目標要求：

1． 高考詞語

交際用語

2． 語法項目

3． 基礎知識

1） fall off/ fall down

2） for a while

after a while

in a while once in a while

3) cut off

cut up

4) stay up

5) at the time of

6) in all one’s life = in one’s whole life = all through one’s life = through out one’s life

7) on the morning of

in the morning

8) reach as many as

9) at the speed of

10)lose one’s home

11) in the center of

in the middle of

12) ten times morn than

重點詞語解析

1. “許多、大量”的表示方法

1) 只能修飾可數(shù)名詞: a large / great number of, many, many a, a good /great many

2) 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞: a large amount of, much, little, a little

3) 兩者皆可:lots of/ a lot of, plenty of, enough, a large quantity of/ quantities of, a great deal of.

4) Plenty of 通常只用于肯定句中,疑問和否定句中用enough.

5) Large quantities of修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞的數(shù)根據(jù)quantities來定,故用復數(shù).

2. cut的搭配短語

cut off切斷\剪下\刪去

cut down　砍倒＼砍死

cut up　切碎、齊根割掉

cut in插嘴、突然插入

cut through　剪斷、鑿穿

The line was cut off whiole we were talking by telephone.

He often cut in with a few remarks while we discussing the problem.

I’m cutting this tree up.

The army was called in to cut through the fall trees and help clean the roads and paths.

3. sound/ noise/voice

sound指能夠聽到的各種聲音；voice指人的說話聲和唱歌聲；noise指大的雜亂或令人討厭的吵鬧聲。

Sound系動詞，意為“聽起來”，常接形容詞、介詞、或從句。

Sound為及物動詞，意為“發(fā)出聲音”、“發(fā)音”；不及物動詞，意為“發(fā)響”、“響”。Sound作形容詞，意為“健康的、完好的、正確的、徹底的”。如：

We all heard the sound the breaking glass.

She has a sweet voice.

You should not make so much noise!

Your cough sounds better.

It sounds as if the government dosen’t know what to do.

The bell sounded for dinner at eight o’clock in the morning.

She sounded the fire alarm in a hurry.

After the hard work, she had a sound sleep.

1) We shouted at the top of our _____. ( voices)

2) We could not hear them because of the _____ (noise) from the river.

3) He opened his mouth but no _____ (sound) came out of it.

4) He had a loud ___ (voice).

4. destroy/ damage/harm/hurt/injure/wound

1) destroy毀滅，消滅。通過，某中有力的或粗暴的手段使之毀滅或無用，一般不能修復或很難修復，有時可用于比喻意義。

The earthquake destroyed the whole city.

All his hopes were destroyed by her letter of refusal.

2) damage傷害，損傷。主要對價值和功能的破壞，多用語無生命的東西，一般還可以修復。

Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of the disease.

They managed to repair thr house that had been damaged.

3） harm傷害，損害。主要用于有生命的東西，偶爾也用于無生命的事物，常指傷及一個人或其健康、權利、事業(yè)等。

Smoking seriously harmed his health.

They had their hearing harmed by the loud noise of the machine.

5) hurt指精神或肉體上“創(chuàng)傷、傷害”。不及物動詞意思是“痛“。

His words hurt me/ my felling.

He fell off the tree and hurt his leg.

My shoes ate so tight that my feet hurt.

5) injure指意外傷害或事故造成的傷害，有危及功能發(fā)展之薏。

Several children were injured in the accident.

6) wound一般指刀傷、槍傷、戰(zhàn)場上受傷，也可指對感情的傷害，后跟的賓語是人而不是受傷部位。

He got wounded in the battle.

There twenty wounded it the field hospital.

He received a serious wound in the battle.

5. discover/find out/ find/ invent

Paper was fisrt invented by Chinese.

I found a coin on the street.

Please find out when the ship sails for Shanghai.

6. be made into/ be made of/ be made from/ be made out of/ be made up of

In many parts of the world corn is made into powder.

We can make galss into different kinds of things.

The desks and chairs are made of wood.

This kind of wine is made from rice.

The article is made up of four parts.

The sports team is made up of twenty members.

7. turn out/ turn in /turn up/turn on/turn off/ turn down

The project turned out to be a failure. The day turned out to be fine.

