內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【 拋磚引玉 】
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ. 詞匯學習
plant , wonderful , dig , deep , stick , tie , diagram , forest , copy , million , towards , mountain , harvest
neither…nor , knock…into… , next to , so that , cut down , millions of , stop…from doing sth , blow…away , not only…but also… , in a few years' time , far away , thanks to
Ⅱ. 句型學習
Tie the tree to the top of the stick to keep it straight .
The more , the better .
The river near here is over four metres deep .
The Great Green Wall is between 400 and 1 700 kilometres wide .
Trees must be watered well .
The earth should be pushed down hard .
More or less !
While you're doing that I'll go and get some water .
Ⅲ.語法學習
1 ) 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及用法。
2 ) 計量的表達。
Ⅳ. 交際英語
如何讓別人做某事。
【 指點迷律 】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1 . plant 1 ) 種植 ( 動詞 ) 2 ) 植物 ( 名詞 )
We planted some roses in the garden .
April is the time to plant trees .
They are planting vegetables .
［點撥］plant 還可作“工廠”講。
2 . wonderful 極好的；精彩的 ( 形容詞 )
That's a wonderful idea .
What a wonderful invention !
He told me a wonderful story .
［點撥］have a wonderful time 過得極為愉快。
3 . neither ( 兩者 ) 都不
［點撥］1 ) ( 兩者 ) 都不的 ( 形容詞 )
Neither watch works , they are both broken .
［注意］neither 作形容詞只能與單數(shù)名詞或代詞連用。
2 ) ( 用于否定句 ) 也不 ( 副詞 )
John won't go , and neither will I .
He cannot swim , neither can his brother .
You did not see him , neither did I .
3 ) ( 常和 nor 連用 ) 也不 ( 連詞 )
It is neither blue nor green .
Neither you nor I am right .
4 ) ( 兩者 ) 都不 ( 代詞 )
Neither of them is good health , but they work hard .
Neither of the stories was true .
［點撥］neither…nor…連接的兩個并列成分作主語時，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)符合就近一致原則。如：Neither you nor he is kind .
4 . nor 也不 ( 用在 neither , nor , not , never 等否定詞之后 ) ( 連詞 )
I have neither brothers nor sisters .
I didn't go , nor did they .
He doesn't want to go there , nor do I .
5 . dig 挖，掘 ( 動詞 )
They have started digging their potatoes .
He was digging a hole .
The truth was dug out .
［點撥］dig 的過去式，過去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞分別為 dug , dug , digging。
6 . hole 洞；坑
The boat has a hole in each side .
Please fill the hole in my tooth .
7 . deep 深的，深厚的，深色的 ( 形容詞 )
There is a deep well in our village .
This river is not very deep .
Her coat is deep red .
The old man had a deep love for the Party .
［點撥］be deep in a book 埋頭讀書。talk deep into the night 談到深夜。deep 常用于具體的深度，包括時間和空間。deeply 用于抽象的、比喻的“深”。
8 . earth 土；泥；地球；大地
Mother planted flowers in the earth .
The earth is bigger than the moon .
9 . tie ( 用繩、線等 ) 系；扎；拴 ( 動詞 )
The boy tied the dog to the tree .
They tied him with cords .
I am tied to my work all day .
［點撥］tie sth to… 把……系 ( 拴 ) 在……tie sth , with sth . 用……系 ( 拴 ) … 10 . water 澆水、灌溉 ( 動詞 )
They are watering flowers in the garden .
They are watering the streets .
［點撥］water 作抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時前面通常不用冠詞，只有當它被一個限制性定語修飾時才加冠詞。
11 . untrue 不真實的；假的 ( 形容詞 )
It is an untrue story .
He is untrue to his friends .
［點撥］untrue 是由形容詞 true 加前綴 un - 構(gòu)成的。
12 . forest 森林
Most part of the country is made up of forest .
They travel in the forest once a year .
［點撥］forest 指占地廣大，而人跡稀少，有鳥獸棲息的森林，而 wood 指樹林，人工培植林，或已開發(fā)的林子。
13 . sand 沙；沙子；沙灘
A child likes to play with sand .
The children are playing games on the sands .
［點撥］sand 作“沙，沙子”講是不可數(shù)名詞，當“沙灘”講是可數(shù)名詞。
14 . copy 照搬；謄寫；模仿 ( 動詞 )
Copy the sentence down .
He copied a page of the book .
Copy this down in your notebook .
I want you to copy carefully from this model .
［點撥］Copy in the examination 考試作弊，Copy down 記下，抄下。
15 . northern 北方的；北部的 ( 形容詞 )
The northern part of our country is very cold in winter .
