單元目標(biāo)
復(fù)習(xí)動詞不定式
1．動詞不定式的時態(tài)--一般式，完成式和進(jìn)行式．
以及物動詞write為例：
主動
被動
一般式
to write
to be written
進(jìn)行式
to be writing
to be being written
完成式
to have written
to have been written
①動詞不定式一般式所表示的時間關(guān)系
A：不定式一般式表示的動作與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生．
eg．I saw him go out．我看見他出去了．(saw和go out兩個動作同時發(fā)生)
B：但在很多情況下，動詞不定式一般表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后．
例如：I hope to see you again．我希望再見到你．(to see這個動作發(fā)生在hope之后)
②不定式的完成式體現(xiàn)它所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前．
eg．I’m sorry to have troubled you so much．很抱歉剛才我打擾了你．
但在plan，hope，expect，should like，would like等動詞后，則表示沒有實現(xiàn)的行為．
eg．I would like to have gone with you，but I was busy then．
我本想和你一起去，但那時我很忙．
③不定式的進(jìn)行形式(to be doing)表示不定式的行為和謂語所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生的行為．eg．He pretended to be sleeping when we came in．當(dāng)我們進(jìn)來時，他假裝在睡覺．
④不定式的被動式
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式一般需用被動式．eg．He wants the work to be done．他想讓人做這項工作．He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．他要求派往農(nóng)村工作．
動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是由“for短語+不定式”構(gòu)成．如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語不是句子主語或不是謂詞動詞的賓語，則需要用這一復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)．eg．I have bought some books for you to read．我買了一些書給你讀．
2．動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，同時也有動詞的特征．它在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語．
eg．To learn English well is very important．學(xué)好英語很重要．(作主語)
It made us sad to learn the news．獲悉這個消息使我們很悲傷．(作主語)
Do you want to have a cup of coffee?你想要喝杯咖啡嗎？(作賓語)
Tell him not to be late again．告訴他別遲到．(作賓補(bǔ))
My job is to teach your English．我的工作是教你英語．(作表語)
The biggest problem is how to make full use of time．
最大的(最重要的)問題是如何充分利用時間．(作表語)
I have a very important job to do．我有一項很重要的工作要做．(作定語)
I work hard to pass the exam．為了通過考試，我努力工作．(作狀語)
He is old enough to dress himself．
他足夠大了可以給自己穿衣服了．(作狀語)
To tell the truth，I don’t agree with you．
說實話，我不同意你的意見．(作獨立成分)
重點知識
1．不定式作狀語和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
A．在與謂語時間相關(guān)性上的不同：現(xiàn)在分詞與謂語動詞時間相同；過去分詞早于謂語動詞時間；不定式一般遲于謂語動詞時間．試比較：
Seeing nobody in the classroom，he turned off the light and went out．
Heated to a high temperature，water will change into steam．
We are studying hard to serve the people well in the future．
B．功能上的不同：不定式主要作目的、結(jié)果狀語．表示目的一般用“in or-der to do sth．”或“so as to do sth．”，但“so as to do sth．”不能位于句首．表示結(jié)果常用于only之后(動詞常常是find，see等)或用于．．．enough to do sth．：too．．．to；s o．．．a(chǎn)s to．．．等結(jié)構(gòu)中，而分詞則可作時間、條件、原因、伴隨性狀語．
eg．I get up early to catch the school bus．(表示目的)
He went into the room only to find his mother lying on the ground dead．(表示結(jié)果)
Hearing the news，he burst into tears． (表示時間)
Made of glass，the necklace cost only four hundred francs．(表示原因)
He stood there，talking．(表示伴隨)
Given more attention，the tree will grow better．(表示條件)
2．及物動詞的不定式作定語值得注意的一個問題：這個動詞的邏輯賓語是不定式所修飾的名詞．
eg．I have a book to read．(read的邏輯賓語是book)
3．作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，而不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后要有相應(yīng)的介詞．
eg．He is looking for a room to live in．他正在找住的地方．