I hope that everything will turn out fine/well/right.

He promised to come, but so far he hasn’t turned up yet.

I hope the missing watch will turn up one day.

Don’t turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.

He turned the key in the lock.

Turn over the page.

The doctor turned him over anf looked at hios back.

Turn it round and let me see the other side.

Your father is sleeping, you’d better turn down the light/radio.

I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?

8. prepare

1) prepare sth 準備某事（強調(diào)過程）

Mother is preparing a meal while we were doing our homework.

He is preparing his speech for tomorrow’s meeting. Don’t interrupt him.

The teacher is preparing the students for the coming ezamination.

2) prepare for st … 為… 作準備 = prepare to sth

Willyou help me prepare for the evening party?

The farmers are busy preparing for the autumn harvest.

3) be prepared for … 為… 作好思想準備

I’m not prepares to listen to your excuse.

He is noe prepared to accept other’s ideas.

The students are well prepared for the sports meeting.

They were not at all prepared for the bad news.

4) He getting prepared for the exam.

He is trying to prepare himself as a basketball player.

5) We have made preparations for the party.

Are you making preparations for the class meeting?

6) The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.

7) be ready for/ get ready for/be ready to do

we are ready for the exam.

We are ready at all times to beat our competitor.

He is always ready to help others.

9. 倍數(shù)表示方法

1）主語+謂語+…+times+形容詞比較級+ than +別比較的內(nèi)容.

My books are three times more than yours.

This river is three times longer than that one.

2) 主語+謂語+…+times+as +形容詞原級+ as =被比較的內(nèi)容

We have got four times as many people as we expected.

This river is three time as long as that one.

3) 主語+謂語+。。。times +the size( amount,length, wideth, height,…)+of+被比較的內(nèi)容

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

This river is three times the length of that one.

4)主語+謂語+by+…+times.表示增加的程度

Compared with that of last year, our coal output has increases by three times.

5) 主語+ 謂語+…times + upon/ over…

The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.

6) This year we have produced twice as much grain as we did last year.

He is double my age.

10. be afraid of害怕某人或某物

be afraid to 不敢做某事，害怕做某事

be afraid that恐怕

Don’t be afraid of asking for help. Don’t be afraid of dogs.

We are never afraid to lay down our lives for our great revolutionary cause.

I’m afraid that I am late.

11. center/middle

1) They were in the ____ of the dinner when I arrived. ( middle)

2) He placed the roses in the ____ of the dinning-room table. ( center)

3) He died in the ____ of May. ( middle)

4) Beijing is the _____ of government, economy and culture. (center)

5) He stopped in the ___ of the road. ( middle)

Center中心；middle中間。Center中心、中央，該詞大體上接近于幾何概念，即一個圓或一個球內(nèi)的一點，這一點與周圍的任何一點的距離相等，也可喻為政治商業(yè)中心。Middle表示的中間，是相對而言，籠統(tǒng)的中部包括了中心再加上中心周圍部分，middle可用于空間、時間或某項活動中間。

12． Offer

1) 提供，~sth

~sb sth

~to do

2) 要價，索價

We offered him $ 20.000 for the house. 我們出價20。000美圓買他的房子。

We offer him the house for $20.000. 我們出價20000美圓賣給他那棟房子。

12. 有關“準備”的短語

prepare

常見強調(diào)句型 練與析

一、強調(diào)句型的強調(diào)部分必須是對 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示強調(diào)，如果把

"It is (was)...that "去掉，該句應該意思完整，不缺任何句子成分：

1. Is it _____ who wants to see you.

A. him B. he C. his D. himself

2. It was _____ who respected all their teachers.

A. them B. their C. they D. themselves

3. --- What is Mary ?

--- Was it _____ that you were referred to ?

A. he B. she C. her D. they

4. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .

A. was B. are C. were D. had been

5. It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.

A. must have B. will be C. might have been D. may have had

6. ---Was that new school master who walked by ?

--- _____.

