【基礎知識精講】

　　相關知識

　　What is first aid?

　　句子分析

　　1．Chen Wei and Susan are walking down the street when they see an accident．

　　(1) down 在此處意為“along”，“沿著”的意思。

　　(2) when 是并列連詞，連接兩個并列的分句，意為“這時”，“就在這個時候”，表示沒有料到的事情的發生。例如：

　　I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind．我正在馬路上走著，這時忽然有人從后面拍拍我的肩膀。

　　We were about to start when it began to rain．我們正要動身，就在這時下起雨來了。

　　2．Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder．

　　站在梯子上的時候，不要側著身子伸手去拿東西。

　　(1) reach 在此處意為“伸手取物”。又如：

　　The man reached for the gun but it was too far away.

　　那人伸手去夠槍，但是槍距離他太遠了。

　　(2) 句中的 while standing on a ladder 是 while you are standing on a ladder 的省略。

　　在有些表示時間、地點、條件等的狀語從句中，如果謂語包含動詞 be，而主語又和主句的主語一致，那么，從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞 be)�？墒÷�。又如：

　　Look out for cars when crossing the street．

　　= Look out for cars when you are crossing the street．

　　語言要點

　　1．I think she must be injured．我想她一定受傷了。

　　(1) must 在此處表示推測。may，can，must 都表示推測，can 用于疑問句和否定句中；may，must 用于肯定句。

　　-Can it be Tom?

　　-It can't be Tom because he has gone to Shanghai．

　　(2) injure 的用法在詞語辨析中有講解。

　　2．Leave her where she is．讓她留在原地。

　　leave 在本句中是“讓某人／某物處于某種狀態”的意思，為及物動詞。

　　leave 作此義解時，通常跟形容詞、分詞、名詞、副詞、介詞短語的復合賓語結構，有時也跟從句。例如：

　　(1) You'd better leave the door open．(1eave + n + adj.)

　　(2) I left them waiting outside. (leave + n + doing)

　　(3) Don’t leave such an important thing undone. (leave + n + done)

　　(4) When he was twelve，his parents died，leaving him an orphan.

　　他十二歲時，他的父母去世，使他成了孤兒。(leave + n + n.)

　　(5) Don’t touch my writing table；leave it as it is. (leave + n + 從句)

　　本單元還出現以下幾句:

　　(6) Leave the knife in. (leave + n + adv.)

　　(7) Leave him／her in the car.(leave + n + 介詞短語)

　　3．She's beginning to move a little.

　　英語中 begin 和 start 作“開始”講時，后面可接不定式，也可接動名詞。兩種結構表達的意思是相同的。但在下列三種情況下，用不定式較好：

　　(1) 當主語是物而不是人時。例如：

　　The ice began／started to melt．冰開始融化。

　　(2) 當 begin 或 start 用于進行時態時，如本句 She's beginning to move a little。再如:

　　The water is beginning/starting to boil.

　　(3) 當 begin 或 start 后面的非謂語動詞指心理狀態或精神活動時。例如:

　　I began to understand (realize) my past mistakes.

　　She started to wonder who had done it.

　　4．Take it easy．別著急。

　　Take it easy 有時也用 Take things easy. 是一種安慰人的用語，意思為“別緊張”；“別著急”；“多休息”或 “慢慢來”。

　　5．Right now you need to stay still until help comes. 現在你要靜靜地一直等幫助到來。

　　(1) right now 意為“現在”，“此刻”，是 now 的強調形式。

　　(2) need 在這里是實義動詞，后面跟不定式作賓語； need 還可作情態動詞跟動詞原形連用。在反意疑問句中要根據 need 為情態動詞還是實義動詞來決定反意部分內容，如果為情態動詞反意部分用 need，如果為實義動詞則用 do (does)等。試比較:

　　Did you really need to spend all that money on one pair of shoes?

　　You needn't do that. I can do it for you.

　　You needn't come tomorrow, need you?