［點撥］northern 無比較等極形式，類似的還有：southern 南方的，eastern 東方的，western 西方的。
16 . million 百萬；百萬個 ( 人或物 )
There are more than five million people in this city .
Millions of people went to the streets to welcome the king .
［點撥］million 前如有數(shù)詞，million 則不加 s , 如加了s 后必接 of。
17 . toward ( s ) 向；朝；對于 ( 介詞 )
A group of students are walking toward ( s ) she sea .
She was walking toward ( s ) town when I met her .
［點撥］在后跟人時，towards含有“態(tài)度性”。如：
Is he friendly towards her ?
What are his feelings towards us ?
18 . among 在……之中 ( 介詞 )
She was sitting among her children .
I found him among the crowd .
There is a small house among the trees .
［點撥］among 表示三者或三者以上的之間。
19 . mountain 山；山脈
It is difficult to get to the top this mountain .
They are climbing the mountain .
The mountains were covered with snow .
［點撥］in ( the heart of ) mountains 在 ( 深 ) 山中，a mountain of difficulties 困難重重。
20 . grow
①種植；栽培 ( 及物動詞 )
In early spring we grow trees around our house .
②生長，成長 ( 不及物動詞 )
Plants cannot grow without water .
The rice is growing fine .
He has grown into a fine young man .
③發(fā)展，增長 ( 不及物動詞 )
They city is growing fast .
The population is not growing so fast in this area .
［點撥］grow 的過去式，過去分詞為 grew , grown . grow 還可作系動詞用，后接形容詞作表語，grow up 長大，成人。
單元詞組思維運用
1 . neither…nor 既不……也不
He is neither Japanese nor Chinese .
Neither he nor I know that .
［注意］當它用來連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞的形式取決于后一個主語的人稱。試比較：
Neither you nor I am right .
Neither you nor he is right .
Neither he nor you are right .
2 . knock…into 把……插進；把……敲進
Knock a long , strong stick into the earth next to the hole .
A long stick must be knocked into the earth .
Knock the nail into the wall , please .
3 . make sure 務(wù)必；查明；弄確實
Make sure that it is straight .
Make sure that all the windows are closed .
Make sure you get there on time .
I think there is a train at 5 : 15 , but you'd better make sure .
Have you made sure of the time of the train ?
4 . in a few years' time 幾年之后
In a few years' time , we hope to cover those mountains , too !
［注意］in… 's ( s' ) time , 表示“在某時間之后”，又如：
She is going to Beijing in three days' time .
I'll be back in a week's time .
He will be back in an hour's time .
He has promised to pay me in three months' time .
5 . tie…to 把…捆在 ( 拴在 ) ……
He tied the horse to the tree .
They tied the bad to the big tree .
When he woke up , he found himself tied down to the ground .
6 . be just right 正合適，合適的。
The weather is just right for travelling .
This book is just right for reading .
7 . stop…from doing 制止……不使……；阻止
It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland in the south .
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away .
8 . point to ( point at ) 指向，指引
He points to the high mountains far away .
He pointed the way to the bookstore ( station ) .
He pointed to ( at ) the forest .
9 . far away 遙遠
The moon is far away from the earth .
She lives far away .
10 . thanks to 由于，幸虧，多虧
Thanks to the doctor , I am well again .
Thanks to John's kind help , we finished it early .
11 . more or less 或多或少，大約
He knows some English more or less .
It is helpful more or less .
They were more or less hungry .
The bicycle costs ＄100 more or less .
12 . be covered with 覆蓋著，盡是
The table is covered with a cloth .
The mountains were covered with snow .
The trees are covered with flowers .
二、學海導(dǎo)航
【 學法指要 】
單元句型思路明晰
1 . so that 引導(dǎo)狀語從句的句型
Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight . 把樹放在洞內(nèi)，讓它立直。
［明晰］so that 的意思是“以便，為了”，引導(dǎo)一個目的狀語從句。又如：
We got up very early so that we could catch the train .
I ran very fast so that no one should catch up with me .
Close the door so that it is warm is the room .
2 . 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)句型
Today , too many trees are still being cut down it the USA . 在美國，今天還
有大量的樹在被人們砍伐著。
［明晰］句中的 are being cut down 是現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。又如：
More Great Green Walls are being built all over the world .
The TV set is being repaired right now .
3 . the + 比較級，the + 比較級
The more , the better . 越多越好。
［明晰］①“the + 比較級，the + 比較級”，意思是“越……越……。”又如：
- What size box do you want ?
- The bigger , the better .