A. It must be that B. It must have been C. He must be D. This must have been

【題解】強調(diào)部分如果是人稱代詞，應根據(jù)句子需要選擇它的主格或賓格形式：如第⒈ ⒉⒊ 小題。注意謂語動詞形式與整個句子語境的一致性：如第⒋⒌ ⒍ 小題。

【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B

二、強調(diào)部分為疑問詞時：

7. _____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life ?

A. Why was it that B. Why is it that C. Why is it D. Why it is that

8. Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now ?

A. that B. who C. when D. when

9. _____ you met the foreigner from Canada ?

A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that

【題解】強調(diào)部分為疑問代詞或疑問副詞時，該強調(diào)句句型結(jié)構與特殊疑問句句型相 同，即：“疑問詞 + 一般疑問句”

【答案】7. B 8. A 9. C

三、強調(diào)部分為 " not ... until " 句型：

10. It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home .

A. which B. when C. that D. how

11. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.

A. which B. when C. that D. since

12. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when ; that B. until ; that C. until ; when D. when ; then

【題解】注意 " not ... until " 句型的變化。比較下列三個句子：

She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.

It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.

Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.

【答案】 10. C 11. C 12. B

四、復合句中的強調(diào)句型：

13. I can't quite remember _____ you started doing the work .

A. that it was when B. when it was that C. when was it that D. that was it when

14. She wants to know if it is 600 miles an hour _____ the newest plane can go.

A. which B. that C. when D. on which

15. Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn't come to school yesterday .

A. although B. that C. because D. since

16. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty .

A. until B. that C. then D. so

17. _____ he came back home that we knew what had happened .

A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was it

18. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer.

A. what ; that B. that ; what C. that ; which D. which : that

19. It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me at that time.

A. what ; that B. that ; that C. what ; what D. that ; what

【題解】當強調(diào)部分為從句或含從句的短語時，應首先確定它在句子中的作用。第⒔ ⒕ 小題為賓語從句；第⒖ ⒗ ⒘ 小題為狀語從句,此時不能對 for, as , since , although 引導的從句表示強調(diào); 第 ⒙ 小題的強調(diào)部分又被一個由 which 引導的定語從句修 飾; 第⒚ 小題的強調(diào)部分則為 what 引導的主語從句。

【答案】 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. A

五、強調(diào)部分為介詞短語：

20. It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .

A. who B. whom C. how D. that

21. It was _____ great care that they did the job. A. for B. about C. with D. in

22. It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .

A. which B. when C. as D. that

23. Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died ?

A. that B. in which C. in where D. which

24. It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class .

A. that B. which C. where D. why

【題解】強調(diào)部分為介詞短語時，①應特別注意能引起誤解的干擾選項，如第20小題； ②表示時間或地點時，應注意與定語從句的區(qū)別，如第24小題。

【答案】 20. D 21. C 22. D 23. A 24. C

強調(diào)句用法一覽

強調(diào)句是一種修辭，是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式，下面簡單歸納它的幾種結(jié)構：

1．用助動詞“do（does／did）＋動詞原形”來表示強調(diào)：

He does know the place well．他的確很熟悉這個地方。

Do write to me when you get there．你到那兒后務必給我來信。

2．用形容詞very，only，single，such等修飾名詞或形容詞來加強語氣：

That's the very textbook we used last term．這正是我們上學期用過的教材。

You are the only person here who can speak Chinese．你是這里唯一會講漢語的人。

Not a single person has been in the shop this morning．今天上午這個商店里連一個人都沒有。

How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？

3．用ever，never，very，just等副詞和badly，highly，really等帶有－ly的副詞來進行強調(diào)：

Why ever did you do so？你究竟為什么要這么做？

He never said a word the whole day．一整天，他一句話也沒說。

You've got to be very，very careful．你一定得非常、非常小心。

This is just what I wanted．這正是我所要的。

He was badly wounded．他傷得很嚴重。

I really don't know what to do next．我的確不知道下一步該怎么做。

4．用in the world，on earth，at all等介詞短語可以表達更強的語氣（常用于疑問句）：

Where in the world could he be？他到底會在哪兒？

What on earth is it？它究竟是什么？

Do you know at all？你到底知不知道？

5．用感嘆句來表示強烈的感情，突出說話人的情感：

How interesting a story it is！這是一個多么有趣的故事啊！

Oh，what a lie！啊，真是彌天大謊！

6．用重復來表示強調(diào)：

Why！why！The cage is empty！�。“�！箱子是空的。

They walked for miles and miles．他們走了好多英里。

7．用倒裝句（也就是將要強調(diào)的句子或被強調(diào)的部分置于句首）來加強語氣：

On the table were some flowers．桌上擺著一些花。（強調(diào)地點）

Many a time have I climbed that hill．我多次翻過那座山。

Only in this way，can we solve this problem．只有這樣，我們才能解決這個問題。

8．用強調(diào)句型：“It is（was）＋被強調(diào)的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”來強調(diào)說話人的意愿：

