一、句子成分
句子成分的定義：構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。
練習一
1、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的句子成分：
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
2、給下列文字加上標點符號。
During a bullfight a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring the crowd began to shout but the drunk didn't realized the danger the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk the crowd suddenly grew quiet the drunk however seemed quite sure of himself when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed by this time however three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
The answer: During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk didn't realize the danger. The bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap. The bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside. even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
二、常用句式
按句子的用途可分四種：
1） 陳述句（肯定、否定）
否定句型
一般否定句：（改為否定句）
He dares to tell the truth. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth.
He used to live in a quiet village. He used not to live in a quiet village.(He didn’t use to)
He has two brothers. He doesn’t have two brothers./He has not two brothers.
He has two pieces of bread for breakfast. He doesn’t have two pieces of bread for breakfast.
He has to copy other’s idea. He doesn’t have to copy others’ idea.
半否定句
We hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little Spanish. I saw few people.
特指否定
I don’t think/believe/guess/suppose/imagine you are right.
部分否定
All the answers are not right
All is not gold that glitters
I don't know all of them.
I can't see everybody/everything.
Both of them are not right.
2) 疑問句型
反意疑問句及回答
He is a teacher, isn't he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
It isn’t that cheap, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t
You must have told lies yesterday at the court, didn’t you?
否定疑問句及回答
Haven’t the police found the murderer? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t
3).祈使句：
祈使句的反意疑問句及回答Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class; You, clean the kitchen today. Will you?
4）感嘆句：
The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）How brightly the moon is shining!
按句子的結構可分三種
（一） 簡單句
I、 主語+謂語：
It is raining now.
We've worked for 5 hours.
The meeting lasted half an hour.
Time flies.
這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.
1. 讓我們立即行動起來. (act)
Let’s act at once/ immediately
2. 烏云低沉沉的,天下著大雪.(hang,)
Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.
3. 恰好他身邊有錢. (happen)
He happened to have some money with him.
4. 慢慢地她臉上露出了一絲笑容. (appear)
Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
5. 背起書包我急忙趕到學校. (hurry)
I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.
6. 他滿面笑容. (smile)
He is smiling all over his face. OR: He wears a smile on his face.
7. 我英文學得不錯. (do)
I did well in English.
II.主語+系動詞+表語：
常見的系動詞有： be, look, feel, prove, sound, taste, smell, seems, appear, stay, keep, go, come, get, turn, become, remain等。
1. 從自行車上掉下來, 他受了傷. (get)
He fell of his bike and got hurt.
2. 他提的意見證明是正確的. (prove)
His advice proved (to be) right.
3. 商店開到八點. (stay)
The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
4. 機器出了毛病. (go)
The machine went wrong.
5. 這些努力似乎全都白費了. (seem)
All these efforts seem in vain
6. 這話聽起來有道理. (sound)
These words sound reasonable.
7. 房里一會兒就擠滿了人. (become)
The room soon became crowded.
III、主語+謂語+賓語： 可分為以下幾種情況：
⑴ 主語+謂語+賓語
⑵ 主語+謂語+賓語(人+物)
間接賓語前需要加to 的常用動詞有：allow, bring, deny, do(帶來）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
間接賓語前需要加for 的常用動詞有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。
⑶ 主語+謂語+賓語+賓補
1. 祝一路平安.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
2. 你讓我等了三個鐘頭。
You keep me waiting for three hours.
3. 他撿起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。
He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.
4. 給我幾分鐘考慮一下。
Give me a few minutes to think.
5. 我去開門。
I’ll go and answer the door.
IV. "There be" 的句型（即 there be +主語+地點/時間狀語），其中be 動詞可以有各種時態變化，可替代的詞有：used to be, seems to be, happen to be, live, stand, lie, sit, come, seem, exist.
There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for "help".
There must have been a village here.
1. 最近幾年,這個村莊發生了巨大的變化. (be)
Recently there have been great changes in this village.
2. 恰好河上有座橋. (happen)
There happens to be a bridge over the river.
3. 過去這條河上有座橋. (used to)
There used to be a river over the river.
4. 他的回答應該沒有什么可懷疑的。（should）
There should be nothing doubtful.
5．山頂上有一個塔. (stand)
There stands a tower on top of the hill.
6．十字路口處站著一個警察. (stand)
There stands a policeman at the crossing.
（二） 并列句
1、 表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等連接。
2、 表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
3、 表示轉折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
4、 表示因果關系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。
（三） 復合句
綜合填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
31. Excuse me for breaking in,_____ I have some good news for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
32. The Parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
33. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _______?
A. had you B. hadn't you C. did you D. didn't you
34. ______ some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
35. One more week, _________ we will accomplish the task.
A. or B. so that C. and D. if
36. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _____?
A. didn't they B. don't they C. mustn't they D. haven't they
37. Be sure to write to us,______?
A. will you B. aren't you C. can you D. mustn't you
38. ______from Beijing to London!
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
39. Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, ________?
A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you
40. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising TV is illegal, ______?
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he
41. There are eight tips in Dr Roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ______ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.
A. doesn’t go B. not to go C. not going D. don’t go
42. ________ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it.
A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going
1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
31-35 CBDBC 36-40 D ADBA 41-42DA