Ask all of them to the party , the more , the better .
The more carefully you do the experiment , the better .
Start your work . The sooner , the better .
②“the + 比較級，the + 比較級”的完整句式是“the + 比較級 + 主 + 謂，the + 比較級 + 主 + 謂”，如：
The more people you know , the less time you have to see them .
The more I gave him , the more he wanted .
The more he eats , the fatter he gets .
The harder you work , the more you will learn .
The earlier we start our work , the sooner we can finish it .
4 . 表示計量的句型“數(shù)詞 + 名詞 + 形容詞”
The Great Green Wall is 7 . 000 kilometres long , and between 400 - 1 , 700 kiiometres wide . 綠色長城長7000公里，寬400至1，700公里。
［明晰］表示計量的句型的常用結(jié)構(gòu)形式：
“主 + 謂 + 數(shù)詞 + 表示單位的名詞 + 形容詞”用來表示“某物有多長 ( 寬、深、高 ) 等，又如：
The wall is three metres high .
The stick is five inches long .
The boy is eight years old .
單元難點疑點釋疑
1 . Come to school in your old clothes tomorrow ! 明天你穿舊衣服到學校來。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) 句中的介詞 in 可表示服飾的穿著。例如：
Do you know the girl in the hat ?
He is often in brown .
What shall I go in ?
2 . It's Tree Planting Day . We're going to plant some trees .( 明天是 ) 植樹節(jié)，我們將種一些樹。
［釋疑］plant 一詞還可用作名詞，意思是“植物”。例如：
There are different kinds of plants on that farm .
Plants can bring us much fresh air . 植物可帶給我們大量新鮮的空氣。
3 . Really ? Wonderful !
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) wonderful 常用于對事物的贊嘆、稱許及驚訝，用以表達說話者分外驚奇的心情。在口語中使用時相當于great . 例如：
It's wonderful that you have won the football match .
His uncle is a wonderful maths teacher .
( 2 ) wonderful 是在名詞 wonder ( 驚奇，奇跡 ) 后加上 -ful 構(gòu)成的形容詞，常見的還有：use - useful , help -helpful, care-careful, beauty -beautiful
4 . HOW TO PLANT A TREE 如何種樹
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) 英語中用作標題的文字，一般常用大寫。
( 2 ) 不定式前面常常可以根據(jù)意思的需要與疑問副詞或疑問代詞一起構(gòu)成短語
We don't know when to go there .
The problem is where to plant trees .
We were not sure what to do at that time .
5 . The ground must be just right - neither too wet nor too dry . 地面必須剛好適宜 , 既不太潮濕也不太干燥。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) neither…nor…連詞，“既不……也不……”之意。分別放在兩個平行的述說對象的前面。例如：
He is neither tall nor short .
I can neither sing nor dance .
Neither you nor he knows French .
上面句中的謂語動詞形式取決于后一個主語的人稱，這一點要特別注意。請比較：
Neither he nor you know French .
( 2 ) neither 一詞單獨使用時，可作副詞或代詞，意為“ ( 兩者 ) 都不”，下列句中的名詞或動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：
Neither answer is right .
Neither of them knows me .
6 . Knock a long strong stick into the earth next to the hole . Make sure that it is straight . 把一根又長又結(jié)實的木棍順著洞邊插進土里，一定要把它立直。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) knock…into… “把……插進……；把……敲進……”。例如：
Please help me knock the nail into the wall .
( 2 ) next to “挨著”。例如：
His bedroom is next to mine .比較：
He lives in the next bedroom .
Next to our school is a big lake .
Who sits next to you ?
( 3 ) make sure “查明，弄確實”。例如：
You must make sure that he didn't lie .
It's hard for me to make sure whose handwriting is better .
7 . Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight . 把樹放在洞內(nèi)，讓它立直。
［釋疑］so that 意為“以便”，“為了”，引出一個表示目的的狀語從句。又如：
He gets up early in the morning so that he can catch the early bus .
Close the door so that it is warm in the room .
8 . Tie the tree to the top of the stick to keep it straight . 把樹和木棍的頂端捆好，以保持樹能直立。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) tie…to…“把……捆在……”。例如：
They tied the bad man to the big tree .
Tie his hands to the back of the chair .
to keep it straight 是動詞不定工，在句中作狀語，表示捆樹的目的。straight 是賓語 it 意義上的補充和延伸，所以叫做賓語補足語。又如：
We always keep our classroom clean .
Don't touch the machine . You must keep yourselves safe .
( 3 ) 在句中常用來作賓語補足語的還有動詞不定式、分詞、名詞等。例如：
We all call him Lao Wang . 我們都叫他老王。
Who helped you to wash these clothes ?