　　注意：need 用作實義動詞時，如果其主語是要接的非謂語動詞的承受者，可跟動名詞的主動式或不定式的被動式(與 want，require 的用法相同)。例如:

　　Your hair needed ；I’m glad you had it cut.

　　The old man needs

　　(3) stay still 中的 stay 是連系動詞(remain, continue to be)，意為“停留”,“維持”； still 為形容詞(not moving)，意為“靜止的”，“不動的”。例如:

　　Please stay still while I take a photo of you. 我給你照相時請別動。

　　6．First aid, if it is quickly and correctly given, can save a person's life．

　　如果施救及時，方法正確，是可以挽救生命的。

　　save one's life 是一個短語動詞，意為“挽救某人的生命”，life 在此處為可數名詞，意為“生命”。例如：

　　The doctor has saved more than twenty people's lives since he came to this village.

　　7．If this is not done within five minutes, the person will die.

　　如果五分鐘之內不做人工呼吸，這個人就會死亡。

　　within five minutes 意為“五分鐘之內”,“不到五分鐘”。within 是介詞,意為“不超出多長時間”,“在多長時間之內”(after not more than the specified period of time)。又如:

　　She returned within an hour. 她不到一小時就回來了。

　　If you don't hear anything within seven days，phone again．

　　如果你在七日之內還沒收到任何消息，就再打個電話來。

　　介詞 in 指“最多過多長時間”(after a maximum length of time)。例如:

　　She will return in a few days. 她過幾天就回來了。

　　It will be ready in a week. 再過一星期它就準備好了。

　　8．Lay the person on his/her back，close his/her nose with your fingers and breathe into his/her mouth．將這個人仰面平放，并用手指捏住他的鼻子，再向他口里吹氣。

　　lay sb on his/her back/face/side“使某人仰臥／俯臥／側臥”。試比較

　　He is lying on his back/face/side．他仰臥／俯臥／側臥著。

　　這兩個句型的主要區別在動詞，lay 是及物動詞，后面跟賓語，意為“放、擱”；而 lie 是不及物動詞，后面不跟賓語，意為“躺，位于”。其次這兩個動詞均為不規則動詞:

　　lay-laid-laid-laying; lie-lay-lain-lying

　　lie 如果為規則動詞則意為“說謊”: lie-lied-lied-lying。例如:

　　He lay on the grass，enjoying the sunshine. 他躺在草地上曬太陽。

　　Lay the books on the table, please. 請把書放在桌上。

　　Don't believe him．He is lying. 不要相信他的話，他在撒謊。

　　I found her lying on the floor asleep. 我發現她躺在地板上睡著了。

　　9．Repeat this as often as is necessary. 根據需要，盡量多次重復這個動作。

　　as...as 作“像……一樣地”解，引導表示比較的狀語從句。第一個 as是副詞，后常跟形容詞、副詞或形容詞加名詞結構；第二個 as 是連詞，常跟句子，但為了避免重復，相同成分常被省略掉。但注意，比較對象不能省略。例如:

　　Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).

　　He can write as fast as I (can).

　　He can help you as much as (it is) necessary.

　　Please come as soon as (is) possible.

　　在狀語從句中，如果從句的主語是it, 謂語是 is, it is �？墒÷裕�有時也單獨省略 it。

　　10．Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries:

　　這兒有幾條關于處理普通創傷的意見:

　　(1)advice 是不可數名詞，表示一條建議用 a piece of advice。

　　(2)deal with 處理，對付，應付。例如:

　　That man is difficult to deal with. 那個人很難對付。

　　How are you going to deal with the water pollution of this area?

　　你們打算怎樣處理本地區的水污染問題呢？

　　注意：do with 的意思和 deal with 基本相同，但用法不盡相同：do with 常和 what 連用，且多由疑問句或由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句，意為“怎樣對待”。試比較:

　　What will you do with so many letters? = How will you deal with so many letters?

　　你怎樣處理這么多信件？

　　The boys didn't know what to do with themselves when school ended?

