授課人：郭禮文 時間： 班級：
一、目標再現
1．能夠運用過去時態來談論過去的經歷和運用現在完成時來談論由過去開始，與現在相聯系或有影響的經歷。
2．學習和歸納有關環境和污染方面詞匯，且能夠正確運用它們來描述所見所聞。
3．進一步學習現在完成時態，特別是它的時間狀語的表達法：for…或since…
4．歸納總結哪些動詞是延續性動詞，哪些是非延續性動詞，以及它們之間的轉換。特別是與一段時間連用時只能使用延續性動詞。
5．培養自己的環境意識，養成良好的行為舉止，能運用所學知識來報道周邊的環境問題。
二、重點難點解析
1．have been (to) 與 have gone (to)
have been與have gone都表示現在完成時態，表明動作已經發生了，但它們之間的含義是有不同的。
1）"have been in + 地點名詞"或者"have been + 表位置的副詞"含義是"在某地呆得過多久"。例如：
Mr Zhang has been in this school for ten years．He knows everyone here.
張先生在這所學校呆了十年。
I have been here since I began to work．It's just like my home.
我工作以來一直呆在這里。
2）"have been to +地點名詞"表示"曾經到某地去過（多少次）"。例如：
Miss Brown has been to China twice．That's why she speaks Japanese very well.
布朗小姐來過中國兩次。
Have you ever been here before?
你以前到過這兒嗎？
3）"have gone to +地點名詞"或"have gone + 表位置的副詞"其含義是"到某地去了"（人已不在此地），注意：這種結構不用于第一人稱，也不用于第二人稱，它僅用于第三人稱。請看下面一段對話：
A: Where's Tom?
B: He's gone to the shop.
A: Has Mary gone there with him?
B: No, she hasn't.
2. Businessmen are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. 生意人害怕報紙和電臺。
be afraid of… 意思是"害怕……"。afraid是形容詞，在句中只能作表語，后跟名詞或動詞的-ing形式（指自己不能決定而突然發生的事），與frightened的意思相同。be afraid后也可跟動詞不定式表示"害怕做某事"即：be afraid to do sth.。另外，afraid后還可跟that引導的賓語從句，意思是"擔心，恐怕"。例如：
（1）I am afraid of mice. 我害怕老鼠。
（2）Don't be afraid of making mistakes. 不要怕犯錯誤。
（3）I'm afraid to tell her the truth. 我不敢告訴她真相。
（4）I am afraid you are ill. 恐怕你是病了。
（5 ）I'm afraid (that) we may not catch the train. 我擔心我們可能趕不上火車。
3. As soon as other people hear it, they go out with their rubbish and throw it in.
當人們一聽到它，他們就出來把垃圾扔進去。
as soon as -……就……，引導時間狀語從句，表示主句的動作緊跟從句的動作發生。必須注意 as soon as possible（one can），它表示"盡可能快地"。
例： （1）He'll write to me as soon as he gets to Beijing． 他一到北京就會給我寫信。
（2）You should do your work as soon as possible． 你應盡快地做事。
4. … taking care of our environment is very important. 保護好我們的環境是非常重要的。
(1) take care of保護，照顧，保管。如：
Please take good care of your books. 請保管好你們的書。
Can you take care of my baby while I'm away? 我出去時你能為我照顧我的孩子嗎？
(2) "Taking care of our environment" 在這里是動名詞短語作主語。也可以說： It's very important to take care of our environment.
5．It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
保持我們的環境干凈整潔是我們的責任。
（1）it在這里是形式主語，真正的主語是"to keep our environment clean and tidy"
又如：It's a pleasant way to help keep our city clean.
（2）keen后面可跟帶現在分詞的復合結構。如：
He kept me waiting for a long time yesterday．他昨天讓我等了很長時間。
keep后面也可跟帶形容詞的復合結構。如：
You should take more exercise to keep you healthy．你應該多運動來保持健康。
6．If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 如果每人都對保護環境做出貢獻，那么世界將變得更加美麗。
make a contribution to…意思是"對……做貢獻，捐贈"。to是介詞后跟名詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如：
（l）Thomas made a great contribution to the world．托馬斯愛迪生對世界做出了很大的貢獻。
（2）It is our duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment．為環境保護做貢獻是我們的責任。
make是英語中非常活躍的動詞之一，和不同的詞搭配具有不同的含義。又如：
make a face做鬼臉 make a living謀生
make a mistake犯錯誤 make friends with交朋友
make fun of開玩笑 make one's way擠出一條路
make room for讓座 make up one's mind下決心
My friend Emma made fun of my job once time. She said that my job is rather making a living than career manage. I made up my mind to run my company successfully, which could make her realize she had made such a mistake. Then I made my way in mass society. I made good as a manager. I stay here and make sure that I have made a go of the business. I make of what Emma have done for me, luckily, I made friend with her.