It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有這一切發(fā)生在周一晚上。

It's me that he blamed．他怪的是我。

9．用If來表示強調(diào)：

1）If從句＋I don't know who／what，etc．does／is／has，etc．；主語部分也可以用nobody does／is／has，etc．或everybody does／is／has，etc．來代替（這里的if從句往往是正話反說，反話正說）：

If he can't do it，I don't know who can．要是他做不了這件事，我不知道還有誰能做。（強調(diào)只有他能做）

If Jim is a coward，everybody is．要是吉姆是個膽小鬼，那么人人都是膽小鬼。（強調(diào)吉姆不是膽小鬼）

2）if從句＋it be主句（此用法可看成是第8中強調(diào)句型的變形，即把所要強調(diào)的內(nèi)容放在it be的后面，把其它內(nèi)容放在由if引導的從句中）：

If anyone knew the truth，it was Tom．如果說誰了解事實的真相，那便是湯姆。

If there is one thing he loves，it is money．如果說世界上還有他愛的東西，那便是金錢。

10．用破折號、黑體字也可以表示強調(diào)，加強語氣：

It's because of hard work-ten years of hard work．那是因為艱苦的工作---十年艱苦的工作！

He began the work in late May．他在五月底開始的這項工作。（強調(diào)時間）

江蘇 陳力銘 崔 艷

Revision for Attributive Clause

1. 學習定語從句的意義

定語從句是中學階段英語語法中十分重要的一個語法項目。它在句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。對正確理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。

2. 定語從句的定義

先看例子：

The dictionary that I want to buy is an English one.

The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

The house where he lived is now a library.

在復合句中，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。

從定義必須明確三點：

1.定語從句在句子中充當定語，是修飾名詞的一個從句。

2.定語從句必須有先行詞（所修飾的名詞或代詞），并且應盡 量靠近先行詞。

3.在定語從句中，引導詞充當一定的成分。

III.關系詞的作用

1.引導定語從句

2.代替先行詞在其引導的定語從句中充當一定的句子成分。

理解和牢記這兩條概念，弄清關系詞在定語從 句中充當什么成分，是掌握定語從句的關鍵。

關系詞的選擇完全取決于先行詞在定語從句中 所充當?shù)氖裁闯煞帧?/p>

IV.定語從句的分類總結(jié)

1.1--8為引導詞為關系代詞的情況:

A.先行詞為人時，引導詞用who,whom,that.(ex1,2,7,8)

先行詞為物時，引導詞用that,which. (ex3,4,5,6)

B.引導詞在從句中作主語，賓語，表語。

C.引導詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞視先行詞而定

(ex1,2,4,5,7,8)

　 D.引導詞在從句中作賓語、表語時可省略。(ex3,4,6)

E.what 不能引導定語從句。(ex4,5,6)

2.9-10為whose作引導詞的情況:

A.whose在定語從句中作定語，表示引導詞與whose后的名 詞為所屬關系。又如：

Here comes the man whose English is very good.

That is the book whose cover is blue.

B.whose常用of which替代。上句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

This is the book of which the cover is blue.

This is the book the cover of which is blue.

( 用of短語修飾的名詞前應有“the”；而whose 修飾詞前則無）

(Ask Ss to change the two sentences in the paper)

3.11-15為引導詞只能用that的情況:

A.最高級和序數(shù)詞如the most,the last,the first（ex12,14)

B.不定代詞everything,something,nothing,anything,none

C.any,no,much,little,all作先行詞或修飾先行詞。

D.the only,the same,the very修飾先行詞。如：

The only thing that I want to do is to study English well.