　　放學后，男孩子們不知怎樣打發自己。

　　11．Keep them on a high shelf out of the reach of children.

　　把他們放在孩子們夠不著的高架子上面。

　　out of one's reach 是個介詞短語，作“夠不著”，“拿不到”解，其中的reach 是名詞，意為“(手所及的)范圍”。同 out of one's reach 相對應的短語是 within one's reach 意為“(在手可取的)范圍內”。例如:

　　Put those bottles out of the reach of children. ( = Put those bottles out of the children's reach.)

　　請把那些瓶子放在孩子們夠不著的地方。

　　The child likes to have sweets within their reach．

　　這小孩喜歡把糖果放在他伸手可及的地方。

　　12．Don't leave small things on the floor or table which a baby can put in its mouth．

　　不要把小東西丟在地板上或桌子上，以防嬰幼兒放入口中。

　　(1)“leave + 賓語 + 介詞短語”構成了 leave 的復合賓語結構。詳細講解已在第三條講過。

　　(2)in its mouth 里的 its 是 it 的形容詞性物主代詞，it以指人，尤指小孩。例如：

　　Who is this baby? Is it your brother?

　　13．What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?

　　如果有人誤喝了毒藥，你該怎么辦?

　　by mistake 是一個固定詞組，意為“錯誤地”、“無心地(做錯了事)”。例如:

　　Sorry，I have taken your bag by mistake．很抱歉我拿錯了你的書包。

　　14．Make the person throw up. 使這個人嘔吐。

　　throw up 和第五單元學的 bring up 意思相同，作“嘔吐”解。又如:

　　The baby was ill and threw up (brought up) everything he ate．

　　15．He'll be here in a short while．他一會兒回來。

　　in a short while = in a short time = very soon，意為“很快”、“一會兒”，while 在這里是名詞，作“時間”解。

　　

【重點難點解析】

　　新知講解

　　情態動詞 must，should 和 ought to 的意思都是“必須”、“應該”，都可以表示義務或職責。

　　1．must 的用法

　　(1)must 表示義務或職責時，語氣比 should 和 ought to 重得多。表示說話人強烈的主觀意志，要求對方必須服從，不容爭辯。例如：

　　You must be back by twelve o’clock．

　　must 表示義務或職責，只用于肯定句和疑問句，其否定形式要用 don’t have to 或 don’t need to (needn’t)，意為“無須，不必”。must not 的語氣相當強烈，意為“不可，不準”，表示“禁止”、“不準”。例如：

　�、� You mustn't talk in the library．

　�、� -Must I do it now? -No，you________.

　　A．needn't B．don't have to C．mustn't C．A or B

　　正確答案是D，不可填 mustn'to。

　　must 和 have to 的區別在于：must 表示說話人的主觀看法，have to 表示外界客觀需要，有“不得不”的意思，而且 have to 比 must 有更多的時態。

　　(2)must 還表示推測，意為“必是，一定”，在語氣上要比 may 肯定得多。例如：He hasn’t been here for two days．He must be ill．

　　(3)“must have + 過去分詞”用來表示對過去事情的推測。例如：

　　It must have rained last night for the ground is wet．

　　注意：must 表示推測時，其否定形式不是 mustn't，而是 can't (不可能)。例如：

　　He can't be in the classroom．I saw him playing football just now．

　　2．should 和 ought to 的用法

　　(1)should 和 ought to 也表示義務或職責，但語氣較弱，有勸告或建議的含義，意為“應該”，但 ought to 的語氣比 should 強。例如：

　　You should study first aid with a teacher．你應該跟老師學習急救。

　　You ought to drink large quantities of water．你應該大量喝水。

　　(2)should 和 ought to 兩者都表示推斷或必然性，意為“按理說，總該”。例如：

　　She should be in the classroom by now，I think．

　　If he started at two，he ought to be here by now．

　　如果他是兩點鐘出發的話，現在總該到這兒了。

　　(3)“should (not) have + 過去分詞”與“ought (not) to have + 過去分詞”兩者都表示某事應該做而未曾做或不該發生的事卻發生了。例如：

