初中語法復習－精挑細講
Ⅰ 詞類。
詞類 英語名稱 意 義 例 詞
名詞 The Noun (縮寫為n) 表示人或事物的名稱 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train
冠詞 The Article (art) 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物 a, an, the
代詞 The Pronoun (pron) 用來代替名詞、形容詞或數詞 They, his, him, mine, which, all
形容詞 The Adjective (adj) 用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry
數詞 The Numeral (num) 表示數量或順序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second
動詞 The Verb (v) 表示動作或狀態 Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing
副詞 The Adverb (adv) 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes
介詞 The Preposition (prep) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for
連詞 The Conjunction (conj) 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句 And, or, but, so, because
感嘆詞 The Interjection (interj) 表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear
（一） 名詞：
專有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA,
1．名詞 個體名詞：表示單個的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可數名詞
集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。如 family, people, class, police .
普通名詞
物質名詞：表示無法分為個體的物質。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .
抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可數名詞
2．名詞的數�？蓴得~有單復數，不可數名詞沒有單復數。
3．名詞的格：名詞有三個格：主格（作主語）、賓格（作賓語）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。
（二）冠詞
1．定冠詞－the .
○1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good.
○2 說話人與聽話人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?
○3 重復提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
○4 表示世界上獨一無二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .
○5 形容詞最高級和序數詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
○6 樂器的名稱前常用定冠詞－the 。I like playing the piano / violin .
○7 和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某一類人。We should help the poor .
○8 放在某些專有名詞前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China .
○9 放在姓氏的復數形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV .
○10 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .
2．不定冠詞－a / an .
○1 指人或事物的某一種類。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
○2 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.
○3 指某人或某物，但不具體說明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.
○4 不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
3．零冠詞。
○1 泛指人類或男女。Man will conquer nature .
○2 抽象名詞在用來表示它的一般概念時，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice .
○3 有些個體名詞有時可以轉化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send him to hospital at once.
○4 在專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.
○5 在三餐飯何球類運動名稱之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.
○6 在節假日、星期幾、月份、季節等名詞前。October 10th is Teachers’ Day.
○7 稱呼語或表示頭銜、職務的名詞前不用冠詞。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.
○8 在語言名詞前，名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數詞時，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English .
○9 不用冠詞的慣用語。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。
（三）形容詞
1．形容詞的構成。
○1 簡單形容詞由一個單詞構成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .
○2 復合形容詞由一個以上的詞構成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.
2．形容詞的用法。
○1 修飾名詞作定語。She is a beautiful girl .
○2 作表語。He is very strong.
○3 作賓語補足語。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .
○4 “定冠詞＋形容詞”表示一類人或物，在句子中可作主語或賓語。We should speak to the old politely.
○5 大多數形容詞既可作表語又可作定語，但少數形容詞只能作表語，不能作定語。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。
○6 有些形容詞只能作定語而不能作表語。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。
3．形容詞的位置。
○1 形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box.
○2 與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away .
○3 與不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important . nothing serious .
○4 當名詞前有多個形容詞修飾時，一般按下面的詞序排列： 冠詞（包括物主代詞、序數詞、基數詞）－描述形容詞（brave, beautiful）－表示形狀（大小、長短、高矮）的形容詞－表示年齡或新舊的形容詞－表示顏色的形容詞－表示國籍、出處或來源的形容詞－表示材料、物質的形容詞－表示用途或類別的形容詞－被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .
4．形容詞的比較級和最高級。（一般加 er / est ，不規則見表）
○1 原級的用法：“……和……相同”
A． 肯定句：A ＋ 動詞 ＋ as ＋ 形容詞原級 ＋ as ＋ B . He is as tall as me .
B． 否定句：A… ＋ not as ＋形容詞原級 ＋ as ＋ B （即A 不如 B 那么…）
A… ＋ not so ＋形容詞原級 ＋ as ＋ B = A…+ less + 形容詞原級＋than + B .
○2 比較級的用法：
A． A ＋ 動詞 ＋ 形容詞的比較級 ＋ than ＋ B . （A 比B 更… ，在這種句型中，比較級前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一點兒”。
B． “比較級 ＋ and ＋ 比較級”、 “more and more ＋ 部分雙音節或多音節的原級” 譯為“越來越…”。
○3 最高級的用法：（個體用－of ，范圍用－in，最高級前面要用定冠詞－the）
A． 三種最高級表示法。
最高級：Shanghai is the largest city in China .