討論難點
1．offer，provide，supply，give
offer(提供，奉獻(xiàn))指主動給予某人以幫助、服務(wù)或所需要的東西．至于是否接受，對方可以自己決定．
eg．Whenever anybody was in trouble，he would be the first to offer his help．
無論何時，只要有人遇到困難他總是第一個給予幫助的人．provide(提供，供給)多指免費供給．
She provided the beggar with food．她賜給乞丐食物．
supply(供應(yīng)，提供)指供給必要的或不足的，一般來講須付款．
The factory supplies us with a lot of tools．這個工廠提供給我們許多工具．
give(給，供給)含義廣泛．動作的主體與客體均可為人或物．
He gave me a book．／He gave a book to me．他給我一本書．
2．a(chǎn)t sea，in the sea，on the sea，by sea
at sea譯為“在海上”“在航海中”或“茫然不知所措”；in the sea譯為“在海里”；on the sea譯為“在海面上”“在海岸邊”；by sea譯為“乘船”．
eg．When he woke up，the ship was at sea．
當(dāng)他醒來時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)船在海上了．
Dare you swim in the sea?你敢在海里游泳嗎？
The city is on the sea．這個城市在海邊．
We are planning to go to my hometown by sea．我們打算乘船回家鄉(xiāng)．
核心知識
1．掌握表示焦慮和驚奇的常見句型
What’ s wrong?怎么了？
What’s up?怎么了？
What has happened to her?她怎么了？
What’s the matter/the trouble with you?你怎么了？
Is there anything the matter with you?你是不是哪里不舒服？
I’m worried/ anxious about我為……而擔(dān)憂．Really?真的嗎？
Oh dear! / My God! /My Goodness!天哪！
Wonderful! / Great! / Remarkable!真了不起！
It’s a wonder / miracle!真是個奇跡！
2．詞組和句型學(xué)習(xí)
①He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries．
他有許多商船同別的國家做生意．
動詞短語trade with做“同……貿(mào)易”“同……做生意”解．
eg．We refused to trade with that company for some reason．
我們因為某個原因拒絕同那個公司做生意．
②At the time of this story，they were all at sea．
在這個故事發(fā)生的時候，他的商船都出海了．
(be)at sea作“在海洋中，在海上航行”解．
eg．I have never been on a ship at sea．我從來沒有坐過海船．
③The reason for this was that Antonio had many times scolded Shylock publicly for being greedy and cruel．
其原因是安東尼奧曾多次當(dāng)眾斥罵夏洛克貪婪和殘忍．
A：The reason for this was that中的that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，表示原因．
eg．The reason for his being late was that he missed the first bus．
他遲到的原因是他錯過了早班車．
B：scold sb．for．．．意思是“因為某事責(zé)罵／責(zé)備某人”．“for”做“因為，由于”解，不僅可接動名詞，還可接名詞或從句作賓語．
eg．Mother scolded me for coming home late．母親責(zé)備我回家遲了．
He could not speak for sorrow．他由于悲痛而說不出話來．
Mary thanks to you for what you have told me．
非常感謝你所告訴我的一切．
④ However，Shylock agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition．In the agreement，Antonio made a promise to allow Shylock to take a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months．然而，夏洛克還是同意借錢給安東尼奧，但是有一個條件．在借約中，安東尼奧許諾如果在三個月期滿時償還不了這筆錢，就允許夏洛克從他身上任何部位割走一磅肉．
A：on one condition做“只有在……條件下”解．此詞組也可用on condition that來代替．
eg．You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to an yon e else．你可借這本書，條件是不準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)借給任何人．
B： make a promise譯為“承諾，答應(yīng)”．后接做同位語的不定式或that從句．
eg．He made a promise to study hard/that he would study hard，but he failed to keep his promise．他承諾好好學(xué)習(xí)，但他沒有履行諾言．
C：句中的whatever是形容詞，意思同any，用以加強(qiáng)語氣．Whatever也可作連接代詞．
eg．You may take whatever you like．你可以隨意帶走你喜歡的東西．
⑤Have mercy on Antonio，Shylock．Do not be so bitter．
夏洛克，寬恕安東尼奧吧．不要這樣懷恨在心了．
have mercy on/upon sb．做“寬恕(憐憫)某人”解，也可以說“show mercy on/upon sb．”．
eg．Don’t show mercy on the enemy．不要寬恕敵人．
⑥It is useless trying to argue with Shylock．
試圖跟夏洛克講道理是沒有用的．
在這個句型中it是形式主語，后面的動名詞或動名詞短語是真正的主語．
能以動名詞作主語的這類句子比較少，主要用在以no good，no use，use-less，good waste等詞作表語的句子中．