It is the very book that I want to buy.

E. 先行詞為人＋物時，如ex6

F. 主句中有who ,which, 如：

Who that knows him would trust him.

Which of these two trains is the one that goes to Paris?

4.16-17為介詞+引導詞的情況：

A.介詞如在定語從句后，引導詞如1。

B.介詞如放在引導詞前，引導詞不能用that

C.固定搭配的短語動詞中的介詞不能提前。如：

This is the boy who you should look after.

He often talks about the people and the things that he heard of.

He is the person to whom I want to give this book.

The Chinese team won 16 gold medals,of which 12 were won by women.

5.18-23為when,where或先行詞為時間或地點時介詞+關系代詞的 情況：

A.when和where在從句中作狀語。

B.when=in(at...)which; where=in(at...)which 如：

That is the day when/ on which he was born.

That is the day which he was born on.

I know a place where/ in which we can have a talk.

6. 24為way的情況：

way為先行詞后跟定語從句時，引導詞有如下四種情況：

that, in which，how,或不用引導詞，又如：

He showed me the way how/that/in which/--he made money.

Ｖ.Consolidation

Do exx II in ex-paper

VI.Homework

Do the paper given

關系代詞 who 和 that 的用法區(qū)別

在定語從句中，若先行詞指人。其關系代詞可用 who，whom , 也可用 that。

The girl who ( that ) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor .

※ 在下列情況下多用或須用 who。

1 . 關系代詞在從句中作主語時，多用 who。

Do you know the man who spoke just now ?

The doctor who treated me was very experienced .

2 . 先行詞 all , anyone , one , ones 等時，多用 who。

All who heard the news were excited .

Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished .

3 . 先行詞為 those 和 people 時，多用 who。

Those who want can see sometimes act just as foolishly .

4 . 在非限制性定語從句中須用 who。

Tom's father , who is over sixty , still works hard .

Mr Green , whom you saw in the library yesterday , will teach us physics next term .

5 . 在被分隔的定語從句中須用 who。

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .

6 . 在以 there be 開頭的句子中多用 who。

There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster .

7 . 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個關系代詞是 that , 另一個須用 who。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very

hard .

※ 使用 that 的幾種情況。

1 . 若先行詞前有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。

He is the finest comrade that I have ever worked with .

The first person ( that ) I visited there was Mr Green .

2 . 先行詞前有 the same , the only 等修飾時。

She is the same teacher that was praised the other day .

She is the only person that understands me .

3 . 當主句是以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時，定語從句須用 thet，以免與先行詞

重復。

Who is the boy that was here just now ?

Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this ?

4 . 若先行詞兼指人與物時，須用 that。

We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about .

5 . 若關系代詞在從句中作表語，一般須用 that。

He is not the man that he used to be .

He is not the naughty boy that he was five years ago .

【動腦動手】

單元能力立體檢

. 定語從句

1. 引導詞有幾個？一共有9個：who , whom , whose, that, which , when , where, why, as

關系詞 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 說　明

that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性從句

which 物 物 × × √ 　

who 人 × × × ×

whom × 人 × × ×

whose × × × 人/物 ×

when × × × × √

where × × × × √

why × × × × √

as 主要用于非限制性的定語從句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,結(jié)構中。

2. 引導詞的功能有哪些？

⑴引導定語從句�！、拼�替先行詞在定語從句中充當一個成分。

3. 定語從句的關鍵是什么？

判斷先行詞在定語從句中充當什么成分。根據(jù)充當?shù)某煞诌x擇相應的引導詞。

4. 只能用that引導定語從句有哪些情況？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】

　　現(xiàn)行詞前為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時．

　　先行詞前有：all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等不定代詞修飾時．

　　先行詞被敘述詞修飾時．

　　先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時．

　　先行詞前only, just, very, last有等修飾時．

　　先行詞是表示人和物混雜的兩個名詞時．

　　主句是以who, which,開頭的疑問句或先行詞是疑問代詞時．

　　在修飾時間、地點等先行詞時，只有用that代替when, where等引導詞。

　　 例：I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.

　　 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?

