please answer my first question.Any volunteers?

S5:Because she looked older than her age.

T:Yes.What's the answer to the second question?

S6:She had been living a hard life.Years of hard work,very little food,only a cold room to live in and never a moment's rest.

T:You are right.What about the third question?Who knows the answer?

S7:I'll try.Because of the diamond necklace she borrowed from her friend.

T:Your answers are quite right.Now go on to read the second scene quickly and find out the answer to the fourth question on the screen.

(Teacher shows the fourth question on the screen.)

4.Why did Mathilde borrow a necklace from her friend,Jeanne?

(After a while,teacher checks the answer with the whole class.)

S8:Because she and her husband were invited to a ball at the palace.

S9:Because her husband was the only person in his office who was invited and they felt excited.She thought she should wear an evening dress and some jewellery.

S10:Because they were very poor and couldn't afford to buy both the evening dress and the necklace.Her husband suggested that she should buy an evening dress and borrow some jewellery from one of her friends.

S11:Mathilde remembered Jeanne married a rich man and she went to her to borrow a necklace.

(After students answer the question,teacher gives them the proper answer.)

T:Yes.You are doing well.Because Mathilde and her husband…Now let's continue to read the third scene and find out the answers to the questions on the screen.

5.What happened on their way home after the ball?

6.What did they do for Jeanne?

7.What did they do in order to pay back the debt?

(Teacher gives the students another five minutes to read and discuss:Then check the answers before class.)

T:Are you ready to answer the questions?Who'd like to answer them?

S12:5.After the ball,on their way home that night,Mathilde found that the necklace was not around her neck any more.She told Pierre.They returned to the palace to look for it and asked everyone but couldn't find it.

S13:6.They borrowed money to buy Jeanne a diamond necklace.The necklace looked exactly like the lost necklace,but it cost them thirty-six thousand francs.

S14:7.In order to pay back all the money they both worked day and night for ten years.

Step Ⅵ. Language points

T:Now,you've known the general idea of the passage.Let's listen to the tape.Meanwhile,please find out the words,expressions and sentence patterns that you don't understand.

(After a while,teacher asks three students to point them out in each scene.Teacher writes some of them on the blackboard.)

(Bb:I don't think I know you times,to live in,for the last ten years,after all,matter,continue,to do/doing sth.,call on,try on,pay back,pay off,be worth,not any more,at the most,at the palace)

T:Now put the phrases into Chinese and try to make a sentence with each of them.

(Teacher asks students to make sentences before class and gives the examples on the screen.)

T:Please look at the examples on the screen.(Teacher shows them on the screen.)

1.I don't think you two have met,have you?

I don't expect Tom has eaten all the cakes.

I don't suppose I shall be back until 8 o'clock.

2.Times have been good since 1980.

3.I have a house to live in.

4.He has been in Beijing for the past five years.

5.He said he would not come in,but he came in after all.

6.It doesn't matter whether he will come.(v.)

Does it matter if he won't come?

There is something the matter with the machine.

What's your matter?

7.They continued to watch/watching us.

8.Brown called on an old friend while he was in the city.

9.She tried on several pairs of shoes before she found the one she liked.

10.In order to pay back the money that we had borrowed,we had to work hard.

We worked hard so that we paid off all the money that we had borrowed.

11.The book is well worth reading.

The problem is not worth discussing.

(Teacher asks some students to read these sentences and translate them into Chinese.At the same time,teacher asks students to pay attention to the usages of the under lined parts.)

T:In the fifth sentence,“after all”is used.Do you know the differences between“after all,in all,and above all”?

Ss:We are not sure about them.

T:OK.Now look at some examples on the blackboard.From the sentences,you can understand their difference.Please tell me their meanings.

(Bb:1)There are 58 students in our class in all.

2)I know he hasn't finished the work,after all,he is busy.

3)We never waste anything,and above all never waste time.

4)You can see I'm right after all.)

Step Ⅶ. Post-reading

T:Now listen to the tape again.This time you should pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation.

(Teacher plays the tape.After that,teacher gives students a few minutes to read the text aloud.At last students do an exercise for consolidation.)

T:Now suppose Mathilde returned to the palace where the ball was held to ask about the necklace.She answered some questions asked by the workers in the palace please read these sentences and match them.

(After a while,teacher checks the answers with them.)

Suggested answers:

1.E　2.C　3.B　4.F　5.A　6.D

Step Ⅷ. Summary and Homework

T:Today we've read a play and known what happened to Mathilde for the last ten years.And we've learned many important phrases and sentence patterns,such as…(pointing at them on the Bb.)After class,imagine how Mathilde's husband felt when she came back to tell him about her meeting with Jeanne and write a scene to continue the story in pairs.That's all for this class.Good-bye.

Step Ⅸ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 15　The necklace

The Second Period

1.Words:times,matter(v.)

2.Phrases:for the past ten years,

continue to do/doing sth.

call on,try on,pay back,pay off,

be worth sth./doing sth.

3.Sentence Patterns:I don't think I know you a small cold room to live in.

The Third Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Review the words learnt in the last period.

2.Review the phrases learnt before.

3.Learn and master the usages of the Modal

verbs:must,can/could,may/might expressing“certain,possible or impossible”.

Teaching Important Points:

Learn and master the usages of the Modal

verbs which express“certain,possible or impossible”.

Teaching Difficult Points:

1.The usages of the Modal verbs“can”and“could”.

2.How to use the Modal verbs correctly.

Teaching Methods:

1.Review method to consolidate the words learnt.

2.Inductive and Deductive methods to help the students master what they've learned .

