總述: 謂語動(dòng)詞的變化形式取決于時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài): 英語的時(shí)態(tài)有十六種, 中學(xué)英語中有十二種常見的時(shí)態(tài); 語態(tài)有兩種, 即主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
1.在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中, 各種時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞的一般形式如下:
一般 進(jìn)行 完成 完成進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在 do / does am / is / are doing have / has done have / has been doing
過去 did was / were doing had done had been doing
將來 shall / will do shall / will be doing shall / will have done X
如果謂語是be動(dòng)詞, 則可用be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式( be / am / is / are / was / were / been)代替以上表格中的黑體字部分. 此外, 過去將來時(shí)的形式是: should / would do或should / would be
2.在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中, 各種時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞的一般形式如下:
一般 進(jìn)行 完成 完成進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done X
過去 was / were done was / were being done had been done X
將來 shall / will be done X shall / will have been done X
另外, 過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式是should / would be done
主動(dòng)語態(tài)
在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中, 高中英語中常見的有十二個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)
一.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: 通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示. 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí), 則用動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式來表示
2.用法:
①.表示現(xiàn)狀, 性質(zhì), 狀態(tài), 經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作
a. It is fine today.
b. I am a student.
c. I get up at six every day.
d. My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.
②.表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理
a. Japan is to the east of China.
b. The sun rises in the east.
c. A horse is a useful animal.
③.表示將來確定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(如己安排好或計(jì)劃好的動(dòng)作或按時(shí)刻表將來一定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作), 可以這樣使用的動(dòng)詞有: go, come, leave, start, arrive等
a. My train leaves at 6:30.
b. The football match is played the day after tomorrow.
④.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞代替一般將來時(shí)動(dòng)詞
a. I will let you know as soon as I hear from him.
b. We will go if it is fine tomorrow.
c. I will be away when he arrives.
d. We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.
e. Mother, I won’t go out unless you agree.
f. Don’t try to run before you begin to walk.
⑤.在某些以here / there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
a. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.
b. There goes the bell.
⑥.在體育比賽過程中, 解說員敘述迅速, 短暫動(dòng)作時(shí), 可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 表示正在進(jìn)行的或剛剛發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
a. Ma Lianbao passes the ball to Mu Tiezhu, Mu shoots – a fine shot !
⑦.在劇本或圖片的說明文字中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示動(dòng)作
a. When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
二.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: am / is / are doing
2.用法:
①.表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作, 或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
a. I am writing a letter.
b. My mother is making a dress these few days.
②.表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(如在最近按計(jì)劃或安排好要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作), 常見的有這種用法的動(dòng)詞有: come /go / leave / start / arrive等, 常與表示將來時(shí)間的狀語連用
a. They are going to Shanghai on Friday.
b. John is coming here next week.
③.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞與always, continually, constantly等連用, 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作
a. The little boy is always asking questions.
b. You are always saying that sort of thing.
④.在一定的上下文中, 前一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞表述現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事實(shí), 后一句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞來闡述這一事實(shí)的原因, 結(jié)果, 目的等
a. He frowns. He is worrying about his boy.他皺著眉頭, 因?yàn)樗跒樗暮⒆訐?dān)心. (is worrying表示原因)
b. She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his wrong habits. 她批評(píng)他, 想糾正他的壞習(xí)慣. (is trying表示目的)
c. She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子, 把他慣壞了. ( is spoiling表示結(jié)果)
⑤.不表示持續(xù)的行為, 而表示知覺, 感覺, 看法, 認(rèn)識(shí), 感情, 愿望或某種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí), 如: see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, think, love, hate, care, like, dislike, worry, forgive, want, wish, hope, refuse, feel like, belong to , possess, own, have, be, seem等
三.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: have / has done
2.用法:
①.表示動(dòng)作在說話之前己經(jīng)完成, 而后果或影響至今仍存在
a. He has gone to Shanghai. ( =He went to Shanghai and he is not here now. )
b. I have opened the window. ( =I opened the window and the window is now open.)