I saw him going into the office when I came back last night .
9 . Water it well , as often as possible . 盡可能經(jīng)常地給樹澆好水。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) water 可用作動詞，意為“給……澆水”。
英語中有些表示物質(zhì)的名詞也可用作動詞，試比較下列句中 fish 及 rain 的詞性。
He likes to fish on Sunday . But he doesn't like eating fish very much .
We had much rain last month , but it hasn't rained these days .
( 2 ) 類似 as often as possible 的說法還有：
as soon as possible 盡可能的快 ( 指時間 ) , as fast as possible 盡可能的快 ( 指速度 ) ,as more as possible 盡可能的多, as early as possible 盡可能的早
10 . Why was the Great Green Wall built ? 為什么要營造綠色長城 ?
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) The Great Green Wall 指的是三北防護林，即：西北、東北和華北。
整個防護林橫貫十三省、市、自治區(qū)。
( 2 ) 該句為一般過去時被動語態(tài)。
11 . In 1850 , about a third was covered by forests . 1850年，大約三分這一 ( 的美國國土 ) 被森林覆蓋。A third 即為 one third 或 1/3。
［釋疑］英語中分數(shù)的文字表達，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，先讀分子，后讀分母。當分子大于1時，分母用相應(yīng)的復(fù)數(shù)。例如：2 / 3 讀作 two thirds . 5 / 7 讀作 five sevenths .
12 . A lot of good land has gone with them , leaving only sand . 大片的肥沃土壤隨著森林的消失而流失，只留下一片荒沙。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) leaving only sand 在句中作狀語，表示土壤流失后的景象。
( 2 ) leave 常用的兩個意思為“離開”及“留下”。請比較下面兩個句子：
The mother left the baby and hurried to work .
Don't leave your baby along in the room .
13 . Today , too many trees are still being cut down it the USA . 如今，在美國，大量的樹木仍遭砍伐。
［釋疑］句中的 are being cut down 是現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。
14 . China does not want to copy the USA's example . 中國不愿意步美國的后塵。
［釋疑］copy 在此意為“照抄”，“照搬”。例如：
Copy a drawing . 臨摹圖畫。
He is copying the sentences on the blackboard .
15 . The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away .
［釋疑］stop…from doing sth . “阻止……以免……”，“防止……做某事”。
I have often stopped myself from doing something wrong .
You must stop that big dog from coming into the house .
16 . They must be built all over world . 全世界都必須營造綠色長城。
［釋疑］含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞，又如：
This work must be finished in a week .
The trees should be watered often .
In south China , rice may be harvested three times a year .
17 . Many thousands of trees must be planted every year . 每年都得裁成千上萬株樹。
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) many thousands of“數(shù)千；萬千上萬”，thousand 在此是名詞。又如：hundreds of 好幾百, millions of 數(shù)百萬
( 2 ) hundred , thousand , million 也常常用作數(shù)詞，此時后面不能加 s。例如：
We've learned about eight hundred English words .
That farmer had over five thousand ducks .
18 . The more , the better . 越多越好。
［釋疑］這種句式的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“the + 比較級，the + 比較級”，意為“越……越……”。請看：
Ask all of them to come to the party . The more , the better .
Start your work . The sooner , the better .
The more I think of it , the happier I am .
The harder you work , the greater progress you will make .
19 . This year alone , we've already planted ten thousand trees . 僅僅在今年，我們已經(jīng)裁了一萬棵樹。
［釋疑］alone 是形容詞，在句中意為“僅僅”。又如：
The people live by bread alone .
We all think that he alone can do it .
20 . But we're growing a lot more now , thanks to the Green Wall . 然而，幸虧有了綠色長城，我們現(xiàn)在種植了更多的糧食作物。
［釋疑］thanks to…構(gòu)成副詞短語，意為“幸虧”，“由于”例如：
Thanks to their help , we won the match .
We arrived at the railway station in time , thanks to that bus driver .
21 . Is it straight ? More or less . 樹放直了嗎 ? 基本上是直的。
［釋疑］more or less “或多或少，差不多”。例如：
What he said is more or less true .