　　I should have come here early．我本來想早點來這里。

　　You oughtn’t to have crossed the street when the lights were red．

　　你本來就不該闖紅燈過馬路。

　　(4)should 和 ought to 的否定形式是 shouldn’t 和 oughtn’t to，表示“不該”，語氣比 mustn’t 婉轉，一般表示說話人認為按常理不應該如此。例如：

　　You shouldn’t get up if you are badly hurt．如果你傷很得重，就不該起來。

　　You ought not to write so carelessly．你不應當寫得這樣潦草。

　　注意：should 可直接提到主語前表示疑問，但 ought to 變疑問句時，ought 提前，to 則需放在后面的動詞原形前。例如：

　　What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?

　　如果一個人誤喝了毒藥，你應該怎么辦?

　　Oughtn't we to give him a chance to try?

　　我們難道不應該給他一個嘗試的機會嗎?

　　舊知歸納

　　情態動詞否定式的辨析

　　1.-Will you stay for lunch?

　　　-Sorry, ________ My brother is coming to see me． (NMET’99)

　　A．I mustn’t B．I can’t C．I needn’t D．I won’t

　　點撥：情態動詞否定式的辨析。mustn’t 表禁止；can’t“不能”、“不可以”，表能力、不許可或禁止；needn’t“不必”，表必要性；won’t“絕不”、“絕對不”，表決心。從上下文看“兄弟要來，所以不能”，故選 B。

　　2．Two years ago，my husband bought me a bicycle．If you live in a town，it is often faster than a car and you ________ worry about parking．

　　(93上海)

　　A．must not B．may not

　　C．should D．don’t have to

　　點撥：答案D。根據語境可知“不必擔心車的停放”問題。don’t have to“不必”, 相當于 needn’t。

　　3.-Shall I tell John about it?

　　　-No, you ________ I’ve told him already. (NMET'94)

　　A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

　　點撥: 答案 A。needn't 不必，沒有必要；wouldn't 不愿意；mustn't 不準；shouldn't 不應該。從"I've told him already." 可知應先 A，"不必"。

　　高考焦點

　　情態動詞專練：

　　1. A computer ________ think for itself; it ________ be told what to do.

　　A. may not; must B. mustn't; might

　　C. shouldn't; could D. can't; must

　　2. He's two hours late. What ________ to him?

　　A. can have happened B. may have happened

　　C. must have happened D. should have happened

　　3. I missed the bus, so I ________ go home on foot.

　　A. must B. need C. may D. had to

　　4. Hurry up! Our teacher ________ for us in the office now.

　　A. may be waiting B. can be waiting

　　C. must be waiting D. will be waiting

　　5. You ________ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.

　　A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not

　　6. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She ________ it.

　　A. must receive B. can't receive

　　C. might receive D. must have received

　　7. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.

　　A. might have given B. might give

　　C. should have given D. might give

　　8. The plant is dead. I ________ it more water.

　　A. will give B. would have given

　　C. must give D. should have given

　　9. The red light is on. I ________ stop.

　　A. can't B. need

　　C. must D. don't have to

　　10. There was plenty of time. You ________.

　　A. mustn't hurry B. mustn't have hurried

　　C. needn't hurry D. needn't have hurried

　　11. -Alice, you feed the bird today, ________?

　　　　-But I fed it yesterday.

　　A. do you B. will you

　　C. didn't you D. don't you

　　12. -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

　　　　-They ________ be ready by 12: 00.

　　A. can B. should C. might D. need

　　13. Peter ________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.

　　A. must B. may C. can D. will

　　14. -Could I call you by your first name?

　　　　-Yes, you ________.

　　A. will B. could C. may D. might

　　15. Michael ________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.

　　A. needn't B. can't C. should D. may

　　16. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

　　　　-It ________ a comfortable journey.

　　A. can't be B. shouldn't be

　　C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been

　　17. Jenny ________ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.

　　A. must B. should C. need D. would

　　18. -Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

　　　　- ________.