3.Individual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.a slide projector

2.a computer for multimedia use

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ. Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ. Revision

T:In the last period we read a play.Now we've known something about Mathilde.But when she heard what Jeanne said,how did she feel?What about her husband?I'll ask some pairs to act out the play you've made up.

S1:…

S2:…

Step Ⅲ. Word Study

T:Thanks for your play and your performance.Now open your books on Page 14.Let's do the first part of word study.Write a word according to the first letter and the meaning of the word or phrase given.If you have any difficulty,you can turn to a dictionary or discuss it with your partner.

(Teacher gives the students one or two minutes to do it.Then check the answers.)

Suggested answers:

1.continue(to go on)

2.ball(dancing party)

3.recognize(to know again someone or something you have met before)

4.diamond(a very hard,precious stone)

5.jewellery(beautiful things that are usually made of valuable metal or stone)

(Teacher gives students some time to read them aloud and try to remember them.)

T:Now we shall have a test about the words we've learned.I'll ask some pairs to come in front of class.One student reads the meanings;the other one says the words.Are you clear about that?(Ss:Yes.)Which pair comes here first?

T:Well done.We've also learnt many phrases in the last period.Let's review them now.Please look at the phrases on the screen.

because of,after all,continue to,call on,bring out,try on,pay off,be worth,pay back,day and night,at the most,at all,not…any more,be dressed,be valuable,be married to

(Teacher asks some students to translate the phrases above into Chinese.)

T:Now let's do an exercise.(Teacher shows an exercise on the screen.)

Fill in the blanks with one of the phrases we've reviewed.

1.She had to take up several jobs to___________her debts.

2.People used to drink the water in the lake,but now they can't do that________because of the pollution from the factory.

3.They had to work_________to make enough money for buying a house.

4.Peter wore his new ring when he went to_______his mother.

5.The company's new jewellery is not that expensive.A diamond ring costs 2000 yuan_____.

6.There was no way he could_________the money he borrowed from his father on time.

7.Emma is a vegan and does not eat any animal products__________.

8.What do you think of the film?It__________seeing again.

9.You can't decide whether you'll take the coat until you__________it__________.

10.Young people should read more books.Good books__________to us.

11.Those who will put on performance__________in beautiful clothes.

12.Mr.White__________his wife for 15 years.

T:Please fill in the blanks with one of the phrases given.Pair work or group work.Some minutes later.I'll check the answers with you.

Suggested answers:

1.pay off

2.any more

3.day and night

4.call on

5.at the most

6.pay back

7.at all

8.is worth

9.try on

10.are valuable

11.are dressed

12.has been married to

Step Ⅳ. Grammar and Practice

T:OK.Now listen to me carefully.I'll tell you an interesting story.A long time ago,there was an old woman in a village.She had two children.One was called Xiao Ming,the other Xiao Jun.One day the old woman was very puzzled.She had some cakes in the kitchen but every night one of her children was eating them.She thought it was Xiao Ming or Xiao Jun.(Show a picture of Xiao Ming on the screen.)This is Xiao Ming.He is very tall.(Show a picture of Xiao Jun on the screen.)And this is Xiao Jun.He is very short.The woman had an idea.She put the cakes on a high shelf.The next day,someone had eaten some of the cakes.“Ah!”said the woman.“It can't be Xiao Jun.He's too short.It must be Xiao Ming!”She was very angry with Xiao Ming.Poor Xiao Ming,in fact,he didn't eat the cakes.It was Xiao Jun.How?Can you guess?Yeah.He must have used a chair or something else.(Bb:It can't be Xiao Jun.It must be Xiao Ming.In fact,it was Xiao Jun.He must have used a chair.)Do you understand my story?

Ss:Yes.

T:Look at the sentences on the blackboard.Here we use“can't”and“must”.Who can tell me how to use them?

S7:When we are very sure of something,we use “must”in positive sentences and“can't or cannot”in negative sentences.

T:Do you agree with him?(Ss:Yes.)You are right.Now you've known the usages of“must”and“can't”.Let's do an exercise to practise it.Look at the screen.

Complete the sentences using“must”or“can't”.

1.I have tried to call him at the office but there is no reply.He__________be at home.

2.They have bought a new car.They__________have a lot of money.

3.She is carrying a Japanese newspaper.She__________be Chinese.

4.He goes abroad a lot.He__________have an important job.

5.She is a professor at the university.She__________be very clever.

6.She is acting in a Shakespeare play tomorrow.She__________be an actress.

Suggested answers:

1.can't　2.must　3.can't

4.must　5.must　6.must

T:Now you have known when we are very sure of something,we use“must”or“can't”.But what word shall we use when we think something is possible,but not very sure?Look at the sentences on the screen.

1.You could borrow some jewellery from your friend Jeanne who is married to a rich man.

2.You may not know that the necklace I returned isn't the one that I had borrowed.

3.Do you have a friend who might/may lend you some jewellery?

(Teacher asks one or two students to sum up the usages of“may,might and could”.

S8:From the sentences,we can see in positive sentences we use“could,may or might”and in negative sentences we use“may not/might not”.

T:Yes.But when we want to ask a question,what modal verbs shall we use to express“possible”?

S9:I think we should use“can,may,could,might”.

S10:I don't agree with him.I think we only use“can or could”.

T:OK.You are right.Can you give me an example?

S10:Yes.For example:Li Ping isn't here.Where can/could he be now?

(Teacher writes the sentence on the Bb.)

T:Well done.Now let's do the exercise on Page 15.Before doing it,you should read the example.Then have a discussion with your partner.After a while,I'll check the answers.