c. The concert has started. ( =The concert started and is now going on. )
d. I have had breakfast. (=I had breakfast and I am not hungry now. )
②.表示開始于過去, 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞, 且句中常帶有表示段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語
a. I have studied English since 1987.
b. He has lived here for two years.
c. He has been ill for ten days.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
①.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去, 但前者將過去的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響聯(lián)系起來, 而后者只限于表示過去的動(dòng)作本身, 與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)
②.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表明確時(shí)間的狀語如: yesterday, last year, two days ago, when I came in等連用, 但可與表示不明確時(shí)間的狀語如: already, yet, sometimes, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever等連用, 也可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語如: this morning, today, this week, this year等連用
a. She has already come.
b. I have met him before.
c. Ma Hong has always been a good student.
d. Have you ever been to the Great Wall ?
e. I have seen him this morning.
四.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: have / has been doing
2.特征: 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)兩者的特點(diǎn)
①.它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn), 即表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去, 延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響
②.它具有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn), 即可以表示此動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行或還會(huì)繼續(xù)
a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今為止教過二十年英語, 至于teach是否結(jié)束或是否延續(xù), 不得而知)
b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 現(xiàn)在仍在教英語,而且將持續(xù)下去)
3.用法:
①.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時(shí)間里一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 此動(dòng)可能仍在進(jìn)行, 也可能剛剛停止
a. I have been reading the book all the morning.
b. He has been staying here for two hours.
c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.
②.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時(shí)間里一再重復(fù)的動(dòng)作
a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.
4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別: 前者著重表示過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果; 后者著重表示過去動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行
a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己經(jīng)寫了六封信 (強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)
b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在寫信 (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在寫”)
c. I have read this book.我讀過這本書了(強(qiáng)調(diào)“讀過”這一結(jié)果)
d. I have been reading this book.我一直在讀這本書 (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在讀”)
五.一般過去時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: 用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示
2.用法:
①.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況, 其中包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作
a. I met him yesterday.
b. I used to go to school early every morning.
c. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk and began to work.
d. Last night, I listened to the radio for two hours and went to bed at midnight.
②.在時(shí)間, 條件狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)
a. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
③.用一般過去時(shí)的句子一般有過去的時(shí)間狀語, 有時(shí)也用地點(diǎn)狀語暗示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生是在過去
a. Have you seen a pen ? I left it here this morning.
六.過去進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: was / were doing
2.用法:
①.表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或情況
a. This time yesterday we were having an important meeting.
b. A year ago we were living in Shanghai.
②.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, continually, frequently等詞連用, 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的情況
a. The old man was always losing his way.
b. The two brothers were frequently quarrelling.
③.表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 這一用法僅限于一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞, 如: go, come, start, stay, leave等
④.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常與一般過去時(shí)配合使用, 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去的時(shí)間背景
a. The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
七.過去完成時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: had done
2.用法:
①.表示過去某時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前己經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或己存在的狀態(tài), 即“過去的過去”
a. When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
b. Marx had learned some English before he got to England.
c. He said he had never been to Shanghai.
d. By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.
②.在帶有after / before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語的句子中, 由于after / before本身的詞義己經(jīng)表明了時(shí)間的先后, 所以這類句子中常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
a. We left the house before it began to rain.
b. I didn’t wait long before he came.
c. After we finished the tea, we all sat on the grass.
d. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
八.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: had been doing
2.用法: 表示一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行到過去某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作, 該動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束, 也可能還在進(jìn)行
a. I had been waiting for two hours before the manager came down to see me.
b. By the end of 1998 he had been learning English for five years.
九.一般將來時(shí): 一般將來時(shí)有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式
1.shall / will do (shall用于第一人稱), 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示單純的將來, 不涉及主語的主觀意愿
a. I shall be twenty years old next year.
b. You will meet him at the station this afternoon.
c. The train will arrive soon.
2.be going to do sth, 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算最近或?qū)硪瞿呈? 或說話人根據(jù)己有跡象認(rèn)為非常可能即將發(fā)生的事
a. I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
b. He is going to stay here for a week.
c. Look at these black clouds --- it is going to rain.
d. I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.