比較級：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .
原級： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .
（四） 副詞
1．副詞的種類：
○1 時間副詞：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …
○2 地點副詞：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …
○3 方式副詞：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …
○4 程度副詞：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …
○5 疑問副詞：how, when, where, why …
○6 關系副詞：when, where, why … （引導定語從句）
○7 連接副詞：how, when, where, why, whether …
○8 頻率副詞：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …
○9 其他副詞：really, certainly, surely, maybe …
2．副詞的用法：
○1 作狀語 ： He can finish the work easily .
○2 作定語（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin .
○3 作表語 ： I must be off now .
○4 作賓補，構成復合賓語 ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .
3．副詞的比較級和最高級。（一般加 er / est ,不規則見表）
○1 副詞的原級：
A． as + 副詞的原級 + as “與…一樣”
B． not as(so) + 副詞的原級 + as “與…不一樣”
C． too + 副詞的原級 + to do sth . “太…而不能”
D． so + 副詞的原級 + that 從句 “如此…以致于…”
E． 副詞的原級 + enough to do sth . “足夠…能做…”
○2 副詞的比較級：
A．A + 動詞 + 副詞比較級 + than + B
B．副詞比較級前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修飾。
C．比較級 ＋ and + 比較級，表示“越來越…”，the more … the more … 表示“越…就越…”
D．副詞的最高級前通常不加定冠詞 the .
（五）數詞
1．基數詞：
1－12 13－19 20－90 100－
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred
2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred
3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand
4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand
5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million
6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion
7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty
8 eight 70 seventy
9 nine 80 eighty
10 ten 90 ninety
11 eleven
12 twelve
2．序數詞：
1-10 11-19 20-90 100-
1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th
2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd
3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th
4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th
5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th
7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th
9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th
10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th
○1作主語：The first is better than the second .
○2 作賓語：He was among the first to arrive .
○3 作表語：He is the first to come to school .
○4 作定語：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .
（六）代詞
類 別 作 用 例 詞 例 句
人稱代詞 代替人或事物，主格作主語，賓客作賓語 數
格 人稱 單 數 復 數 I am a teacher .
They are students .
We all like him .
He gave the book to me .
一 二 三 一 二 三
主 格 I you he She it we you they
賓 格 me you him Her it us you them
物主代詞 形容詞性只作定語，名詞性可以作主、賓、表語等，表示所屬關系 詞義
類型 我的 你
的 他的 她
的 它
的 我們的 你們的 他們
的 My book is there.
Her father is a worker.
This bike is yours, ours is broken .
形容詞性 my your his her its our your their
名詞詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代詞 起強調作用，只作同位語和賓語 數 人稱 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 We ourselves did the work.
He did the work by himself.
單 數 myself yourself himself herself itself
復 數 ourselves yourselves themselves
相互代詞 表示相互關系，作賓語 賓 格 所 有 格 We should help each other.
Please correct each other’s mistakes .
each other（兩者相互） each other’s（相互的）
one another（三者或三者以上） one another’s（相互的）
指示代詞 起指示作用，作定語、主語、賓語、表語等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.
My point is this .
不定代詞 代替或修飾任何不定數量及不定范圍的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.
Neither answer is right.
疑問代詞 表示疑問，構成特殊問句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?
關系代詞 引導定語從句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.
連接代詞 引導名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句） what, who, that I know what you are doing .
That’s what I hope .
（七）動詞
類 別 意 義 例 子 例 句
行為動詞 含有實在的意義，表示動作或狀態，在句中能獨立作謂語。 及物動詞 后面一定接賓語 Open, visit, hear … He visited Gaozhou yesterday.
不及物動詞 后面可以不接賓語 Laugh, cry, live … He lives in Beijing .
連系動詞（link v） 本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構成謂語。 Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem … The meat smells bad .
He is a student .
助動詞（v.aux.） 本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示否定、疑問、時態或其他語法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would … He doesn’t speak English .
We are playing football .
He had gone to Beijing .
情態動詞（Modal Verbs） 本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to … She can speak English .
May I speak to Ann, please、
We must go now .