(Teacher gives students a few minutes to do it and then checks the answers.)

Suggested answers:

1.must　2.must　3.may/might/could 4.can/could　5.can/could　6.must

Step Ⅴ.Consolidation

T:Now let's do another two exercises to consolidate what we've just learned.Look at the screen and read the sentences on it to see which modal verb you should choose.Pair work.

Ex.1:Complete the sentences with modal verbs.

A:Look.Someone is coming.Who__________it be?

B:It__________be the headmaster.

A:It__________be him.He has gone to Zhengzhou.

B:It___________be Mr.Zhang.He looks exactly like the headmaster.

Ex.2.Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs.

1.Is it possible that she is in the kitchen?

2.It is impossible that it will rain.

3.Perhaps he will tell you tomorrow.

4.I'm sure my father is at work now.

5.I'm sure our physics teacher is not in the lab.

Suggested answers:

Ex.1.can,may,can't,must

Ex.2.1.Can/Could she be in the kitchen?

2.It can't/couldn't rain.

3.He may/might tell you tomorrow.

4.My father must be at work now.

5.Our physics teacher can't be in the lab.

Step Ⅵ.Summary and Homework

T:Today we have reviewed the words and phrases we've learnt in the last period.And we've also learnt the usages of some modal verbs“can,may,must”express“guess”.When we are sure of something,in positive sentences we use“must”but in negative sentences we use“can't”.When we think something is possible but not very sure,in question form,we use“can”;in positive sentences we use“could/may/might”and in negative sentences,we use“may not or might not”.After class,you should review them.So much for this class.Class is over.

Step Ⅶ.The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 15　The necklace

The Third Period

Grammar:Modal Verbs

It can't be Xiao Jun.He's too short.

It must be Xiao Ming.

In fact,it was Xiao Jun.He must have used a chair.

Li Ping isn't here.Where could/can he be now?He could/may/might be in the dormitory.

The Fourth Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Review the useful expressions in this unit.

2.Do some exercises to review the Modal verbs expressing“guess”.

3.Do some reading and learn something about plays.

4.Do some writing and learn to make up plays.

Teaching Important Points:

1.Read the text and learn the differences and similarities between TV shows,computer games and plays.

2.Learn to write plays in English.

Teaching Difficult Point:

Improve the students' integrating skills--reading skill and writing skill.

Teaching Methods:

1.Fast reading to go through the reading material.

2.Discussion in pairs to answer the questions.

3.Discussion in groups to finish the writing task.

Teaching Aids:

1.a slide projector

2.a computer for multimedia use

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ. Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ. Revision

T:Yesterday we learnt the Modal verbs which express“guess”.Who can tell me which modal verbs are used to express“guess”?

S1:I'll try.I think“can,may,must”can be used to do so.

S2:“could”and“might”can also be used to express guess.

T:You are quite right.Now please look at the screen.Let's do the exercise on it.You can prepare it for a few minutes first.Then we'll check the answers.

(Teacher shows the exercise on the screen.)

Choose the best answers to complete the following sentences:

1.I thought you__________like something to read.

So I have brought you some books.

A.ought　 B.might

C.could D.must

2.-That man must be Sarah's husband.

-No,he __________be her husband.She is still single.

A.can't B.mustn't

C.may not D.ought to

3.Peter__________come with us tonight,but he isn't very sure.

A.must B.may

C.can D.will

4.-What__________it be?

-It__________be a mail box,for it is moving.It __________be a car.

A.can;can't;must B.can;can;must

C.can;mustn't;must D.must;mustn't;can

5.-Look,someone is coming.Guess__________.

-Jack.He's always on time.

A.who can it be B.who he may

C.who he can be D.who it can be

Suggested answers:

1.B　2.A　3.B　4.A　5.D

Step Ⅲ.Reading

T:I often watch TV shows.Some of them are very instructing.I can learn a lot from them.Do you watch TV shows?

S3:I'd like to watch them,but I have no time,because I have a lot of homework to do.I only watch TV on Saturday or Sunday.

T:S4,do you often see a film or a play?

S4:Sometimes I go to see films with my classmates.Seldom do I go alone.But I don't like to see a play.

T:What else do you like to do in your spare time?

S4:I like reading and playing football.First of all,I like playing computer games best.…

T:Today we'll learn a new text.Now open your books on Page 15.In this text Mrs Brown says that plays are like TV shows and computer games.Please read it quickly and find out their similarities.

(Teacher gives students time enough to prepare.Then asks some students to give the answers.)

Suggested answers:

1.TV,plays and computer games all have charecters playing different roles and acting out a story.

2.TV shows and plays both tell a story.We can watch actors perform the action of the story and they also speak lines written like the dialogue in a play.

T:OK.You are right.In the text,perhaps there are a few sentences which are hard to understand.Look at the screen.

1.I don't like plays that much.

2.Since we do know a lot about plays,why don't we try writing a play of our own.

3.…writing a simple play is not that difficult,and besides,we have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays.

4.…we might come up with a very good story.

T:Please pay attention to the words and phrases underlined.In the first sentence,“that”means“so”.In the second sentence,“do”is used to emphasize;“try writing”means:attempt and do sth. as a possible way.And in the third sentence,“besides”is also adverb and means“also,in addition”.In the last sentence,“come up with”means“think of;produce”.Now do you understand them?(Ss:Yes.)Look at some examples on the screen.

1.It wasn't that good,actually.

2.They do watch TV after supper.

3.If the car won't start,try pushing it.

4.I don't want to go;besides,I'm too tired.