It’s a waste of time your talking to him．你和他談話是白浪費時間．動名詞作主語有時也用在there be的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中．
eg．There is no use talking about it．= It’ s no use talking about it．
談?wù)撃羌率菦]有用的．
⑦Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants．
對我宣判吧．把夏洛克要的東西給他．
pass judgement on/upon sb．作“對某人判決／審判”解．
eg．History will pass judgement on his death．歷史會對他的死作出判決．
⑧If you offered me six times what you have just offered，I would still take pound of flesh．
即使你愿意給我六倍于你剛才提出的錢數(shù)，我仍然要拿我應(yīng)得到的那一磅肉．
times在此表示三倍以上的倍數(shù)．用times表示“甲是乙的幾倍大(長、高，寬等)”“甲比乙大(長、高、寬等)幾倍”，可用下列句型．
A．A is four times the size(length，height，width．．．) of B．即：．．．times+名詞(如：the length，the amount等)
This street is four times the length of that one．這條街是那條街的四倍長．這條街比那條街長三倍)
B．A is four times as big (long，high，wide) as B．即：．．．times+as+(原級)+ as．．．Asia is four times as large as Europe．亞洲是歐洲的四倍大．(亞洲比歐洲大三倍)
C．A is four times bigger(longer，higher．．．)than B．即：．．．times+adj．／adv．比較級+than．．．
Give me three times more than he borrowed from me．
加三倍還他借我的錢吧．
D．注意times做“倍數(shù)”講時，只限于用于三倍或三倍以上的倍數(shù)，三倍以下通常用double或twice來表示兩倍．
eg．His weight is double what it was ten years ago．他的體重是十年前的兩倍．
⑨．．．but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head．．．
(但是)我從來不知道有這么年青又這么聰明的人．
so和such都可以表示程度，有“這樣”“如此”的意思．但是such形容詞，so是副詞，它倆在句中的位置不同．
eg．I have never seen so good a film．
such a good film．我從未見過這樣好的電影．
⑩Please change the law a little so that we may save Antonio．
請將法律稍微變通一下，好讓我們救安東尼奧．
so that在此引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句．從句中常含有can，could，may，might等情態(tài)動詞．它還可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句．這種從句總是放在主句的后面，從句一般不用情態(tài)動詞，主句與從句之間常加逗號．
eg．He read the text loudly so that the teacher might hear him．
他大聲朗讀課文，為的是能讓老師聽清楚．
John was ill，so that he didn’t come to class．約翰病了，他沒來上學(xué)．
典型例題
剖示考點
NMET200031
--How are you today?
--Oh，I ___________as ill as I do now for a long time．
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feel C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt
正確答案是D．解答這道題時，一要考慮到問句是現(xiàn)然時，那么答語也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)在時．二要知道現(xiàn)在完成時兼跨過去時和現(xiàn)在時兩個時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在時是它的外殼，過去時是它的實體．考慮到這兩方面，答案就清楚了．
NMET 1997
It was about 600 years ago _______ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．
A．that B．until C．before D．when
1．此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的用法，強(qiáng)調(diào)物是時間短語about 600 years ago
2．強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成為：It is／was+強(qiáng)調(diào)物+that從句
3．強(qiáng)調(diào)句是單項填空常考試題
正確答案A．
NMET 1995
eg．It was not until 1920 _______________regular radio broadcasts began．
A．while B．when C．that D．since
正確答案C．
NMET 1992
It was not __________ she took off her dark glasses __________ realized she was a famous film star．
A．when；that B．until；that C．until；when D．when；then
正確答案B．
【關(guān)于“Unit11 The Merchant of Venice”的常見問題】
常見問題1: 高三英語 Unit 11 The Merchant of Venice
問題：
Everybody in our country，men and women，old and young，__________sport sand games．
A．enjoy B．were enjoying C．enjoys D．a(chǎn)re enjoying
解答:
正確答案是C．此題主語和謂語被同位語分隔了．同位語只對主語起修飾、解釋、說明的作用，不影響主語everybody的單數(shù)性質(zhì)．