7. The more trees, the better的結構
這里是"the more，the more…"句型表述結構，它的意思是"越多越好；越……，越……"。例如： Start your work, the sooner, the better. 開始工作吧，越快越好。
The more I think of it, the happier I am. 我越想越高興：
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功，進步就越大。
The longer we stayed there, the more we like the people there.
我們在那里呆得越久，越喜歡那里的人民。
注意：在"the more…，the more"這個句型中，"the"不能省略。
8．… need to do better in protecting the environment. 需要在保護環境方面做得更好。
do well in在某方面干得好。do better in在某方面干得更好。
在in后面加名詞或動名詞。例：He does well in playing football．他足球踢得很好。
9．延續性動詞與非延續性動詞
(1) 延續性動詞： 表示動作能夠持續發生一段時間的動詞。如：
be, have, know, work, live, study, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等。
Miss Gao has been here since 7:00.
高小姐七點起就到這兒了。（此句中不能用arrived或come）
I have had the bike for five years．這輛自行車我已經買了五年了。（不能用bought）
(2) 非延續性動詞
表示一個動作剛剛發生即告結束。如：
come, go, arrive, reach, see, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, fall, join, die, get up等。它們可以用于完成時態的第一種，說明某個動作的結果還存在。但它們不可以用于完成時態的第二種。
Grandpa Wang has died. 王大爺已經去世了。
The film has begun．電影已經開映。（現正放映）
這類動詞不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：要表達"王大爺已經去世兩年了"應這樣寫：Grandpa Wang has been dead for two years. 而不能寫成：
Grandpa Wang has died for two years.
注：在for+時間段或 since+時間點的詞組或句子上進行畫線部分提問要用how long。同時用how long開始的句子中的謂語要用延續性的動詞（時態不限）。
三、典型例題解答與分析
1. 詞語練習：根據句意選擇合適的詞語填空。
1) －______you have locked the door.
－You needn’t worry about it. I _________I locked it before we left. (make sure, be sure)
2) Don’t worry! We’ll water the flowers as soon as we ______ home. (will arrive, arrive)
3) I’m very much ___________the teacher.
I’m __________ they won’t come to my party. (afraid of, afraid that)
4) Susan _______ _______ that she would have chance to come to China some day. (kept hoping, kept on hoping)
解析：1) Make sure; am sure （此句意思是：確定一下你是否鎖門了。be sure回答是：別操心了，我肯定鎖了。）
2) arrive (as soon as引導的是時間狀語從句，所以當表示將來時時，從句應用一般現在時。)
3) afraid that （第一句話空后因為是一個名詞，且意思是：害怕。afraid that第二句話空后是一句話，所以用that來連接一個從句。）
4) kept hoping （此句意思是：她一直希望有一天會有機會來中國。表示持續不斷的動作或狀態用keep doing…。）
2. Jim has been at the factory _______ two years ago. A. for B. since C. before D. after
解析： 答案為B。本題主要考查時間狀語與謂語的關系。for后跟時間段表示一段時間，since后跟時間的起點，表示一段時間，before 表示在什么時間之前，after則表示在什么時間之后。本句是完成時態，指自兩年前以來如何，且兩年前是個時間的（起）點，因此，此處應用since。
3. Mr Smith has taught here ______ten years ago. A. for B. before C. since D. in to
解析：現在完成時態除表示動作已經完成外，還表示動作在過去已經開始，并一直延續到現在。常常和for或since所構成的時間狀語連用。for后面的賓語表示的是一段時間，而since后面則是表示過去的某一時間點。since還可作連詞引導時間狀語從句，從句中的謂語動詞常用一般過去時態，主句用完成時態。所以，根據題意本題答案為C。例如：
（1）I’ve been here for over two years．我來這兒兩年多了。
（2）I’ve known him since ten years ago．十年前我就認識他了。
（3）He has worked in this factory since he came to China．他自從來到中國就一直在那家工廠工作。
另外，由for和since引導的時間狀語不能與終止性動詞的肯定式連用，但可和其否定式連用。又如He hasn’t come to Beijing since 1992. 從1992年以來，他就沒來過北京。
4. Our teacher ______ Linda can come to join us. A. wishes B. asks C. tells D. hopes
解析：答案為D
本題主要考查學生對wish和hope的用法的掌握。hope后面接從句，其引導的賓語從句的連詞that可以省去；而wish后面也可以跟賓語從句，但從句中的謂語動詞一般用虛擬語氣，也就是could come．本句中，“老師希望琳達來”這種愿望是發自內心的，而不是說不可能實現。例如：I wish I may live to see it. 我希望還能活著看見這件事。