5.They have come up with a solution to the problem.

T:Please put them into Chinese.Think them over and then give us the answers.

(Teacher asks a few students to translate the sentences and corrects the mistakes they make.)

Suggested answers:

1.實(shí)際上，它并沒有那么好。

2.晚飯后他們的確看電視。

3.如果小汽車發(fā)動(dòng)不了，試著推一推。

4.我不想去，還有，我也太累了。

5.他們想出了一個(gè)解決問題的辦法。

Step Ⅳ. Discussion

T:Now you have known the general idea of the text.Please look at the first three questions on Page 16.Let's have a discussion to answer them.You are divided into three groups to prepare them.One group,one question.Then I'll ask some students to give us their ideas.(Teacher gives students a few minutes to do it.At the same time,teacher goes among them and join them in the discussion.At last,teacher asks some students to talk about their ideas.

Sample answers:

1.TV shows,computer games and plays all have particular scenes.But the characters and stories in TV shows look more real while the ones in plays are boasted.The ones in computer games are imagined.

2.In real life we can act different roles,such as,a student,a son,a daughter,a brother,a sister and so on.Different roles act in different ways.

3.I agree life is like theatre.I think theatre comes from life and it is a reflection of life.But at the same time theatre is boasted.

Step Ⅴ.Writing

T:OK.We have read many dialogues and stories.Also we have read plays in this unit.Now,please write a short play using Jenny's story or Sara's story.Before writing,please look at the tips on the screen.It's of great help to your writing.

Tips of writing a short play:

1.Talk to the other students in your group and decide what the action of the play should be.Write an outline of the plot.

2.Decide what each person should be like.Make a short list of his or her qualities-is he or she shy,friendly,happy,sad,scared or brave.

3.Write down the dialogue.

4.Decide which role each group member will play.

(Teacher reads them and explains the words:outline,plot,quality.)

T:Now please write a short play on a piece of paper in groups.Then I ask some groups to act it out in front of the class.

(Ten minutes later,teacher asks students to perform their plays).

Sample play:

(Sara___________A,A girl___________B)

(Sara is on her way to school.A girl is walking towards her.)

A:(Saying to herself)My God!Who is that girl?She looks exactly like me.

B:Hello,Sara.

A:Sorry,I don't think I know you.Who are you?Why do you look exactly like me?

B:Would you like me to be a member of your family?

A:Of course you are welcome.I'm the only daughter in my family.I'm looking forward to a sister.If you join us,we can study together and do other things together.

B:How can others tell me from you?

A:I'm Sara.You are Sally,OK?

B:Where are you going?

A:To school.Would you like to go with me?

B:Let's go together.

(They walks together to school.)

Step Ⅵ.Test

T:In this unit we have also learned some important verbs and some useful expressions.Have you remembered them?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Now let's review them together.I say them in Chinese;you say them in English.

(Teacher writes them on the blackboard when students say them.)

(Bb:know,recognize,accept,continue,marry,receive,match,call on,be worth,pay back,pay off,try on,at the most,after all,without luck,at the ball…)

T:Now I'll give you a test about them to see whether you've mastered them or not.Look at the screen,please.

Fill in the blanks with the proper words.

1.At the airport I could hardly__________Mary,one of my classmates because she had changed so much.

2.At the end of ten hard years,the couple__________their debts.

3.In his fifties,Karl Marx__________to learn Russian by himself.

4.The government__________the people to fight against pollution.

5.Have you decided__________or refuse the invitation?

6.I think her clothes__________her perfectly.

7.The passenger was tired and walked more slowly,but he got home__________.

8.She asked her daughter to__________the new dress.

9.The football match was put off__________the heavy rain.

10.His careless driving__________him his life last year.

Suggested answers:

1.recognize　2.paid off　3.continued 4.calls on 5.to accept6.match 7.after all 8.try on 9.because of 10.cost

T:In this unit we've also learnt the modal verbs which express“guess”.Please complete the sentences with modal verbs.Look at the screen.

Complete the sentences with modal verbs.

1.She speaks English like an American,she__________be from the USA.

2.They were forced to leave their homeland.They__________feel sad.

3.She was taken to hospital for an operation.She__________be badly hurt

4.I rang her up this morning,but there was no reply.She__________be in.

5.Look!An accident over there!Some people__________be hurt.

6.The animal doesn't move.It looks dead.

It__________be alive.

7.He got full marks in the English test.He__________be very happy.

Suggested answers:

1.must　2.must　3.must　4.couldn't 5.may/might　6.can't　7.must

Step Ⅶ.Summary and Homework

T:In this class,we've received the useful expressions learnt in this unit and the grammar-the Modal verbs for“guess”.You must master them.And we've also learned how to write simple plays.After class,you'll review the contents in the whole unit.So much for today class is over.

Step Ⅷ.The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 15　The necklace

The Fourth Period

Verbs:know,recognize,accept,continue,marry,cost,receive,match

Phrases:call on,be worth,pay back,pay off,try on,at the most,after all,without luck,at the ball

The Fifth Period

Modal Verbs(Ⅱ)

Teaching Aims:

1.Review the usages of modal verbs which express“guess”.

2.Sum up the situations of modal verbs which express“guess”.

Teaching Important Points:

How to correctly use modal verbs which express“guess”.

Teaching Difficult Points:

How to correctly choose modal verbs which express“guess”in different situations.

Teaching Aids:

1.a projector and some cards

2.a computer for multimedia use

Teaching Methods:

1.Review method to master the usages of modal verbs which express“guess”.

2.Inductive method and comparative method to master important and difficult points.