3.be +動(dòng)詞不定式, 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示職責(zé), 義務(wù), 意圖, 約定, 可能性等
a. You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
b. There is to be a sports meet next week.
c. We are to meet at the school gate.
4.be about to do sth, 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示“立刻, 馬上”要做某事或發(fā)生某情況
a. We are about to leave.
b. Autumn harvest is about to start.
十.將來進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: shall / will be doing
2.用法:
①.表示將來某時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段內(nèi)將在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
a. This time tomorrow we will be talking with the boss about this matter.
b. I will be studying in this university for the next four years.
②.表示說話人感到某事即將發(fā)生或預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生某事
a. I will be seeing him next month.
b. We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.
c. He will be arriving at six tomorrow morning.
十一.將來完成時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成: shall / will have done
2.用法: 表示在將來的某一時(shí)刻之前將要完成的動(dòng)作, 這一動(dòng)作也可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行
a. By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have arrived in Shanghai if the train keeps good line.
b. Before noon we will have completed this work.
十二.過去將來時(shí):
1.構(gòu)成:
①.should / would do
a. He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.
b. He told me that I should succeed.
②.was / were going to do
a. They were going to have a meeting.
b. The students were going to plant some trees around the playground.
③.was / were (about) to do
a. We were to finish the work in three days.
b. I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.
2.用法: 過去將來時(shí)表示相對(duì)過去某一時(shí)刻來說將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài), 以上各形式的具體用法與一般將來時(shí)各形式的用法相似
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成: 見“總述”部分
特別說明: 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和各種完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式
帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be +過去分詞
a. The work must be done right now.
b. That prisoner may be sentenced to death.
二.用法: 被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要用于
1.不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí), 用被動(dòng)語態(tài)
a. His bike has been stolen.
b. This window was broken last night.
2.沒有必要或不想指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí), 用被動(dòng)語態(tài)
a. China was liberated in 1949.
b. I was told you were late this morning.
3.強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 用被動(dòng)語態(tài)
a. The plan has already been made.
b. Yao Ming was elected MVP of the last week.
三.主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句:
1.主動(dòng)句中的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句的主語, 時(shí)態(tài)不變
a. The manager gave me ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
→I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
2.帶有賓語從句的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí), 賓語從句變成主語從句, 通常不位于句首, 句首用形式主語it
a. We can learn from the text that delicious apples are big.
→It can be learned from the text that delicious apples are big.
3.帶有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí), 將直接賓語或間接賓語變成被動(dòng)句的主語都可
a. My brother gave me a birthday present.
→I was given a birthday present. / A birthday present was given to me.
4.帶有復(fù)合賓語 (即賓語+賓補(bǔ)) 的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí), 賓補(bǔ)的形式一般不變, 只是名稱變成了主補(bǔ), 但當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式時(shí), 要變成帶to的不定式
a. I saw him play near the river. He was seen to play near the river.
5.含有短語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí), 不要遺漏短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞
a. The children must be taken good care of. / Good care must be taken of the children.
四.應(yīng)注意的問題:
1.“be+過去分詞”不一定是被動(dòng)語態(tài), 也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)
a. The children were excited at the news.
b. We are interested in the English novel.
c. The mother was worried about her son’s absence.
2.有些動(dòng)詞形式上用主動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)含有被動(dòng)意思
a. This book sells well.這本書很暢銷
b. This kind of cloth washed very well.這種布很耐洗
c. This pen writes quite smoothly.這支筆很好使
d. This dish tastes good.這道菜味道不錯(cuò)
e. This kind of cloth feels smooth and soft.這料子摸起光滑柔軟
3.不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都有被動(dòng)語態(tài), 某些表示狀態(tài)或關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞只有主動(dòng)語態(tài), 而無相對(duì)應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài). 常見的這類動(dòng)詞有: cost花費(fèi), fit適合, have有, hold容納, lack缺乏, own擁有, suit適合, fail失敗, belong to屬于, agree with同意