We wish (that) I were young again. 要是我能返老還童該多好呀！
（以上兩句均為虛擬的語氣）
We hope (that) you will start off early. 我們希望你早點動身。
He hopes (that) they can meet in Changsha. 他希望他們能在長沙見面。
5. She ______ go home now.
A. had better not to B. had better not C. had not better D. had not better to
解析： 答案為B
這里的had better相當于一個情態動詞，表示一種語氣，意愿，漢語的意思是“最好”，“還是……為好”。構成這種句子的否定形式只需在后面直接加not就可以了。例如：
You’d better not go now． 你現在還是不走為好。
We had better not make fun of him． 我們最好不要跟他開玩笑。
注意：not后面不能用to，更不能在had和better中間加not。
6. 下列各勾劃線部分均有一處錯誤，找出并將序號填入題前括號內
（ ）1） He has come back for a month.
A B C D
（ ）2） I haven’t heard from my wife since a long time.
A B C D
（ ）3） Jane had on her hat and coat and went out.
A B C D
（ ）4）He paid 50 yuan on the dictionary.
A B C D
（ ）5） Are you sure you’ve looked for the dog?
A B C D
解析 1）A，come是終止性動詞，不能和表示一段的時間狀語連用，應改為been。
2）C，since后須跟時間的（起）點，表示一段時間，a long time是一段時間，應該將since改為for。
3）A，have on表示狀態，此句的意思是“戴上帽子、穿上大衣走了出去”，所以動詞需要表示動態的詞，應改為put on。
4）C，用 pay來表示付錢時，它的搭配介詞應是 for。
5）D，look for是尋找，而此句問的是找到，所以應使用found。
四、習題精選 初三英語總復習單元自查練習（UNIT 2）疑難解答。（本習題課前發給學生）
I．用所給詞的適當形式填空
1. The river has become _______ and _______ since two years ago. (dirty)
2. We'd better keep the fire ______(burn).
3. _____ are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. (businessman)
4. What ____ weather it is today! (pleased)
5. We find English very ____in our daily life. (use)
答案：1. dirtier, dirtier 2. burning 3. Businessmen 4. pleasant 5. useful
Ⅱ．根據句意和首字母補全單詞。
1. All her neighbours s______ her to be an actress.
2. Don't p______ the dirty water on the yard.
3. Everyone should make a c ______ to improving our environment.
4. Planting more trees can make our city g______.
5. His gift m______ her very happy.
答案：1. supposed 2. pour 3. contribution 4. green 5. made
Ⅲ．句型轉換
1. Please finish it as soon as you can. Please finish it ____ _____ ____ ____.
2. She died two years ago. She ______ _______ ______ ______ two years.
3. I bought the book three days ago. I _______ _______ the book _______ three days.
4. He has done all the work. He has done _________ ________ ________.
5. I got a letter from her last week. I ________ ________ ________ last week.
6. There was a lot of rain yesterday. It ________ ________ yesterday.
7. We borrowed two books last week. We ____ ____ the books since last week.
8. He bought this new bike a month ago. He ____ ____ this new bike since a month ago.
9. He became a member of Greener China last year.
He ____ ____ a member of Greener China ____a year.