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ.Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ.Revision

T:In this unit,we have learned the usages of modal verbs which express“guess”.Now let's have a little quiz.Look at the screen.There are three sentences on the screen.According to these situations,write another three sentences,using“must/might/may/could/can't”.

(Teacher shows the following three sentences on the screen and asks students to write down their answers on the paper.)

1.Perhaps the theatre will be full.

2.I'm sure that necklace is valuable.

3.I'm sure the medicine isn't in the cupboard.

(After two minutes.)

T:Are you ready?(Ss:Yes.)Now,please read your sentences to the class.Any volunteers?

S1:I think“perhaps”is an important word.So the first sentence is:The theatre might/may/could be full.

S2:The sencond sentence is:That necklace must be valuable.

S3:The third sentence is:The medicine can't be in the cupboard.

T:Well done.From these sentences we can know if we are sure about something,we can use“must”in positive sentences and“cannot or can't”in negative sentences.When we are not very sure about our guess,we can use“might,may and could”for possibility.Now let's sum up the situations of medal verbs which expresses “guess”.

Step Ⅲ.Summary of the usage of modal

verbs which express “guess”.

T:All right.Look at the form on the screen.

(Teacher shows the following form on the screen,and then begins to explain.)

T:In positive sentences,if we are sure about some situation,we can use“must”to express“certain”,in Chinese“想必，準(zhǔn)”.That is to say,if we are sure about the present situation,we can use“must+v.”;if we are sure about the present continuous situation,we can use“must be doing”;if we are sure about the situation which has already happened,we can use“must have+p.p.”,but we can't use“mustn't”to express“guess”,because“mustn't”means“forbid”.For example,look at the blackboard.

(Teacher writes the following sentences on the Bb.)

(Bb:Where is Mary?-She must be in the library.Now he must be waiting for us at the school gate.It must have rained last night,for the ground outside is wet.)

T:In positive sentences,there is still another situation.If we are not sure about some situation,we can use“may/might”to express possible,in Chinese“可能”,but we can't use“can”.That is to say,if we are not sure about the present situation,we can use“may/might+v.”;if we are not sure about the present continuous situation,we can use“may/might+be doing”;if we are not sure about the situation which has already happened,we can use “may/might+have p.p.”.Look at the examples.

(Teacher writes the following on the Bb.)

(Bb:He may be at home.Let's go and see him.

It's nearly seven o'clock.Perhaps Jack may be watching CCTV news.

It may/might have rained during the night.)

T:In negative sentences,if we are sure about the present situation,we can use“can't+v.”;if we are sure about the past situation,we can use“can't/couldn't have+p.p.”In interrogative sentences;we can use “can/could+subject+v.…?”to guess the present situation;if we guess the past situation,we can use“can/could+subject+have+p.p.…?”Look at some examples.

(Teacher writes the following sentences on the blackboard.)

Step Ⅵ.Practice

T:Now let's do some exercises.Please look at the screen.

Ⅰ.Rewrite sentences using must/might/may/could/can't.

1.Perhaps we will have a good trip.

We__________have a good trip.

2.I'm sure it isn't made of gold.

It__________be made of gold.

3.Perhaps his girlfriend isn't in the hotel.

His girlfriend__________be in the hotel.

4.I'm sure that restaurant is a good one.

That restaurant__________be a good one.

5.Perhaps the train ticket is as expensive as the air ticket.

The train ticket__________be expensive as the air ticket.

Answers:

1.might/may/could　2.can't

3.may/might not 4.must

5.might/may/could

Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks using must/might/may/can/could and their negative forms.

1.-Could I borrow your dictionary?

-Yes,of course you__________.

2.She doesn't answer the bell.She__________be asleep.

3.The ground is wet.It__________have rained last night.

4.He is writing with a pencil.He__________have lost his pen.

5.A computer__________think for itself;it__________be told what to do.

6.There is much gas here,you__________smoke here.

7.-Was he present at the meeting?

-He__________not have attended it,for he was busy repairing his car all the time.

8.Look!An old man is lying in the middle of the street.He__________be hurt in an accident.

9.Nobody saw her at the meeting yesterday;she__________have spoken at the meeting.

10.-My goodness.I just missed the train.

-That's too bad.I am sure you__________have caught it,if you had hurried.

Suggested answers:

1.can 　 2.must 　 3.must 　 4.might 5.can't;must 6.mustn't　7.could 8.must 9.couldn't　10.could

Step Ⅴ.Homework

T:Today we have reviewed and learned the usages of modal verbs which express“guess”in positive sentences,interrogative sentences and negative sentences.They are all very important.I hope you'll often review them from now on.Here are five examination questions.Write them in your exercise-books.Finish them in time.Tomorrow I'll check the answers and ask you to tell me the reasons of your choices.Are you clear?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Look at the screen.After that,class is over.

Choose best answers:

1.-I saw Mary in the library yesterday.

-You__________her;she is still abroad.

A.mustn't see 　 　 B.can't have seen

C.mustn't have seen D.couldn't see

2.David,you__________play with the valuable bottle;you__________break it.

A.won't;can't B.mustn't;may

C.should't;must D.can't;shouldn't

3.Susan refuses to marry Jack now.She__________her mind.

A.must change B.should have changed

C.must have changed D.would have changed

4.Sue__________come together with us tonight,but she isn't very sure yet.

A.must B.may

C.need D.will

5.Aunt Margaret__________the train,otherwise she would have arrived here by now.

A.must have missed B.should have missed

C.had missed D.might miss

Suggested answers:

1.B　2.B　3.C　4.D　5.A

Step Ⅵ.The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 15　The necklace

The Fifth Period

1.Where is Mary?