　　先行詞為reason, way (意為"方法")時，常用that 代替why, which, in which，

　　也可省略．

　　引導詞在定語從句中作表語時，多用that引導．

　　先行詞是主句表語時．

　　 例：It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.

　　當主語以there be 開頭時．

　　當先行詞是數(shù)詞時．

　　同一個復合句里有兩個定語從句，一個用which，另一個通常用that．

5. reason后面用什么引導？way 后面用什么引導？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】

reason后面的定于從句用why引導。

way 后面定語從句用in which 或 that引導that可以省略。

6. when引導的定語從句等于什么引導的定語從句？【適合于高二, 高三】

when引導的定語從句等于 介詞+ which引導的定語從句。

7. where 引導的定語從句等于什么引導的定語從句？【適合于高二, 高三】

where 引導的定語從句等于 介詞＋which引導的定語從句。

8. one of 和 the (only) one of 引導的定語從句在主謂一致問題上應注意什么？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】

前者引導的定于從句謂語動詞用復數(shù)；后者用單數(shù)。

9. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句有和區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】

限制性定語從句是主句不可缺少的一個部分，缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定語從句是對主句的進一步說明，不要從句對主句意義無多大影響；非限制性定語從句前后有逗號隔開。而且非限制性定語從句中不能用that。

10. as 和which引導的非限制性定語從句在用法上有什么區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】

as和 which 都可以引導非限制性定語從句．都可以代替主句中的整個內(nèi)容或某一成分．

　　as 引導的非限制性定語從句可以位于句首，并常和know, see, expect等詞連用．意為："正

　　如．．．"．而which不能位于句首．

11. as 可以用于哪些結(jié)構中引導定語從句？【適合于高二, 高三】

such... as the same... as so ... as..

12. the same．．．a(chǎn)s和 the same ．．．that 引導的定語從句如何區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】

　　　the same．．．a(chǎn)s 引導的定語從句指的是相同事物，強調(diào)同類．the same．．．that　引

　　　導的定語從句指的是同一物．

　　　This is the same pen as I bought yesterday.　�。ㄏ嗤�）

　　　This is the same pen that I borrowed from Mr. Li. (同一物)

13. such．．．a(chǎn)s ．．．和 such．．．that．．．如何區(qū)分？【適合于高二, 高三】

　　　such．．．a(chǎn)s ．．．引導的是定語從句．a(chǎn)s必須代替先行詞在其引導的從句中充當

　　　成分．such．．．that．．．引導的從句是狀語從句．that只是引導從句并不在其引

　　　導的從句中充當成分．在選擇填空練習題中，首先看從句中是否缺句子成分，

　　　如果缺成分就要考慮是定語從句；如果不缺成分就要考慮是狀語成分．

14. whose 引導定語從句有那些注意點？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】

　　　whose 作定語,后面跟名詞.一般有三種表示形式.　例:

This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.

= This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.

= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.

B. 名詞性從句

不能用關系代詞 Which 的幾種情況

1.當先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時關系代詞用that而不用which.

I will tell him all that you told me at the ball. There are few books that you can read in this book store.

2.當先行詞既有人又有物時,關系代詞用that, 不用which.

He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.

3.當先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時,關系代詞用that, 而不用which.

This is the best novel that I have ever read. Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.

4.當先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時,關系代詞用that, 不用which.

The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.

5.當先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時,關系代詞用that,不用which.

That is the very thing that we can do. It is the only book that he bought himself.

6.當先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時,關系代詞用that,不用which.

You can take any room that you like. There is no clothes that fit you here.

7.當主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時,定語從句關系代詞一般用that而不用which.

Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?

8.在強調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.

It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.

9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關系代詞要用as, 而不用which.

We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.

10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "," 正象..." 之意時, 用as, 不用which.

Mary was late again, as had been expected.

11.As 引導的定語從句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中間,而由 which引導的定語從句只能放在主句后面。

As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

23. 同位語從句與定語從句如何區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】

　　　同位語從句前的名詞是一個含有內(nèi)涵的名詞。從句就是其內(nèi)容。that在從句中不

充當成分。而定語從句中一定缺某一個成分，引導詞應該代替先行詞在從句中

充當句子成分。 24. 何為"就從不救主"原則？【適合于高二, 高三】

　　　"就從不救主"原則是指在名詞性從句中，當主句中差賓語同時賓語從句中差主語，在選擇whoever, whomever或 who, whom　時，必須首先滿足從句中的主語，故稱之為"救從不救主"．

25. reason 后面有幾種從句？如何判斷？【適合于高二, 高三】

　　　定語從句： 由for which, why引導，引導詞必須代替先行詞在其從句中充當成

分．如：What is your reason why (for which) you were late?