10. When did the train arrive here? How long ____ the train ____ here?
答案：1. as soon as possible 2. has been dead for 3. have had, for 4. the whole work
5. heard from her 6. rained heavily7. has kept 8. has had 9. has been, for 10. has, been
Ⅳ. 選擇填空
1.How long has Jim ____ at this school? A. arrived B. come C. studied D. gone
2. The little girl is afraid of ____ at night. A. go B. goes C. going D. went
3. As soon as he ____, he will write to me. A. arrives at B. arrives C. reaches D. gets
4. The teacher is ____ with what we did. A. pleased B. please C. pleasure D. pleasant
5. ____ will he be back? In a week. A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How many
6. I have to do my homework for ______ every day.
A. one and half hour B. one and a half hour C. one and half hours D. one and a half hours
7. Who draw ______ Jack? A. so well as B. as well as C. so better than D. as good as
8. The girl had a short rest and did her homework ______ she reached home.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
9. We have known each other ______ we were young. A. for B. since C. after D. before
10. They ______ very busy last month. A. are B. were C. be D. have been
11. There ___ a park near our school since two years ago.A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
12. Lucy is very free. Look, she __ a model ship.A. makes B. made C. has made D. is making
13. Many students in our class ______ glasses over their eyes in class.
A. put on B. dress C. wear D. get dressed
14. What do you think we should__ improve our environment?A. do B. to C. do for D. do to
15. They've found a way to ___ that waste thing.A. do B. do with C. throw D. move away
16. We find the book very ______. A. interest B. interesting C. interests D. interested
17. She has _____ finished her lunch, but she hasn't washed her bowls ______.
A. already, yet B. just, already C. already, just D. just, yet
18. Uncle Wang has been here ______ ten years ago. A. for B. since C. in D. at
19. They went to London ______ just over five months. A. for B. since C. before D. when
20. The weather was ______ it is today.
A. not as wetter as B. not wetter than C. more wetter than D. wetter as
答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B
Ⅴ．改正下列句中的錯誤
1. If it won't rain tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic.
2. What did he do when you came in?
3.That's a quite beautiful picture. I like it very much.
4. Can you hear the sound of the boys play outside?
5. They watched the traffic at 9:00 yesterday morning.
6. While my mother was doing the housework, I did my homework.
7. He took off the shoes, throw it on the floor and then read a newspaper.
8. What was Li Ping listening when you saw him?
9. He opened the door and saw the man of downstairs.
10. The man felt asleep half an hour later.
答案：1 . won't rain →doesn't rain 2 .did he do → was he doing 3. a quite →quite a
4. play → playing 5. watched → were watching 6. did → was doing 7. throw → threw
8 . listening → listening to 9. of → from 10. felt →fell
Ⅵ．完形填空
通讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從短文后各小題所給的選項中選擇最佳的一項。
Water is the 1 important of all the things we eat and 2 . ___3__ understand this but 4 quite true. The human body can go without _5 _ for a long time, yet two ___6 three days 7 water can usually make people die.
Many people don't understand how 8 water the human body needs 9 work well, and many people do not drink enough, 10 in hot weather. Our body is mostly water about 11 . 12 we don't have 13 , we'll feel tired and many will get ill. So you ___14 , how important water 15 to us all.
( ) l. A. more B. most C. much D. many ( ) 2. A. have B. drink C. take D. cook
( ) 3. A. Not many people B. Though we don't C. Many people D. Some of us
( ) 4. A. it's B. its C. it D. is ( ) 5. A. food B. water C. drink D. meat
( ) 6. A. but B. nor C. and D. or ( ) 7. A. in B. through C. with D. without
( ) 8. A. many B. much C. widely D. a bit ( ) 9. A. and B. the C. to D./
( ) 10. A. even B. ever C. almost D. hardly
( ) 11. A. 15% to 25% B. 25% to 35% C. 65% to 75% D. 95% to 100%
( ) 12. A. Because B. If C. Since D. For ( ) 13. A. some B. enough water C. a little D. a few
( ) 14. A. hear B. look C. find D. know ( ) 15. A. be B. am C. is D. are
答案：
1．B (根據句意和定冠詞the來判斷important要用最高級。)
2．B（eat和drink是一個搭配。）
3．A（根據but一詞可確定前面的句子應是一個否定句，所以答案C、D不能用。英語中有though就不能用but，所以答案B也不對。只有答案A是對的，意思是：不是許多人都知道這個道理，但它的確是個事實。）
4．A (略)
5．A 6．D
7．D（這三個答案要一起考慮。這句話得意思是：人們沒有食物可以活很長一段時間，然而沒有水兩或三天通常就能使人死去。這里food和water是一對對比詞。）
8．B（在英語中water是個不可數名詞，要用 how much來修飾。）
9．C（這句中得need是個實義動詞，后接一個不定式。）
10．A (根據句意是：許多人喝水都不夠，既使是在熱天。）
11．C（根據事實填。）
12．B（這句不僅根據句意，而且還要注意到這個復合句的主句是將來時，從句是一般現在時，所以在四個選項中只有用if引導的條件狀語從句符合這條規則。）
13．B（當enough修飾名詞時可以放在名詞前，也可以放在名詞后。）
14．D（這句意思是：所以你知道……。）
15．C（water是個不可數名詞，所以動詞用單數。）
Ⅶ．閱讀理解
A
Basketball is still a young game. It is not a hundred years old. In the winter of 1891 , a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students. The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors. As they could not take part in their usual outdoors sports, they were unhappy and some even got into fights from time to time.