-She must be in the library.

Now he must be waiting for us at the school gate.

It must have rained last night,for the ground outside is wet.

2.He may be at home.Let's go and see him.

It's nearly seven o'clock.Perhaps Jack may be watching CCTV news.

It may/might have rained during the night.

3.The boy is honest.He can't tell lies.

You can't have seen him at the party last night…

Can it be true?

Can he have left yesterday?

Reference for Teaching

一、異域風(fēng)情

Drama

Britain is one of the world's major centres for theatre,and has a long and rich dramatic tradition.There are companies based in London and in many other cities and towns;in addition,numerous touring companies visit theatres,festivals and other venues,including arts and sports centres and social clubs.

Many contemporary British playwrights have received international recognition.

Britain has about 300 theatres intended for professional use which can seat between 200 and 2300 people.Some are privately owned,but most are owned either municipally or by non-profit-making organizations.Over 40 of these have resident theatre companies receiving subsidies from the Arts Councils and Regional Arts Boards.In summer there are also open air theatres,including one in London's Regent's Park and the Minack Theatre,which is on a clifftop near Land's End in Cornwall.

二、知識(shí)歸納

(一)I don't think that…

在含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，按原句意思應(yīng)放在從句中的否定詞有時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句

的謂語(yǔ)中，這種現(xiàn)象叫做否定轉(zhuǎn)移(Transferred Negation)。主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe,feel,suppose,guess,appear,seem,expect,imagine等表示“看法”“感覺”的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用否定轉(zhuǎn)移。

e.g.I don't think(that)you need worry.

(I think you needn't worry.)

我認(rèn)為你無須著急。

I don't believe(that)you two have met,have you?

(I believe you two haven't met.)

我相信你們倆還未見過面，是嗎？

使用否定轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)，還須注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.并不是所有表示“看法……感覺”的動(dòng)詞都能用于否定轉(zhuǎn)移，如hope,trust,be afraid,fear等動(dòng)詞就不能用于這種形式。

2.下列情況，上述用于否定轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞也不宜用否定轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)上述動(dòng)詞意義發(fā)生變化時(shí)：

e.g.Let us suppose A doesn't equal B.

咱們假定A不等于B。

(2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)有do,does等強(qiáng)調(diào)詞時(shí)：

e.g.I do think you shouldn't go there.

我實(shí)在認(rèn)為你不應(yīng)該去那里。

(3)當(dāng)主句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或副詞修飾時(shí)：

e.g.I can't believe that they are married.

我不相信他們結(jié)婚了。

I often think that I'm not fit for the job.

我常想我不適合這個(gè)工作。

(4)當(dāng)句子以疑問句形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)：

Do you think that it is true?

你認(rèn)為這不對(duì)嗎？

(5)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞并列時(shí)：

e.g.I should not only think but also be sure that it won't rain tonight.

我不僅該認(rèn)為而且該肯定今晚天不會(huì)下雨。

(6)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中是not/never…too…(越……越好，無論怎樣……也不過分)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不能用否定轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)整個(gè)句子不是否定的，而是肯定的。

e.g.I think he can not do the work too well.

我想他干得越出色越好。

(7)當(dāng)從句中含有every,all,both,each,many等詞時(shí)：

e.g.I suppose both answers are not right.

I don't suppose both answers are right.

我不是認(rèn)為兩個(gè)答案都對(duì)。

3.從句中除not以外的否定詞(如never,no,hardly,little,few,seldom,scarcely等)不能直接轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中去。

e.g.I thought he had never come here. I never thought he had come here.

本句意是：I didn't think he had ever come here.

4.否定轉(zhuǎn)移的句子構(gòu)成反意疑問句時(shí)，如果主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱，附加問句部分要與賓語(yǔ)從句取得一致。

e.g.I don't think that you can get there in time,can you?

我認(rèn)為你不能及時(shí)到達(dá)那里，你能不能呢？

I think that they are coming tomorrow aren't they?

我認(rèn)為他們明天來，對(duì)嗎？

(二)cost的用法

1.vt.價(jià)值(多少錢)，需要(多少錢)；花費(fèi)金錢，花費(fèi)時(shí)間

e.g.How much does the book cost?

這本書需要多少錢？

My hat cost twenty dollars.

我的帽子價(jià)值二十美元。

The journey cost me more than 50 dollars/more than ten hours.

這次旅行花了我五十美元/十多個(gè)小時(shí)。

2.cost還可表示“使付出(代價(jià))，使……失去……”。

e.g.It cost me a lot of work.

它使我付出了很多勞動(dòng)。

Careless driving cost him his life.

開車不小心使他喪生。

The battle cost the king 2000 men.

這次戰(zhàn)斗使國(guó)王損失了二千人。

3.cost作名詞，“費(fèi)用，成本，價(jià)錢”。

e.g.She just had to pay for the cost of food.

他只需付飯錢。

It was sold under cost price.

那個(gè)東西賠本賣掉了。

What's the cost of the car?

那輛汽車得花多少錢？

(三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法歸納：

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中的must,can,could,should,ought to,may,might等都表示推測(cè)。其中must的推測(cè)性最大；can/could(should/ought to)次之；may/might最小。must表推測(cè)時(shí)只用于肯定句中；can/could用于否定句、疑問句中；may/might用于肯定句、否定句中。下面就它們的具體用法進(jìn)行講解。

1.must的用法

(1)must可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

e.g.Judging by his accent,he must be from the south.

