動詞的時態和語態(1)

發布時間：2016-7-21 編輯：互聯網手機版

高中英語語法復習應圍繞兩大主題展開, 第一: 從句部分(定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句)；第二：動詞部分（動詞的時態和語態、情態動詞、非謂語動詞、虛擬、倒裝），其中前三部分為復習的重點。

動詞的時態 --- 基本概念

1. 一般現在時

例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.

--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.

A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw

正確選項為C, 說話人此時指目前一個經常性的行為。

例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.

A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t

正確選項為B, 說話人此時強調的不是動作發生的時間，而是東西的性質，即收音機的質量不好。

基本概念: 指經常性的行為或強調東西的特性，而忽略時間概念。

特殊用法: 主句為一般將來時，狀語從句要用一般現在時（如強調動作的結果，可用現在完成時）。

例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.

2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.

3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.

(注意：主句是祈使句時，動作還沒有發生，因此看成一般將來時。)

2. 一般將來時

基本形式:

A. will (shall) do B. be going to do

兩種形式有時可以互換，但A 更強調意愿；B更強調計劃和安排。

例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.

--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.

2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.

其它可表將來時的形式

1) 表運動動詞 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的進行時--- 表計劃或安排

* He’s arriving tomorrow.

2) be to do --- 表計劃或安排

* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.

3) be about to do … --- “… 馬上就要…”

* The train is about to leave.

be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”

* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句為過去將來時。)

3. 一般過去時和現在完成時

以上兩種時態是時態部分難點，首先，為什么要將這兩種時態放在一起討論？

例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?

2. When did he leave?

3. She often came to help us. （他過去常來幫我們。）

4. I didn’t know you were so busy. （我沒想到你這么忙。）

以上各句中用的都是一般過去時，顯然，說話的人是強調過去某時發生的動作或情況。

5. How many pages have you covered today?

6. I haven’t seen him for many days.

7. I’ve always walked to work.

8. The students have already left.

9. The city has taken on a new look.

10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.

以上各句用的都是現在完成時，可以看出，與一般過去時一樣，現在完成時所表示的動作也是發生在過去（說話以前），但它強調的是：

1）動作從過去持續到說話這一時刻（例5---7）

2）過去的動作對現狀有某種影響（例8---10），說話人強調的是現在如何。

注意在現在完成時的第一種用法中，時間狀語常用for…; since…短語（從句）

如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.

此時（主句）謂語動詞不能用非延續性動詞。如：

* He has left home for many years.（錯誤）

* He has been away from home for many years. (正確)

* He has died since 1990. （錯誤）

* He has been dead since 1990.(正確)

兩種時態的比較練習:

1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.

--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.

A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put

2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?

A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened

3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?

A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you

C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been

4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.

A. finished; were B. have finished; are

C. have finished; were D. had finished; were

5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.

A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found

6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.

A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten

C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten

Key:

1. B 前者強調的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用現在完成時;后者強調的是I put it right here(just now).

2. C 說話者強調Jane 目前的狀況.

3. D didn’t know 強調見面前原不知道.

4. C 全句含義為 “我們現在已經比預期的(強調過去)提前完成任務( 強調現在).

5. D 為被動語態的現在完成時, 強調that 從句的內容現在已被發現,為人所知.

6. B 注意when I was at college 是指過去的某一時間,動詞應用一般過去時; I have forgotten 是指現在的情況.

4. 現在完成時與現在完成進行時

I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.

現在完成進行時強調動作從過去持續到現在,而且目前還在進行。

這里需要注意兩點：

1）有少數動詞（如：work, study, live, teach等）用現在完成時和現在完成進行時的意思是無大的區別的，如：

* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.

* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.

在強調動作延續時間的長久時，用現在完成進行時更多些, 如：

2）大多數動詞現在完成時強調動作的結果；現在完成進行時強調動作的延續，

* I’ve been writing an article. (還在寫)

* I’ve written an article. (已完成)

練習：

1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “

--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted

2. --- Have you had any letters from him?

--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .

A. has heard from B. has been hearing from

C. had heard from D. hears

Key: 1. C (強調動作從過去到現在的延續，而非動作的結果)

2. B ( 非強調結果，A錯；不是指目前一般的情況，D錯；是指從過去延續到現在的情況，故B對。)

動詞的時態和語態(2) 動詞的時態 --- 基本概念 5. 現在進行時和過去進行時基本概念: 指目前(一點或一段時間) / 過去(一點或一段時間)正在發生的動作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正確選項 C, 指目前一段時間正在發生的動作, until 引導的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現在時.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正確選項B, as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時間狀語從句中動詞強調將來的結果用現在完成時; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正確選項C, was working 指 at that time 正在發生的行為.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正確選項A, 句中went 是說話人給定的時間, work 和leave發生的時間都要看它們與went 的時間關系, work 與went動作同時發生, 強調正在做,用過去進行時; leave 在went之前發生, 應用過去完成時.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正確選項B, 對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.) 6. 一般過去時和過去進行時比較下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信寫完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在寫信，但不一定寫完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他進來時，我正在寫) 從以上例句可以看出，一般過去時常常用來表示過去的一個有結果的動作，而過去進行時1）強調動作在某一時刻正在發生2）動作在過去一段時間內一直在發生，無論哪一種情況都不強調動作的結果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it. 推斷，他去年正在寫。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正確選項為A. slip和notice 為同時發生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發生的情況（沒有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正確選項為B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正確選項為D(道理同上)。 7. 過去完成時基本概念: A) 表過去某一時間以前有結果的行為 * She said she had seen the film. 這里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是發生在said之前的行為，而不是之后。再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正確選項為A, 因為died是發生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行為；died 是站在現在時間角度看過去，是強調過去發生了的事情，而不是強調現在如何，因此D錯，B錯（過去將來時是站在過去的時間角度看過去的將來）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正確選項為A(道理同上)。 B) 表延續到過去某一時間的行為 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表過去某一時間以前未曾實現的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正確選項為B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正確選項為C。 8. 過去將來時基本概念: 表過去某一時間之后將要發生的行為（過去的將來）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left

正確選項為B。

* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.

答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave

由此可以看出, 我們在一般將來時中討論的將來時的多種形式均可靈活地運用于過去將來時中。

9. 將來完成時

基本概念:

在討論了現在完成時和過去完成時之后，我們應該認識到：完成時的概念其實就是兩條1）表結果 2）表延續，站在現在時間角度看，就是現在完成時；時間移到過去就是過去完成是；時間移至將來就是將來完成時，因此，將來完成時

A) 表到將來某一時間前要完成的行為

* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.

* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.

B) 表延續到將來某一時間的行為

* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.

動詞的被動語態

以上我們討論了動詞主動語態的各種時態，與主動語態一樣，被動語態也有相同的各種時態。因此，我們只要關注被動語態的某些特殊用法就可以了。

被動語態的某些特殊用法

A. 有些及物動詞有時形式上為主動, 表達主語的特性或特征

* The kind of cloth washes well.

* The book sells / writes well.

* Your hands feel cold.

動詞的時態和語態(3) --- 基本概念檢測

(動詞的時態和語態)

Choose the right answer

1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.

A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had

2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.

A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving

3. We all know that ice ______.

A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold

4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.

--- OK. I’ll take it.

A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted

C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting

5. ---Is this raincoat yours?

--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.

A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung

6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.

A. has left; comes B. left; had come

C. had left; came D. had left; would come

7. It _____ every day so far this week.

A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining

8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.

A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed

9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?

--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.

A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished

10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?

--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.

A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained

11. However much _____, it will be worth it

A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch

C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs

12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.

A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won

13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.

A. finish what I did B. finished what I did

C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing

14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.

A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried

15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.

A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find

C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found

16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?

--- For about a year.

A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get

C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got

17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.

--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.

A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going

C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going

18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.

A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away

19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will

20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.

A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen

C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen

21. --- Have you moved into the house?

--- Not yet. The rooms ________.

A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting

22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.

A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to

C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to

23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.

--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.

A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told

24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.

A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.

A. just stared (凝視) B. was just staring

C. has just stared D. had just stared

26. --- _______ my glasses?

--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.

A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen

C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw

27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.

--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.

A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be

28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?

--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.

A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet

C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet

29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.

--- But she _______!

A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised

30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave

31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?

--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)

A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared

32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.

A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held

33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?

--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.

A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider

C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered

34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.

A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost

35. --- Have you heard about the new school?

--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.

A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided

36. --- Sorry, I’m late.

--- That’s OK. I _____ long.

A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait

37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.

--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.

A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat

38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.

A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy

39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.

A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking

C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked

40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.

A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come

C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come

41. --- Why did you come by taxi?

--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.

A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have

42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.

A. are B. were C. would be D. had been

43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.

A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down

44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?

--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.

A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned

45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.

A. since B. still C. yet D. then

46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.

A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed

47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.

A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt

48. --- How are you today?

--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.

A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt

49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.

A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel

50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.

--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.

A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having

Key:

1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD

21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC

41---45ABCBA 46---50DDDAD ?