At last, some of the teachers at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play. It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to play indoors, and the court was not very large.
Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game. It was a fast, exciting game with much moving and passing of the ball. It was played between two teams. In order to make a score the ball had to be thrown into a box. As he could not find boxes of the right size, he had to use fruit basket instead. That is how the game got its name.
( ) 1. Basketball is____.
A. Not yet an old game B. an old game
C. a game with a long history D. already two hundred years old
( ) 2. The students felt unhappy because ____.
A. they often fought each other B. they couldn't play outside
C. they couldn't find time to play D. they didn't like to play
( ) 3. Which of the following is true?
A. Some students asked the teacher to invent something for them to play.
B. Dr. Naismith couldn't invent a new game.
C. Some teachers asked Dr. Naismith to invent a new game.
D. Dr. Naismith asked the teachers to invent the new game.
( ) 4. When the students played the game, they needed to ____.
A. buy balls B. run and pass the ball
C. jump and throw the ball D. both B and C
( ) 5. The game got its name from ____.
A. the ball itself B. the basket itself
C. both the basket and the ball D. not the basket but the ball
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C
B
Early rising is helpful in more than one way. We all need fresh (新鮮的) air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, it is useful to do morning exercises.
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. In the morning we learn more quickly and find it easier to understand what we learn.
Thirdly, early rising can give a plan to our work for the day. We can not work well without a good plan.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our hands and faces and eat our breakfast.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form (形成) the habit of early rising. They have to make an effort (努力) to do so. As the English proverb (諺語) says "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy (富有) and wise."
( ) l. Air is fresh __________.
A. early in the morning B. at the time when you get up
C. when you are sleeping D. late at night
( ) 2. Doing morning exercises ________.
A. help us to memorize what we learn B. is good to our health
C. gives us enough time to study D. make us tired and sleepy
( ) 3. We can't work well ________.
A. if the weather is bad B. if we get up early
C. if we have not a good plan D. in summer, autumn, winter
( ) 4. Early rising gives us enough time _____.
A. to get ready for our work B. to wash our faces
C. to brush our teeth D. to eat breakfast
( ) 5. Late risers should try their best _______
A. to form the good habit of early rising B. to remember some English proverbs
C. to sleep as many hours as possible D. to get up earlier than everyone else
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A
Ⅷ. 書面表達
根據中英文提示，寫出意思連貫，符合邏輯的英文文段。所給的英語提示語必須都用上。
一天，李雷和他的同學到公園去。他看到一個人隨地吐痰，他怎么做的呢？后來他又看見什么了，他有何感想呢？
spit on the path, run up to, tell, not, when, they, arrive, the centre of the park, some children, run here and there on the grass, many people, step on it, while, take, photos, get very angry, say to, angrily, should, ask them, everybody's duty, protect, environment
答案：
One day Li Lei went to a park with his friends. He saw a man spit on the path, he ran up to him and told him not to spit. When they arrived at the centre of the park, he saw that some children were running here and there on the grass, and many people were stepping on the grass while they were taking photos. Li Lei got very angry. He said to his friends angrily, "We should ask them that it's everybody's duty to protect our environment."
五、布置作業
1、預習UNIT 4
2、完成練習：初三英語總復習單元自查練習（UNIT 4）
3、摘錄疑難問題
六、課后反思