　　A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't

　　19. He ________ without saying goodbye to them, for he always has good manners．

　　A．mustn't have left B．may not leave

　　C．shouldn't have left D．couldn't have left

　　20．-I am sorry that you were late for the meeting．

　　-You ________ on time this morning．

　　A．should be B．would be

　　C．ought to have been D．ought to be

　　答案：

　　情態動詞專練：

　　1 - 5 DADCC 6 - 10 DADCD 11 - 15 BBBCB 16 - 20 DBBDC

　　

【常用單詞積累】

　　重點詞語講解

　　1．hold up 的用法

　　If it is possible，hold up the part of the body which is bleeding．

　　如有可能，就把出血的那個部位抬起來。

　　(1) hold up 在此處作“抬起”、“舉起”解：又如：

　　Hold your hand up if you have any questions．要是你有問題就舉手。

　　Hold up your head! 抬起頭來!(意即別垂頭喪氣!)

　　此外，hold up 還有以下幾種含義：

　　(2)使……停頓。例如：

　　The strike held up production for several weeks．罷工使生產停頓了幾個星期。

　　(3)耽擱。例如：

　　The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather．

　　惡劣天氣把筑路的工作耽擱了。

　　2．draw 的用法

　　draw 作為動詞，除了作“畫”以外，還常有“吸引；不分勝負地結束；提取(金錢)；吸(氣)；拖拉；得到結論”等含義。

　　(1) The football match between the Korean team and the American team was so wonderful that it drew a lot of people，though in the end they drew the match．

　　盡管這場足球賽韓美兩隊打平了，但因十分精彩而吸引了許多觀眾。

　　(2) I drew money from the bank．我從銀行提出錢來。

　　(3) She drew a deep breath．她深深地吸了一口氣。

　　(4) She drew the curtain．她把窗簾拉上。draw a cart．(動物)拉車。

　　(5) It was difficult to draw any conclusion from the discussion．那場討論會很難有什么結果。

　　重點詞語辨析

　　1．hurt，injure，wound，harm 的區別。

　　四個詞都可以表示“受傷害”，都既可作動詞又能作名詞，但它們的含義有區別：

　　(1) hurt 普通用語，既可指肉體上的傷害，也可指精神上、感情上的傷害。例如：

　　The driver hurt himself badly in the accident．

　　那位司機在這次事故中傷得很重。

　　She hurt her leg when she fell．她跌倒時，一只腿受了傷。

　　What they said hurt his sister greatly. 他們所說的話大大地傷害了他姐姐。

　　注意：指肉體上的傷害時，hurt 可與 badly，slightly，seriously 等連用；但若指精神上的創傷，只能用 very much/rather/deeply hurt。

　　(2) injure 比 hurt 正式。hurt 多指傷痛，而 injure 則指損害健康、成就、容貌等，強調功能的損失。例如：

　　He injured an arm in a car accident．他在一場車禍中傷了一只手臂。

　　I hope I didn’t injure her feelings．我希望我沒有傷害她的感情。

　　Drinking can injure one’s health．喝酒對人的健康有害。

　　(3) wound 主要指外來暴力造成的創傷，尤指刀、箭、槍、戰場上等受傷，程度較重，有時也可用于感情上所受的創傷。例如：

　　The soldier was badly wounded in the right leg．那士兵右腿嚴重受傷。

　　The robber wounded him with a knife．那強盜用刀刺傷了他。

　　(4) harm 用于肉體或精神上的傷害均可，有時可指引起不安或不便，還可用于抽象事物，尤其是指不道德的事情。例如：

　　Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light．

　　不要在昏暗的燈光下看書，以免損害眼睛。

　　Bad books do great harm．不健康的書危害很大。(不能用 hurt )

　　2．still，quiet，silent，calm

　　這幾個詞均表示“冷靜”、“平靜”，但內涵有別。

　　(1) still 主要指“靜止”、“不動”，可以指環境的安靜，也可指姿勢保持不動，強調沒有動作。例如：

　　The little girl stood still，except that her lips moved slightly．

　　那個小女孩一動不動地站著，只是嘴唇微微動了動。

　　How still everything is! 一切是多么安靜啊!