注：動詞（除情態動詞，只有原形和過去式）有原形、第三人稱單數、動詞－ing、動詞過去式、動詞過去分詞五種形式。
（八）介詞
1．介詞的種類：
○1 簡單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to …
○2 合成介詞：onto, into, without, upon, within …
○3 短語介詞：because of, in front of, according to …
○4 分詞介詞：regarding, following, concerning …
2．介詞短語在句子中的作用：
○1 作定語。I know the answer to the question .
○2 作狀語。The children are playing basketball in the playground .
○3 作表語。Mike is in the classroom .
○4 作賓語補足語。He found himself in the middle of the river .
○5 作主語補足語。Tom was seen inside the cinema .
3．常用介詞的基本用法：
○1 表示時間的介詞（at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within …）
○2 表示位置，方位的介詞（in, at, on, to …）
○3 表示交通方式的常用介詞（by, on, in …）
○4 其他一些詞組搭配介詞（be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth …）
（九）連詞
1．并列連詞：
○1 表聯合關系連詞。（and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .）
○2 轉折連詞。（but, while, yet, however .）
○3 選擇連詞。（or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .）
2．從屬連詞：
○1 引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的連用，主要有三個：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .
○2 引導狀語從句的從屬連詞：
A． 連接時間狀語從句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …
B． 連接讓步狀語從句：although, though, even if, however …
C． 連接原因狀語從句：as, because, since, now that, for …
D． 連接目的狀語從句：that, so that, in order that …
E． 連接條件狀語從句：if, unless, once, in case …
F． 連接結果狀語從句：so…that, such…that …
G． 連接方式狀語從句：as, as if, as though …
H． 連接地點狀語從句：where .
I． 連接比較狀語從句：as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …
（十）非謂語動詞
1．定義：動詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等，這就是動詞的非謂語動詞�？煞譃槿N：動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。
2．動詞不定式：to ＋ 動詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒有人稱和數的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，可以有時態和語態的變化）
○1 一般式：主動語態：to do , 被動語態：to be + 動詞過去分詞 (表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生或之后發生)
○2 進行式：主動語態：to be doing , 被動語態：無 (表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生)
○3 完成式：主動語態：to have +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：to have been +動詞過去分詞 (表示動作或狀態在謂語動作之前就發生)
○4 用法：
A． 作主語：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .
B． 作表語：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C． 作賓語：
a. 動詞＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 動詞＋疑問詞＋to do I don’t know where to put the bike .
c. 動詞＋形式賓語(it)＋賓補＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D． 作補語：
a. 動詞＋賓語＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 動詞＋賓語＋不帶to的動詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E． 作狀語：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示結果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren’t old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F．作定語： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 動詞不定式to 的省略：
A． 在感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動語態時要還原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 動詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時也可以用－never + to do 結構。
3．動名詞：動詞原形＋ing 。具有名詞、動詞一些特征。
○1 一般式：主動語態：doing ，被動語態：being + 動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生或之后發生)
○2 完成式：主動語態：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：having been +動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態在謂語動詞的動作或狀態之前就發生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don’t remember having ever seen the film .
○3 動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
A． 作主語：
a. 動名詞作主語如果太長，可以用形式主語it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important to learn English .
b. No + 動名詞表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .
B． 作賓語：He finished doing his homework .
C． 作表語：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D． 作定語：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名詞的用途、功能等）
E． 動名詞的復合結構：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞＋動名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?
4．分詞：動詞原形＋ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動詞一些特征。（可分為現在分詞、過去分詞）
現在分詞
○1 一般式：主動語態：doing ，被動語態：being + 動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生)
○2 完成式：主動語態：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：having been +動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態在謂語動詞的動作或狀
態之前就發生）
○3 動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
A． 作表語。The result is surprising .
B． 作定語。Developing country (主謂關系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動作)
C． 作狀語。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D． 作賓補。I found him lying on the grass.
過去分詞
○1 形式：規則動詞＋ed，和不規則動詞的過去分詞。
○2 過去分詞的否定形式：not + 動詞過去分詞。
○3 用法：
A． 作表語：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B． 作定語：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C． 作狀語：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D． 作賓補：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
（十一）動詞的語態
1． 語態定義：英語中表示主語和謂語之間的關系的動詞形式稱為語態。英語的語態分為主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動) English is taught in our school .（被動）
2． 被動語態：助動詞Be + 及物動詞的過去分詞（be +p.p.），be有人稱、時態和數的變化。見下表：
時 態 謂語動詞的形式 例 子
一般現在時 Am / is / are + 動詞過去分詞 Colour TVs are made in the factory .