22 . 同義詞 wear , dress , in , put on , try on 的區(qū)別
［釋疑］ ( 1 ) wear ( 穿，戴 ) ，表示穿著的狀態(tài)，它不僅可以表示“穿著”某種
衣服，還可廣義地用于穿鞋、穿襪、戴帽、戴手表、戴眼鏡等。如：
She was wearing a red dress ( a pair of white gloves , glasses , a gold ring , a new watch ) at the ball that night . 那天晚上在舞會上她穿著紅色連衣裙 ( 戴著一副白手套，眼鏡，一枚金戒指，一塊新手表 ) 。
( 2 ) dress ( 穿，穿著 ) ，既可表示穿著的動作，又可表示穿著的狀態(tài)，只用于穿衣。當 dress 作及物動詞時，后面的賓語只能是人。
Have you finished dressing ?
He dressed and went out .
She was dress in with .
Mother dressed the child .
( 3 ) in ( 穿著，身著 ) ，表示狀態(tài)。in 是介詞。
The PLA men are in green uniform .
The comrade in blue is director of the play .
Come to school in your old clothes tomorrow !
( 4 ) put on 強調(diào)“穿，戴”的動作，不能與表示持續(xù)性的時間狀語連用。如：
He put on his coat and went out .
He put on his glasses to read the letter .
You don't need to put on your cap .
( 5 ) try on ( 試穿 ) ，表示動作，如：
I went to the tailors to try on my new suit .
Several pairs f shoes were tried on , but none of them were satisfactory .
Can I try it on ?
Mary was trying on a new dress .
23 . must be 的幾種意義
［釋疑］①在被動語態(tài)中，表示“必須，應(yīng)當”即：
“must + be + 過去分詞”，如：
Young trees must be looked after .
This thing must be handled with care .
A greenhouse must be built first .
This must be done as soon as possible .
②must be 表示一種推測，意思是“大概是”，“可能是”，“準是”，如：
He must be in the workplace now .
Grandpa Li must be over seventy now .
I'm afraid you must be right .
Ah ! it must be more delicious !
③must be 表示“必須是”，“一定是”。如：
The ground must be just right - Neither too wet nor too dry .
The answers must be right .
24 . 表示命令、請求和指示的交際用語
［釋疑］命令、請求或指示對方干什么或不要干什么，在英語中最常用的是第二人稱祈使句，主語 you 通常不表示出來。祈使句的肯定式以原形動詞開始，句首或句尾可以加 please ; 祈使句的否定式以“Don't + 動詞原形”開始。例如：
Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight .
Water the trees as often as possible .
Don't dig the hole too large .
25 . It's best to do sth . 最好是…… ( 干某事 )
［釋疑］這是表示建議的交際用語，意思相當于“You'd better do sth . ” ( 你最好干某事 ) 。如 It's best to plant trees in spring because it's warmer . ( = You'd better plant trees in spring because it's warmer . )
It's best to water well when the earth is dry .
It's best to fill in the hole with earth .
It's best to harvest at the right time .
It's best to come to school in your old clothes tomorrow because we are going to plant trees in the park .
【 妙文賞析 】
The Lose Outweights the Gain
Joel Adams laments , “When we went on vacation two years ago , burglars broke in and stole ＄250 . So , last year I got smart , I left all the lights on and turned on all the radios and TV s . The burglars were afraid to show up and didn't get a cent - but the electric company got ＄523 ! ”
得不償失
喬爾亞當斯悲嘆道：“兩年前我們外出度假，家里沒有人，小偷撬門進來偷走了250
美元。去年我學聰明了。我把屋里所有的燈、收音機和電視都打開。小偷不敢來了，一分錢
都沒偷走，可電力公司向我們要去了523美元 ! ”
【 思維體操 】
你能猜出下列謎語嗎 ?
1 . What letter is a drink ?
2 . What letter is a part of the face ?
3 . What letter is an insect ?
4 . Which letter goes all around an is land ?
5 . What changes a pear into a pearl ?
6 . What is the most important thing in the world ?
7 . What is that which is seen twice in “every day”and four times in“every week”yet only once in“a year” ?
8 . Why is the letter B like fire ?
9 . Why is the letter F like a cows tail ?
10 . What part of London is in France ?
11 . Why is the letter G like the sun ?
12 . Why is the letter T like an is land ?
13 . Why is U the happiest letter ?
14 . Which letter is most useful to a deaf woman ?
15 . What letter in the alphabet and travel the greatest distance ?
16 . What is the end of everything ?
17 . In what way are the letter O and E neatly keep house a like ?
18 . What does the letter B do for boys as they grow up ?
19 . Why is a sewing machine like letter S ?
20 . Why is a false friend like the letter P ?
1 . T ( tea ) 2 . I ( eye ) 3 . B ( bee ) 4 . C ( sea ) 5 . L 6 . The letter E , because it is first in everything and everybody . 7 . Letter E . 8 . because it makes oil boil . 9 . Because it is at the end of beef . 10 . The letter N .