　　Still waters run deep．靜水流深(大智若愚)。

　　(2) quiet 主要指“安靜”，強調沒有聲音或動作；也指性情溫和、安祥、文靜或生活悠閑，環境寂靜、平靜。例如：

　　He has always lived a quiet life．他一直過著悠閑的生活。

　　She is a quiet girl．她是個文靜的女孩。

　　(3) silent 指“沉默”，強調不發表意見；也指“寂靜”，強調沒有聲音。例如：

　　He said he could not keep silent any longer．他說他再也不能保持沉默了。

　　The hall was silent．大廳內鴉雀無聲。

　　(4) calm“平靜”、“鎮定”，既可表示外界的安靜，又可表示內心的鎮靜。例如：

　　He remained calm in face of the danger．面對危險他鎮定自若。

　　The sea was fairly calm，and I could see all about．大海風平浪靜，我能看到周圍的一切。

　　

【單元口語交際】

　　表示建議和禁止做某事 Oligation

　　常用句型

　�、� You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．

　�、� We must carry her to the side of the road．

　　③ You should/shouldn't do...

　　④ I ought to go home．

　　⑤ Don’t do...

　　⑥ I have to cook supper for my grandmother．

　　口語示范

　　A：What’s the matter，John?

　　B：Ouch! My knees and my hands!

　　A：You hurt yourself．

　　C：Let me have a look at your wound．

　　A：Oh，no．You shouldn’t touch him．

　　C：What should we do then?

　　A：Don’t worry． We mustn’t move him now．Otherwise his wound could be worse．Let him stay still．We have to get him some medicine as soon as possible．

　　C：If necessary，I think we should send him to see a doctor．

　　A：You are right．

　　

【拓展延伸探究】

　　技能訓練

　　非 if 條件句表示的虛擬條件

　　一般來說，在表達虛擬條件時，通常用 if 條件句，其基本句式為：if 條件句 + 主句。主、從句中的時態也是根據時間的不同而不同并相對固定。例如：

　　If I were you，I would buy a car．(和現在事實相反)

　　If my lawyer had been here last Saturday，he would have prevented me from going．(和過去事實相反)

　　但是有時卻不用條件句來表示條件，而用其它方式。在各類考試中不斷出現這方面的考查。如2001年上海春季高考試題中就有這樣一道選擇題：

　　He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he ________a goal．

　　A．had scored B．scored

　　C．would score D．would have scored

　　本題意思是：他猶豫了一會兒才踢出這個球，不然他就進球了。其真實含義是：他沒有進球�！斑M球”是虛擬的，但“猶豫了一會兒”是真實的。所以本題還可理解為：如果他不猶豫的話，他就進球了。因此，這里由 otherwise 代替了一個條件句。從 hesitated 的時態可以判定本題表示的是和過去事實相反的含義，故本題答案為 D。本題中用 otherwise 表示條件，這種情況語法上稱為“含蓄條件句”。

　　具體說來，“含蓄條件句”有下列幾種情況：

　　1．用介詞短語表示條件。這些介詞通常有：without，but for (要不是)等。例如：

　　Without air and water(If there were no air and water)，all living things on the earth would die．

　　But for the car accident (If there had not been the car accident)，we would have arrived there much earlier．要不是車禍，我們早就到了。

　　2．用連詞 or，otherwise，but，once，though 等表示條件。例如：

　　He was taken to hospital at once yesterday，otherwise/or he would have died already．= If he had not been taken to hospital at once yesterday，he would have died already．

　　昨天他被立即送到了醫院，要不然他早就死了。

　　Einstein cared little for money，though he could have been very rich．= If Einstein had cared much for money，he could have been very rich．