一般過去時 Was / were +動詞過去分詞 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .
一般將來時 Shall / will + be +動詞過去分詞 The film will be shown again .
現在進行時 Am / is / are + being +動詞過去分詞 The walls are being painted .
過去進行時 Was / were +being動詞過去分詞 The tickets were being well sold then .
現在完成時 Has / have + been + 動詞過去分詞 A new road has been built here .
時 態 謂語動詞的形式 例 子
過去完成時 Had + been +動詞過去分詞 Much had been done before mother came back .
含有情態動詞的被動語態 情態動詞＋be＋動詞過去分詞 The composition must be handed in today .
1.被動語態中值得注意的問題：
1) 帶有雙賓語的動詞，可以把任何一個賓語變被動，一般在間接賓語前加適當的介詞。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .
2) 英語中有些動詞用主動語態表示被動語態。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .
3)在英語中有時“be + V-ed”結構并不是被動語態，而是系表結構。The mountains were covered with snow .
4)在“主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語”的結構中，要補留賓語補足語。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.
5)賓語補足語為省to的不定式，變為被動語態后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .
6)如果短語動詞是及物動詞時，可以用被動語態，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .
7)下列情況不能用被動語態：
不及物動詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .
連系動詞： The girl looks like her sister .
賓語為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .
賓語為相互代詞：The students often help each other .
同源賓語：At that time, they lived a happy life .
表示狀態的及物動詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
（十二）動詞的時態：
時態 表示內容 謂語動詞的構成 常用的時間狀語 例句
一般現在時 現階段經常發生的動作或存在的狀態 動詞原形（包括第三人稱單數形式＋s / es） often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon …)等 He is often late for school.
She usually goes to work on foot.
一般將來時 將要發生的動作或存在的狀態 shall / will + 動詞原形
am / is / are going to + 動詞原形
am / is / are to + 動詞原形
am / is / are about to + 動詞原形
am / is / are + 動詞－ing tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.
I am going to buy a book tomorrow.
They are to see a film in a hour.
She is about to mend the bike later.
I am flying to Guangzhou next week.
一般過去時 過去發生的動作或存在的狀態 動詞過去式 （一般＋ed , 特殊見課本不規則表） yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 I finished my homework yesterday.
He went to Gaozhou three days ago.
現在進行時 現在正在進行的動作 am / is / are + 動詞現在分詞 now、It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen 等詞提示 They are doing their homework now.
Look! The boy is playing basketball.
過去進行時 過去某個時刻正在進行的動作 was / were + 動詞現在分詞 at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引導的從句 I was sleeping at 11 last night .
They were cooking when the bell rang .
現在完成時 動作發生在過去，已結束，對現在有影響；或者開始在過去一直持續到現在的動作。 have / has + 動詞過去分詞 （一般＋ed , 特殊見課本不規則表） already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等 I have already finished my work .
He hasn’t found out who broke the door .
過去完成時 過去某個時間之前已經完成了的動作 had + 動詞過去分詞 By the end of last month、when、before等引導的從句 I had seen the film when I was in college.
The meeting had begun before we arrived .
過去將來時 從過去某個時間看將來發生的動作 should / would + 動詞原形
was / were going to ＋動詞原形
was / were to + 動詞原形
was / were about to + 動詞原形
was / were + 動詞－ing 通常在賓語從句中出現，主句為過去時 He said (that) he would go to Maoming the next day .
She told me (that) she was moving to France in two days .
Ⅱ 句子
句子的成分
1．定義：組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分，即：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。表語、賓語、賓語補足語都是謂語里的組成部分。
成 分 意 義 例 句
主 語 表示句子所說的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞或短語等充當。 Lucy is an American girl .
We study in No.1 Middle School .
謂 語 說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么樣”。謂語（謂語部分里主要的詞）用動詞。謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數”兩方面必須一致 We love China . / She is singing .
Mike hopes to be a doctor . / His parents are farmers .
表 語 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當，和連系動詞一起構成謂語。 Her aunt is a driver . / Are you ready ?
We were at home last night .
句子成分 意 義 例 句
賓 語 表示動詞、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞、短語等充當，和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。 He often helps me . / We study English at school.
Did you see him yesterday ?