　　　同位語從句：由that引導，引導詞在從句中不充當句子成分．如：The reason that

he didn't come her this morning is not clear.

　　　表語從句：　由that引導，在從句中不充當句子成分．如：The reason is that he

doesn't like being laughed at in public.

定語從句or同位語從句

　　先看這樣一道題：

　　Finally came the day __ he had to begin his study for the next term.

　　A.till　　　　B.that　　　　C.since　　　　D.which

　　讓我們來分析這個句子的結(jié)構，這是一個倒裝句，還原應為：The day came finally,中間he had to begin his study for the next term為the day引導出的一個從句。這道題考查的目的就是看學生對從句的掌握情況如何，能夠在名詞后跟從句的只有兩種，即定語從句和同位語從句，假如這是一個定語從句，先行詞the day就該由關系詞來代替在從句中作時間狀語，關系詞應為when或on which，但沒這兩個答案，這就只可能是同位語從句，這個從句只是對前面的名詞the day進行補充說明，就可用that來引導同位語從句，答案為B。

　　如何區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句呢？

　　關鍵看名詞或代詞后的引導詞是否在從句中充當成分，如若引導詞代前面的名詞或代詞，在后面的從句中充當一個成分（如主語、賓語、狀語），而且又起著連接主句和從句的橋梁作用，那就是定語從句；若引導詞在后面從句中沒充當成分，而又不代前面的名詞或代詞，它只起聯(lián)系主從句的作用，這一定是同位語從句，例：

　　I have heard of the news that he would come to China.

　　I have heard of the news that he got.

　　正確區(qū)分和判斷這兩種從句后，解題也就沒什么困難了。

定語從句（一）

●關系詞的意義及作用

　　定語從句是中學階段英語語法中十分重要的一個語法項目。它在句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。對正確理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。定語從句分為：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。

　　定語從句一般都緊跟在它所修飾名詞后面，所以如果在名詞或代詞后面出現(xiàn)一個從句，根據(jù)它與前面名詞或代詞的邏輯關系來判斷是否是定語從句。

　　被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做“先行詞”。引導定語從句的詞叫“關系詞”。關系詞有兩個作用：

　　一、引導定語從句。

　　二、代替先行詞在其引導的定語從句中充當一定的句子成分。

　　理解和牢記這兩條概念，弄清楚關系詞在定語從句充當什么成分，是掌握定語從句的關鍵。

●關系詞的選用與判斷

　　在前一節(jié)中我們講到正確選擇關系詞是掌握定語從句的關鍵。關系詞的選擇完全取決于先行詞在定語從句中所充當?shù)氖裁闯煞�。關系詞一共有九個，它們在從句中所充當?shù)木渥映煞忠娤卤怼?/p>

關系詞 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 說　明

that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性從句

which 物 物 × × √ 　

who 人 × × × ×

whom × 人 × × ×

whose × × × 人/物 ×

when × × × × √

where × × × × √

why × × × × √

as 主要用于非限制性的定語從句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,結(jié)構中。

二、關系詞的選用

　　1.先行詞為all,everything,nothing等不定代詞，代替物時，定語從句that用引導。

　　注：something后一般用which。

　　Is there anything that you want to explain?

　　In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.

　　2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修飾時定語從句用that引導。

　　This is the only reason that I can say.

　　This is the first step that can be taken.

　　It is the best one that you may choose.

　　3.way后面的定語從句，引導定語從句有三種情況：a.在比較正式的文體中用in which；b.一般情況下用that；c.in which和that省去。

　　a.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.

　　It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.

　　b.Lincoin asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.

　　Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.

　　c.That's the way I looked at it.

　　　The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.