　　如果愛因斯坦很在乎錢的話，他已經很富有了。

　　Once lost，it would be very hard to find again．= If it were once lost，it would be very hard to find again．一旦失去了，就不容易再找回。

　　3．用分詞短語表示條件。例如：

　　Given more time，we could have done the task much better．= If we had been given more time，we could have done the task much better. 如果再給我們點時間，我們會做得更好。

　　Supposing it should happen，we would have to stay at home．= If it happened/should happen/were to happen，we would have to stay at home．假使那件事發生的話，我們就不得不呆在家里了。

　　能力培養

　　如何提高短文改錯能力(Ⅱ)

　　二、句法和行文邏輯錯誤

　　此類錯誤主要表現在：主謂一致；并列結構中的詞匯運用；句意邏輯關系和句子的并列或從屬關系的錯誤；詞性和詞語的準確運用等方面。例如：

　　(一)主謂一致

　　1．Each of the boys have got a pen and some paper．(has)

　　2．Gone is the days when the Chinese people suffered greatly．(are)

　　(二)并列結構

　　1．The hard you study，the better you'll study English．(harder)

　　2．While he was in the office，he preferred doing something to do nothing．

　　(doing)

　　(三)句意邏輯關系和句子的并列或從屬關系

　　1．There can be no doubt whether English is．one of the world's widely used languages．(that)

　　2．None of them do not smoke．A packet of cigarettes will be enough．(All)

　　(四)詞性和詞語的準確運用

　　1．She is the best alive novelist in England．(living)

　　2．I always thought very high of him．(highly)

　　以上只是短文改錯題中常見的錯誤類型。要做好短文改錯題，不僅要注意單純的語法或詞的錯誤，還要注意篇章結構上的錯誤。在很多情況下，判斷錯誤不能只從某個詞本身，甚至不能從一個句子本身去看，而是從上下文及整篇文章去判斷。只有通曉全文的內容和結構，才能答好短文改錯。

　　

【課本習題解答】

　　Lesson 31

　　4 Practice

　　該練習是練習情態動詞的基本用法。參考答案如下：

　　1. should/must 2. have to/must 3. need not/don't have to 4. should/ought to

　　5. do not have to 6. must/have to 7. should not/ought not to/mustn't

　　8. must not/should not 9. must not 10. should/ought to

　　5 Practice

　　該練習是復習 be able to,have to 的用法。參考答案如下:

　　1. was not able 2. will be able 3. were not able 4. will have 5. had

　　6. If it rains tomorrow, we won't be able to go to the park.

　　7. We weren't able to get the tickets for the concert, so we returned home early.

　　8. My brother was bitten by a dog, so we had to take him to hospital.

　　9. If you fall into the pool, you will have to swim to the bank.

　　10. If you do not feel better tomorrow, you will not have to attend that meeting.

　　Lesson 32

　　2 Writing

　　該練習是根據答語寫出問句。參考答案如下：

　　1. Were you able to go everywhere you wanted?

　　2. Did you have/need to take medicines with you?

　　3. Did you have to take(all the) food with you?

　　4. Did you have to walk all the way?

　　3 Writing

　　根據本單元所學的急救知識，請向你的朋友介紹有關這方面的知識。參考答案如下：

Dear Tom,

　　I have just spent 2 months learning how to do first aid. We had to learn three important things if someone had an accident. First, when a person stops breathing, open his/her mouth and see if there is food at the back of his/her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breath, do your best to start his/her breathing at once, using a mouth - to - mouth way. Third, if a person is injured badly, try at once to stop the bleeding. Then take him/her to a hospital.

　　Soon we were able to know how to deal with common injuries. When a person is bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water before he/she is taken to see a doctor. When a person is burnt, wash and cool the area of the skin under the cold tap for a while. Then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the burn.

　　I hope you will enjoy the lesson. You will have to practise it with your teacher many times. And then you will be able to give first aid to someone who is in need of help.

　　Best wishes !

John

　　Checkpoint 8

　　這個單元是學習情態動詞 must, mustn't, should, shouldn't, ought to 的用法