定 語 用來修飾名詞或代詞。作定語的除形容詞外，還有代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。 The black bike is mine. / What’s your name, please ?
We have four lessons in the morning ?
狀 語 用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義，通常由副詞、介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語等來表示。 People are all working hard. / It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon .
賓語補足語 英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。這類詞有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等。 He made me very angry.
I find him a good boy .
句子的種類
1．英語中按使用目的或功用分為四類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。
A．陳述句。
○1 陳述句說明一個事實或陳述一個人的看法。陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句兩種。
a．陳述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b．陳述句的否定形式。（1）謂語動詞是系動詞be, 助動詞have, will, shall, be或情態動詞，只須在其后面加not構成否定句。She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping .
（2）若謂語動詞是實義動詞，在實義動詞前加上do not，第三人稱單數現在時用does not，過去時用did not。 He didn’t send me an invitation .
（3）由具有否定含義的詞never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等構成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑問句。
1)疑問句提出問題。英語中有四種疑問句：一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。a．一般疑問句：以一個助動詞、情態動詞、動詞be或have開始，語調為升調，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑問句。
（1）一般疑問句的基本結構：
Be動詞(is, am, are, was, were)+主語+表語…？
Have動詞(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主語+賓語…？
情態動詞(can, may, must等)+主語+行為動詞或be…?
助動詞(do, does, did)+主語+行為動詞…？
助動詞(shall, will, have, has)+主語+行為動詞…？
（2）否定形式的疑問句，通常把助動詞與not縮寫，放在句首。構成回答：
Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(對，我不是)
b．特殊疑問句：以疑問代詞who, what, whom, whose, which或疑問副詞when, where, why, how開頭。
（1）如果疑問詞在句中作主語或其修飾主語時，其語序如陳述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
（2）如果疑問詞在句中不作主語或其修飾主語，用“疑問詞＋一般疑問句”形式。Where have you been ?
c．選擇疑問句：提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，供回答者選擇，并由or連用，但不能用Yes或no 來回答。
（1）疑問句＋選擇成分1＋or＋選擇成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
（2）特殊問句＋選擇答案1＋or＋選擇答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
d．反意疑問句：陳述部分＋提問部分。
（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人稱、數和時態要一致，疑問部分要用代詞。◎事實回答用Yes, 非事實回答用No . ◎前陳述句用降調，后問句用升調；如對前陳述句內容有把握，后問句也可用降調�！蛉绻懊骊愂鼍渲杏蟹穸ㄔ~：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑問句應該用肯定式。
（2）陳述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone時，附加疑問句需分別用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?
（3）陳述句部分是復合句時，提問部分的主語和助動詞要與主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?
（4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+賓語從句”中，當主語是第一人稱時，附加疑問句的主語和謂語應與后面賓語從句相一致；但若主語不是第一人稱時，則附加問句與前面主句一致。
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?
（5）在含有情態動詞must 的句子中，若must 表示推測，提問用must后面的動詞。若must表示有必要時，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止時，提問用must。
He must be tired, isn’t he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？ You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?
（6）陳述句部分為祈使句，疑問部分常用will you(表請求)。注：let’s 用shall we（包括說話人），let us 用will you（不包括說話人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示請求、命令、勸告、建議等。（省主語，動詞用原形）
（1）let + 第一人稱，第三人稱＋（not）動詞原形。Let me try again .
（2）動詞原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
（3）Don’t (never)+動詞原形＋其他成分。Don’t look out of the window .
（4）Do+動詞原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f．感嘆句：表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情，句尾用“！”。What 修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞、副詞。
（1） How ＋ 形容詞 / 副詞。
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !
◎ How ＋ 副詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ a / an + 名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + 名詞。 ◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數名詞單數＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數名詞復數 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 不可數名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
句子類型
1．從結構上看，英語的句子可分為三種類型：簡單句、并列句和復合句。
2．簡單句：由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）構成的句子叫做簡單句。簡單句有六種句型：
型號 句型 例 子
1 主語＋不及物動詞（＋狀語） The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .
2 主語＋連系動詞＋表語 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .
3 主語＋及物動詞＋賓語 You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .
4 主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.
5 主語＋及物動詞＋賓語＋賓語補足語 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .
6 There +be+主語＋狀語 There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year .
3．并列句：由并列連詞把兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成的句子。常用的并列連詞有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的結構：簡單句＋并列詞＋簡單。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .
She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .
4．復合句：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫做復合句。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨立。從句可以擔任復合句的主語（主語從句）、表語（表語從句）、賓語（賓語從句）、定語（定語從句）、狀語（狀語從句）。中學階段主要學習含有狀語從句、賓語從句、定語從句的復合句。
A．狀語從句：在復合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句根據它表示的意思的不同可分為時間、地點、原因、結果、讓步、比較（或方式）和條件等類。
○1 時間狀語從句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等連詞引導。
主 句 從 句 例 子
一般將來時 一般現在時 I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .
帶有情態動詞 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .
祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .
過去時的某種時態 過去時的某種時態 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .
I was reading a book while he was singing a song .
○2 條件狀語從句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引導。（注：在條件狀語從句的將來時態要用現在時和過去時，表示相應的將來時）。
I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .
○3 原因狀語從句：由because（因為）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因為）等引導。
He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .
○4 目的狀語從句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引導。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情態動詞。
He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .
○5 結果狀語從句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。
The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .
○6 比較狀語從句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the（＋比較級）…the（＋比較級）等引導。
Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .
○7 地點狀語從句：由where 和wherever等引導。地點狀語從句位于句首時，常用逗號與主句隔開；位于句末時則不用逗號。He follows her wherever she goes .
○8 方式狀語從句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引導的從句的時態要用過去時（虛語語氣）。
Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .
○9讓步狀語從句:由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who引導。
Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .
B．賓語從句：由一個句子充當賓語，我們稱之為賓語從句。（賓語從句的語序永遠是陳述語序）
○1 賓語從句的連詞。
a.如果賓語從句是從陳述句變化而來的，要用連詞that來引導，that可以省略。
b.如果賓語從句是從一般疑問句變化而來的，要用連詞if或whether .
c.如果賓語從句是從特殊疑問句變化而來的，連詞就應該用特殊疑問詞（what, when, where…）。
○2 賓語從句的時態：
主 句 從 句 例 子
任何一種時態 一般現在時（表示真理、科學原理、自然現象） The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.
一般現在時 任何一種時態 I hear that he will come back next week.
一般將來時 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .
一般過去時 過去時的某種時態 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .
○3 賓語從句的人稱：人稱代詞要隨合理的邏輯而自然變化。
She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before .
○4 when 和if 在引導賓語從句和狀語從句中，后面的時態有差別。
I don’t know when (何時)she will be back（賓語從句）, but when(當…時候) she comes back, I’ll let you know（狀語從句） .
I don’t know if(是否) she will come back（賓語從句）, but if (如果)she comes back, I’ll let you know （狀語從句） .
C．定語從句：在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導從句的關系代詞有：who(人，主格), whom(人，賓客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引導從句的關系副詞有：where(地點), when(時間), why(原因)。
The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .
○1 從句的謂語動詞和先行詞的關系。
a.主謂關系：He asked the man(作從句主語) who/that was smoking .
b.動賓關系：The noodles(作從句賓語) that/which I cooked were delicious .
○2 只能用that 的情況：
a.先行詞為all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修飾。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .
b.先行詞被序數詞修飾。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .
c.先行詞同時有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .
d.先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .
e.先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾。 That is the best book that I have read .
f先行詞被the very, the only, the same修飾。 It is the very book that I am looking for .
g.先行詞是主句的表語或關系代詞在定語從句中作表語。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .
h.先行詞是指示代詞that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?
i.主句以who / which開頭，定語從句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?
○3 只能用which的情況：
a.關系代詞前有介詞。 This is the house in which we lived last year .
b.先行詞本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
c.非限制性定語從句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .
○4 定語從句在句中作定語，所以在使用時，相當于現在分詞短語，過去分詞短語，動詞不定式短語，介詞短語作后置定語的句子。
a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .
b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .
c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .
d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .
e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .
○5 引導詞when, where和why可用相應的表示時間（in, on, at, during等）、地點（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介詞＋which 表達為介賓結構。
a．I still remember the day when(= on which) I met her for the first time .
b．That is the place where I went when I was a child .
c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?
○6 在定語從句中，不能再出現指示先行詞的指示代詞。
I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .（√）
○7 注意下面的變化：
a.This is the house(不作lived的賓語) where we lived last year .
This is the house(作lived in的賓語) which/that we lived in last year .
b.This is the day (不作left的賓語)when we left for Shenzhen .
