過(guò)去完成時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)
溫州市14中 沈永銘325003（郵編）
時(shí)態(tài)是歷年高考英語(yǔ)試題中的必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)，也是高一英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和疑難點(diǎn)。尤其是一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的比較很容易混淆，特別值得大家引起足夠的重視。
一. 概念：
1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前業(yè)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，也可以說(shuō)是“過(guò)去時(shí)間的過(guò)去”。其被動(dòng)形式為“had+been+p.p”。例如：
1).Up until then we had covered nearly half the distance .（直到那時(shí)我們幾乎已經(jīng)走了一半的路程。）
2)By the end of last term more than 3,000 English words had been learnt by us at our middle schools.（到上學(xué)期末為止， 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了3，000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。）
2.在包含when，as soon as，before，after，until，now that 等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語(yǔ)和從句的謂語(yǔ)表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作是在不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生的話，那么首先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示，而發(fā)生在后的動(dòng)作通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示；這也可以說(shuō)是“過(guò)去動(dòng)作的過(guò)去”。例如：
3）Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.(我剛一到家,天就開始下雨了。)
4）Tom had pressed the button on the computer before we could stop him.（我門還來(lái)不及阻止他，湯姆就已經(jīng)按了電腦上的按鈕。）
二. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較
1. 在表示某人過(guò)去未曾完成的“心愿”、“打算”、“計(jì)劃”、“想法”、“許諾”等時(shí)，hope,mean,plan,want,promise,intend等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
5）.I had planned to offered you some help in your shop, but suddenly my mother fell ill yesterday.(昨天我原本計(jì)劃在你店里幫一些忙的，但是我媽媽突然犯病了。)
6）.He had hoped to spend the important day with us last Sunday， but he was too busy then.(上星期日他原本很想與我們一起度過(guò)這個(gè)重要的日子,可是他當(dāng)時(shí)實(shí)在太忙了。)
2．在表示過(guò)去的句子中出現(xiàn)與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的象征詞，如：already，yet，since，for，ever，never及次數(shù)名詞等時(shí)，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示。例如 ：
7）They had already finished doing their homework when the teacher came into their bedroom.(當(dāng)老師走進(jìn)他們的寢室時(shí)，他們?cè)缫炎龊昧嘶丶易鳂I(yè)。)
8）.The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been .(老人說(shuō)他想到他從未去過(guò)的地方去。)
3．如果句中出現(xiàn)了表示具體過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，句子的額內(nèi)容為過(guò)去的實(shí)際情況或句子的內(nèi)容為歷史史實(shí)時(shí)，句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
9).The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent.(老師說(shuō)是哥倫布最早發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲大陸。)
10).My parents told me that I was born on May 6th,1986.(我的父母告訴我說(shuō)我是1986年五月6日出生的。)
4.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生時(shí)，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，特別是在包含before 和after 的復(fù)合句中。例如：
11).After we said good-bye to the farmers, we left the mountain village.(在我們和農(nóng)民們告別了之后我們就離開了水草那個(gè)山村。)
12）Just before I left Wenzhou, I sent my parents a telephone.(在離開溫州前我給我的父母親打了一個(gè)電話。)
5．表述說(shuō)話人始料未及的事情時(shí)，句子的位于動(dòng)詞常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。由于受漢語(yǔ)表述習(xí)慣的影響，有的人常忘了用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
--Oh, it’s you! I ______you.
--I’ve just had my haid cut, and I’m wearing new glasses.(1996年上海市高考題)
A.didn’t recognize B.hadn’t recognized C.haven’t recognized D.don’t recognixe
6．有時(shí)這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都可以用，意思上差異不大。例如：
13).As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again.(雨一停他們又開始干活。)
14)．We watched the PLA soldiers until they (had) disappeared from sight.(我們望著解放軍戰(zhàn)士們，直到看不見為止。)
7．過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有在和過(guò)去的某時(shí)或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的時(shí)間是過(guò)去發(fā)生的，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)系。
請(qǐng)完成以下配套練習(xí)：
1。Alice had to wait outside of her house because she ______ her keys in her office until her husband ________.(MET1992)
A.left;returned B.has left;will return C.had left;would return D.had left;returned
2.You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.(NMET1996)
A.drove;didn’t get B.drove;wouldn’t get
C.were driving;wouldn’t get D.had driven;wouldn’t have got
3.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.(NMET1995)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
4.-Come on Peter. I want to show you something.
---Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you _________ to bring me a gift.(MET1993)
A.never think;are going B.never thought;were going
C.didn’t think;were going D.hadn’t thought;were going
5.Hardly________ ourselves in the theatre when the curtain ______ up.
A.had we seated;went B.we had seated;went
C.seated;had gone D.did we seated;went
6.The police found that the house_________ and a lot of things ______.(NMET1994)
A.had broken into;had been stolen B.has broken into;has been stolen
C.has been broken into;stolen D.had been broken into;stolen
7．--Were they good to you during your stay there?
--Sure. I _______ one of the family there.
A.was treated as B.were treated like
C.had been looked on like D.had been considered as
8.When they went to the theatre, the play ______ for five minutes.
A.had begun B.has begun C.had been on D. was on
9.It was obviously that the man ______ driving on the free way for almost an hour when he ______ that he must come back.
A.was;was told B.had been;was told C.had been;told D.was;was told
10.Bt the time he was twelve, Edison _______ to make a living by himself.(MET1983)
A.would begin B.has begun C.had begun D.began
Keys:1.D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B10.C
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