　　4.先行詞是表示地點的名詞時（country,school,room…），而關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語，一般用where引導定語從句。也可以用介詞＋which的結(jié)構。值得注意的是which前介詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定。

　　The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.

　　The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.

　　This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.

5.先行詞是表示時間的名詞（year,month,day,night…），而關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當時間狀語，一般用when引導定語從句。也可以用介詞＋which的結(jié)構。值得注意的是which前介詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定。

　　在掌握第4、第5條時應特別注意：介詞的位置變化以及相應的關系詞的變化。請分析下面兩個句子。

　�、倌蔷褪撬�工作的大學。

　　　　　　　　　　　　┏ at which he works.

　　　　　　　　　　　　┣ which he works at.　　

　　That is the college ┣ where he works.

　　　　　　　　　　　　┣ that he works at.

　　　　　　　　　　　　┗ he works at.

　　②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。

　　　　　　┏ on which he was born

　　　　　　┣ which he was born on

　　The day ┣ when he was born was　Aug.20,1952.

　　　　　　┣ that he was born on

　　　　　　┗ he was born on

　　6. 除了第4、第5條中when，where可以用介詞＋關系詞這種用法外。還有其他情況也可以用這種結(jié)構。即：介詞＋which�；蚪樵~＋whom。請看下面例句：

　　This is the classmate with whom I'll go to the cinema.

　　The subject in which I'm most interested is English.

　　We can see the method by which the computer works.

　　在這種結(jié)構中，介詞與先行詞組成短語，在從句中充當句子成分，因此介詞的選用時受到一定限制的，仍然根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定�！　�

三、關于as引導定語從句的問題

　　as引導定語從句主要用于非限制性定語從句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的結(jié)構中。

　　1.as與which都可以引導一個非限制性定語從句，并代表前面整個句子或主句中的表語。

　　He married the girl，as(which)was natural.

　　He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.

　　不同的是：as引導的定語從句可以前置，而which不行。

As was natural, he married the girl.

　　2.在the same…as,such…as,as…as結(jié)構中，same,such,as之后應是名詞或形容詞＋名詞。

　　We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.

　　Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.

　　We hope to get such a tool as he is using.

　　這三種結(jié)構也可以用which改寫。但要去掉這種結(jié)構，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分別可以改寫成：

　　We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.

　　Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.

　　We hope to get the tool which he is using.

　　3.the same…as與the same…that引導的定語從句在意義上的區(qū)別是：前者修飾的是與原物同樣的；而后者修飾的就是先行詞同樣的東西。是比較：

　　This is the same watch as I lost.

　　這和我丟失的那一只表一樣。（不是同一只）

　　This is the same watch that I lost.

　　這就是我丟失的那一只表。（同一只）

●注意事項

　　1.一般說來，除了用定語從句解釋名詞或泛指外，先行詞前應有定冠詞the。

　　2.在限制性定語從句中which,whom,that充當賓語時，可以省略。而在非限制性定語從句中whom,who,which不能省略。

　　3.在含有非限制性定語從句的復合句中從句與主句之間應該用逗號隔開。

　　4.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。首先看引導從句的關系詞that是否在從句中充當句子成分。如果在從句中充當主、賓、表，則是定語從句。再看that前的名詞是否是一些需要有內(nèi)容的名詞，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的從句是說明其內(nèi)容的，（這個名詞在后面的從句中部充當任何成分），這個從句則是同位語從句。

　　He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.

　　hope在從句中不充當句子成分，又加上后面從句是說明hope的內(nèi)容的，因此時同位語從句。

　　5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引導的定語從句。而the reason that也是that引導的定語從句。that往往省略。

　　This is the reason why he was late.　=This is the reason (that)he was late.

　　6.當主句中有who,which時，而定語從句中也要用到who或which時，為了避免who…who,which…which等重疊，定語從句用that引導。

　　Who is the man that is standing by the door?

　　Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?

　　7.先行詞為人和物作并列成分時，定語從句用that引導。

　　John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.

　　8.不論人或物在定語從句中作表語時，用that引導定語從句，而that通常省掉。

　　He is no longer the man that he was.

　　9.“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”引導的定語從句中,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)；而“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”前有the，only或the only修飾，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

　　He is one of the students who study very hard at school.

　　He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.