聽他的口音，他一定是南方人。

此句的反意疑問句為：isn't it?(因must后是系動(dòng)詞be)

Tom bought a lot of apples.He must like eating apples.

湯姆買了很多蘋果，他一定喜歡吃蘋果。

此句的反意疑問句為：doesn't he?(因must后是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞like)

It is eleven o'clock at night and the lights are off.They must be sleeping now.

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是深夜十一點(diǎn)且燈都關(guān)了，他們一定是睡覺了。

此句的反意疑問句為：aren't they?(must后接的是be sleeping，是對(duì)現(xiàn)正在進(jìn)行的情況的推測(cè))

(2)must還可以對(duì)過去的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)，用must have done。

e.g.The ground is very wet.It must have rained last night.

地面很濕，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

must have done的反意疑問句有三種情況：

①若句中含有過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，用一般過去時(shí)完成反意疑問句。如例句的反意疑問句為：didn't it?

②若句中含有過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，用過去完成時(shí)完成反意疑問句。

e.g.We must have learned 2000 words by the end of last term,hadn't we?

③若句中不含任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)完成反意疑問句。

e.g.He must have gone to Beijing,hasn't he?

他一定是去北京了，是嗎？

2.can/could的用法

(1)can后跟動(dòng)詞原形；表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的否定和疑問推測(cè)。

e.g.Mr.Li has gone to Beijing.The man at the gate can't be him.

李老師去北京了，門口的那個(gè)人不可能是他。

The watch is not yours,who else's can it be?

這塊表不是你的，它可能是誰(shuí)的呢？

(2)can/could have done是對(duì)過去發(fā)生的情況的推測(cè)。

e.g.-Can they have finished the work?

他們可能完成工作了嗎？

-No,they haven't finished it.

他們不可能完成它。

3.may/might的用法

might比may更委婉、含蓄或更加不肯定。

e.g.He may/might be English.

他可能是英國(guó)人。

She may/might have gone to the library.

她可能去圖書館了。

4.should/ought to的用法

should/ought to表推測(cè)，意為“理應(yīng)，應(yīng)該”。

e.g.They left yesterday.They should be home by now.

他們昨天就離開了，現(xiàn)在理應(yīng)到家了。

三、詞語(yǔ)辨析

(一)dress,have on,put on,pull on,wear,in,with

1.dress作不及物動(dòng)詞“穿好衣服”，作及物動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)只能是“人”，不能接衣服，表示“給……穿衣服”。

e.g.She washed dressed and went out.

她洗過臉，穿好衣服就出去了。

Mary is too young to dress herself.

瑪麗太小了自己穿不了衣服。

be dressed in表示某人穿著什么衣服

e.g.The nurses are all dressed in white.

護(hù)士們都穿著白衣服。

注：He is well dressed.

他穿得很好。

2.have on(=be wearing)“穿著、戴著”(衣服、帽子、鞋)，表示狀態(tài)，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

e.g.The Emperor had nothing on in the procession.

游行時(shí)，皇帝一絲不掛。

3.put on“穿戴”表示動(dòng)作，反義詞為take off。

It's cold today.You'd better put on more clothes.

今天天氣冷，你最好多穿些衣服。

4.wear“穿著，戴著”表示穿戴的狀態(tài)。也可以表示留發(fā)式、留胡須、戴手表、首飾等。

She shouldn't wear red.

她不該穿紅衣服的。

She was wearing a gold ring/a red flower in her hair.

她戴著金戒指/頭上戴著一朵紅花。

Many women wear their hair short now.

現(xiàn)在很多婦女留短發(fā)。

He wears a short beard/his beard short.

他留著短胡須。

5.pull on表示動(dòng)作，反義詞是pull off,表示不經(jīng)心地、隨便地或匆忙地穿上衣服、襪子、戴上手套。

She pulled her clothes on and went on school.

她匆匆忙忙地穿上衣服上學(xué)去了。

6.in后接衣服，也可接顏色，可作定語(yǔ)或和be連用作謂語(yǔ)。

The man in blue is our teacher.

穿藍(lán)衣服的那個(gè)人是我的老師。

7.with表示穿戴，只能作定語(yǔ)，而且只能和眼鏡、手套等連用，不能接衣服。

e.g.The boy with thick glasses is our monitor.

戴深度眼鏡那個(gè)男孩是我們的班長(zhǎng)。

(二)true,real

1.true還可表示“符合實(shí)際的”，real可表示“真正的而不是想象的”，兩者不可換用。

This is a true story of real life.

這是一個(gè)從現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中取材的真實(shí)故事。

This is a story of a true man.

這是一個(gè)根據(jù)真人所編的故事。

2.real不能用來修飾表示人的名詞。true可表示“忠誠(chéng)的”而real不能。

A true friend will always help you.

忠誠(chéng)的朋友會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)幫助你。

(三)worth,worthy of(to),worth while

1.worth作“價(jià)值”講，后面跟名詞，(只限于錢數(shù)，或相當(dāng)于錢數(shù)的詞)表示“值多少錢”。

e.g.The bike is worth 200 yuan.

這輛自行車值200元。

It is worth much more than I paid for it.

它的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過我所付給的錢。

worth表示“值得”后跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義；“很值得”是be well worth.

e.g.The book is well worth reading.

這本書值得一讀。

2.worthy of后接動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

worthy后接不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

e.g.The question is worthy of consideration.

這個(gè)問題值得考慮。

Jane is worthy to be chosen.

=Jane is worthy of being chosen.

珍妮值得當(dāng)選。

3.worth while表示“……是值得的”，其后跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞均可。

It is worth while to try/trying this experiment.