This is the day (作spent的賓語)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .
○8 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
a.限制性定語從句：是句中不可缺少的組成部分，沒有從句，先行詞意思不明確，主句也不完整，從句主句不用逗號分開。
b.非限制性定語從句：是主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有從句并不影響主句意思的明確或完整，這種定語從句一般用逗號和主句分開，在非限制性定語從句中，一般不用that。
◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型
1.英語“There + be + (not)”結構表示“有（沒有）某人或某物”時，there 是無詞義的引導詞，be是謂語動詞，它后面的名詞是主語，兩者再數上必須一致。句末往往有表示地點或時間的狀語。
2.肯定句：There +(助動詞或情態動詞)＋be 主語＋地點（時間）狀語。
There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .
3.否定句：There + be(助動詞或情態動詞)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主語…。
There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won’t be a football match tomorrow .
4.一般疑問句：Be + there +(any) +主語… ？ / 助動詞或情態動詞 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主語… ？
Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?
5.特殊疑問句：疑問詞（＋名詞）＋be ＋there + 狀語 ？
How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?
6.如果there +be 之后是并列主語，應根據離be 最近的名詞來選擇be的形式。
There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .
7.含有引導詞there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作謂語的結構。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .
Ⅳ 主謂一致
1.主謂一致是指謂語動詞要與主語單、復數形式及人稱變化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意義一致、就近原則。
2.單數名詞、不可數名詞作主語，謂語用單數；復數名詞作主語，謂語用復數；若主語表示單數或整體概念時，謂語應用單數。
Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn’t very large . / His family are all music lovers .
3.有些名詞以“s”結尾，但謂用單數。（news, physics, maths, politics等）Maths is very important to us .
4.People, police, youth, cattle等常作復數處理。 The youth are full of living .
5.既作單數又是復數的名詞，可作單、復數。（sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…）There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street./ The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .
6.當主語是兩個名詞由and 連接時，若表示一種事物或一種概念時，謂語用單數。
The teacher and writer is coming（同一個人） . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)
7.有every 或each 修飾的單數名詞并列時，謂語動詞用單數，第二個every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.
8.表示時間、距離、金錢或數量的復數名詞，一般視為一個整體，謂語用單數。A hundred miles is a long distance .
9.有些形容詞前加定冠詞構成表示一類人的名詞，常用復數處理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .
10.Number, population 等詞可作單數或復數，主要從意思決定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.
11.當名詞后有with, together, like, but, except等介詞短語時，謂語隨名詞的數而變。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .
12.Each和由some, any, no, every構成的復合代詞，都作單數看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.
13.What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代詞可以是單、復數，主要靠意思決定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?
14.“None 或none of+名詞（代詞）復數”可作單、復數，若名詞為不可數，則謂語只用單數。
None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.
15．“Either, neither (+of +名（代）詞復數”作主語時，通�？醋鲉螖�。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .
16．“many a +單數名詞”或“more than one +單數名詞”作主語時，謂語多用單數形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.
17．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可數名詞，謂語用單數。 All of meat is bad .
18．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可數名詞復數，謂語用復數。 Some of students are absent .
19．“one of +名（代）詞復數”為主時，謂語通常用單數。One of the girls is from America .
20．“a pair of +名詞復數”作主語時，謂語常用單數，若pair是pairs時謂語用復數。
21．“（a）part of +名詞”作主語時，若名詞是單數，謂語用單數；若名詞是復數，謂語用復數。
22．“a group of +名詞”作主語時，強調整體，謂語用單數；若強調group 中的成員，謂語用復數。
23．“a lot of /lots of +名詞復數”作主語時，謂語用復數；若名詞為不可數名詞，謂語用單數。
24．“most of +名詞復數”作主語時，謂語用復數；若名詞為不可數名詞，謂語用單數。
25．“plenty of +名詞復數”作主語時，謂語用復數；若名詞為不可數名詞，謂語用單數。
26．由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名詞＋and + 名詞等連接的主語，通常根據就近原則，謂語的單、復數形式依最接近它的名詞詞組的單、復數形式決定。
My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .
Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .
Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .
There is a man and three children over there .
Not only you but also he knows that thing .
28．動詞不定式和動詞－ing形式作主語時作單數處理。
To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .
Taking means no holes .
Seeing is believing .
Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .
責任編輯：李芳芳