做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)值得。

(四)pay back,pay for,pay off

1.pay back意為“歸還，償還”，其賓語(yǔ)通常為所借之物；也可作“報(bào)復(fù)”解，常用pay sb.back(for…)的形式。

This was paid back in the following year.

這在第二年就全部?jī)斶�了。

To pay a person back in his own coin.

以其人之道，還治其人之身。

I'll pay him back for what he did to me.

我要向他報(bào)復(fù)。

2.pay for意為“支付……的費(fèi)用”，for為介詞。其常用句型是：pay for sth,pay sb. for sth,pay(sb.)some money for sth.或pay some money to sb for sth.

You must pay for what you eat and drink.

你必須付你吃喝的費(fèi)用。

Have you paid for the shoes?

那雙鞋你付錢了嗎？

You must pay me for the clothes.

這些衣服你必須給我付錢。

I paid six yuan for the milk.

我付了六元的牛奶費(fèi)。

All these things are to be paid for.

所有這一些都會(huì)得到報(bào)應(yīng)的。

3.pay off意思是“全部還清”。

Soon they paid off the debts.

不久他們就把債務(wù)全部還清了。

He hoped he would have an opportunity to pay them off.

他希望有機(jī)會(huì)把它們償還掉。

四、能力訓(xùn)練

(一)根據(jù)所給漢語(yǔ)完成下列句子。

1.因?yàn)槎嗄甑钠D苦勞作，愛麗斯看上去比實(shí)際年齡老得多。

Alice looked much older than she was___________hard work.

答案：because of many years of

2.他買了一幢大房子，讓他父母居住。

He bought a big house for his parents__________.

答案：to live in

3.對(duì)不起，我不同意你剛才所說的。

I'm sorry,__________I don't___________what you said just now.

答案：but;agree with

4.被邀請(qǐng)參加我們的晚會(huì)，杰克遜先生非常高興。

Mr.Jackson was very glad that he___________our party.

答案：was invited to

5.瑪麗和格林已經(jīng)結(jié)婚30多年了。

Mary___________Green for over thirty years.

答案：has been married to

(二)單句改錯(cuò)

1.The scenery in the park was very moving.

簡(jiǎn)析：把scenery改為scene。scenery是不可數(shù)的集體名詞，是從審美的觀點(diǎn)來看自然風(fēng)景；而scene指從某處所見之景色，但多半包含人與動(dòng)作。

2.He was the older of her two sons.

簡(jiǎn)析：把older改為elder。指兄弟姐妹中年齡較大的要用elder。

3.I don't think it will rain tomorrow,do I?

簡(jiǎn)析:把do I改為“will it”。當(dāng)陳述部分是“I/we think/believe/expect/suppose/imagine+賓語(yǔ)從句”時(shí)，反意問句應(yīng)當(dāng)與從句一致，若有否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象，反意問句用肯定式。

4.How pretty the flower looks in the girl!

簡(jiǎn)析：把in改為on。in后常接表示顏色或服飾的名詞；on后一般接人，表示“某物附在身上”。

5.She married to a man from America.

簡(jiǎn)析：去掉to或在married前加was。“和某人結(jié)婚”只能用marry sb.或be/get married to sb.。

6.The book is well worth being read.

簡(jiǎn)析：把being read改為reading或?qū)�worth改為worthy of。參見同義辨析(三)。

7.Would you like to call on his house?

簡(jiǎn)析：把call on改為all at。call on和call at都可表示“拜訪”習(xí)慣上，call on+人；call at+地點(diǎn)。

8.How long has he recognized you?

簡(jiǎn)析：把recognized改為known。recognize表示“認(rèn)出”以前認(rèn)識(shí)的人或事物，是終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。若指持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，用know。

9.I don't think English is too hard to be learnt.

簡(jiǎn)析：把be learnt改為learn。表語(yǔ)形容詞后的不定式常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。

10.The government has carried out all their promises.

簡(jiǎn)析：把their改為its或has改為have。government是集體名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若將其看成是一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式；若強(qiáng)調(diào)整體中的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

五、高考真題

1.(2003安徽春招)Naturally,after I told her what to do,my daughter__________go and do the opposite.

A.can　 B.must

C.may D.need

簡(jiǎn)析：選B。從naturally“自然地、無疑地、確定地”的提示可知選B，must意為“必定、肯定”。這句話的意思是：“毫無疑問，我告訴過女兒要做什么之后，她一定會(huì)做出相反的事情來。”

2.(NMET 2002)-Is John corning by train?

-He should,but he__________not.He likes driving his car.

A.ca n B.must

C.may D.need

簡(jiǎn)析：選C。由答句中的should“應(yīng)該”乘火車“及轉(zhuǎn)折詞but和補(bǔ)充句He likes driving his car可知應(yīng)選C。

3.(2002北京)-I heard they went sking in the mountains last winter.

-It__________true because there was little snow there.

A.may not be B.won't be

C.couldn't be D.mustn't be

簡(jiǎn)析：選C。本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定式的用法。may not“不可以，可能不”；won't“將不會(huì)，不愿意”；couldn't“不可能”，mustn't“不準(zhǔn)，禁止”，根據(jù)題意選C。

4.(2003上海春招)My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared.

Who__________have taken it?

A.should B.must

C.could D.would

簡(jiǎn)析：選C。本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。should“應(yīng)該”；must“必須，一定”；could表能力，許可，可能性；would表示將來、愿意或表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，本題意思為：我的英漢詞典不見了。可能是誰(shuí)拿了呢？