Modern Agriculture
I. Teaching aims and demands 教學目標和要求:
1.Topics 話題
Talk about modern agriculture and its effects on people s life
2.Function: 交際功能
提建議和做決定(Giving advice and making decisions)
In my opinion, you should... I think he is right...
If I were you... Wouldn’t it be better if...?
We cant t do both, so... The other idea sounds better to me...
As far as I can see the best thing would be to...
We have to make a choice...
3.Vocabulary 重點詞匯和短語
protection; technique; irrigation; pump; seed; technical; import; production; root;insect; tobacco; golden; method; tie; discovery; garden; gardening; gardener; wisdom; practical; guide; firstly; sow; condition; soil; weed; remove; sunflower; generation
depend on; and so on
4.Grammar:語法
It的用法(2)---強調句中某一成分
能夠運用英語的強調句型，引起他人對下列內容的關注：
1.事情的執行者---強調句子的主語
2.動作的對象或內容---強調句子的賓語)包括介詞賓語)
3.事情發生的時間或地點---強調句子的時間或地點等狀語
II. Difficult points
III. Main teaching aids教具：A tape-recorder; Multimedia, projector, role cards
Ⅳ. Main teaching methods 教法：
1. The interaction between the teacher and the students, and among the students themselves; Attention to the students’ listening, speaking, reading and writing; and so on.
2. Listening-and–answering activity to help the students go through with the listening material.
3. Use both individual work and group or pair work to make every student work and think in class
V. Teaching procedure：
Period 1第一節
（一）明確目標
1. To learn to read statistical graphs. Warming up to arouse the students love in talking.
2. Do some listening to improve the students listening ability.
3. Making simple dialogues to train the students speaking ability.
(二) 整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
With the time passing by, people’s living standard is becoming higher and higher. As a result their eating habits have charged a lot. Today we are going to know some details about it by watching the graphs.
（三）教學過程
Step 2 Warming up
Go through the questions by discussing in small groups with the help of the graphs. Learn with language point at the same time. Present the results form each groups.
Sample answers for question 1:
1 People are earning more money, so they want to buy and eat more meat.
2 People learn more about healthy food, so they want to eat more fruit.
3 Fruit-based alcohol such as wine is better for your health than spirits, so people want to drink more
wine and less spirits.
4 Fruit juices are healthier than soft drinks such as cola or sprite, so people want to drink more juices.
5 Eating fish doesn't make people as fat as eating meat, so people like eating more fish.
6 When people have more money, they start buying more candy and soft drinks such as cola and sprite; there is a lot of sugar in these products.
7 When people eat more fish and meat, they need more oil to fry fish and meat, so more oil need to be made.
8 As the population of China grows, more grain (rice and wheat) will be needed, even though each person eats less of it. Some of the grain produce is also used to feed pigs, sheep and cattle.
Sample answers for question 2:
Agricultural produce has changed over the past 20 years. China now produces almost 80% more fish and fruit than twenty years ago. The produce of meat over the same period is up about 60%. Oil and sugar are up about 30% each. Grain and cotton are up 10 and 15% respectively. For further sample answers see introduction to this exercise. These changes happen for different reasons.
1 People want to buy different products, so farmers need to grow different things. (Changes in demand)
2 Farmers want to make more money. When they can grow extra crops or other crops on their land or land which they can't use to grow grain, they will for example plant fruit trees. In the end, they will bring more fruit to the market. (Changes in supply)
3 Some crops bring in more money than other crops, so some farmers change their produce from growing grain to for example fish farming or growing fruit. In the end, they will bring more fish or fruit to the market. (Changes in supply)
4 If farmers produce more meat (pigs or chickens) they , need more animal feed. Besides grass, they will also feed them grain products. So they need to buy more grain, which other farmers need to grow more. (Changes in demand)
Sample answers for question 3:
Changes in eating habits and diets will cause changes to agriculture and may also have both good and bad effects for nature.
1 First, Chinese people are eating more meat. Next, farmers have to raise more pigs, sheep and cattle. So, more grass is needed to feed more sheep and cattle. So, farmers need more grassland. Possibly, they will cut down trees to take more land on which to grow grass.
2 If farmers need to raise more pigs, they need to feed the pigs more food. Next, farmers need to buy more grain to feed the pigs. So, other farmers need to grow more grain. They need more land to grow more grain or they must grow more grain on their land. They would destroy nature if farmers want to use more land. They may need to use methods that are harmful to the environment.
3 If farmers want to grow different crops they would plant them together. This can be very good for the soil.
4 First people start eating more fish. Then, farmers have to start fish farms and produce more fish. So, farmers have to choose land they can use to turn into fishponds. If farmers use land for fishponds that could not be used for farming, they create more farmland. If in this way farmers can make more and better use of the land, this will help to develop the economy.
5 When people want to eat more fruit, farmers will have to produce more fruit. Many farmers plant fruit trees beside their fields or in places where they cannot grow other crops. In this way farmers make better use of the land, and this will help to develop the economy.
6 First farmers want to grow more different products, because in this way they can make more money. Next, they will plant fruit trees around their fields or around their fishponds. Also, they will plant trees or crops in places where nothing grew before. Sometimes, they will also change barren land into fishponds. In the end, there will be more variation. The flowers on the fruit trees will attract bees and other insects. Next, the trees will protect the crops from strong winds and hot sunshine. As a result, the environment will benefit from farms with more variation in crops and land use.
Step 3 Listening comprehension
Now let’s have some listening training.
LISTENING TEXT
Farming and nature are like two flowers on the same tree. When farming goes against nature, all kinds of environmental problems are the result. In ancient times, when people began using the land, farming was not as it is today. Early farmers moved around the country. They burnt a part of a forest and used this land for one or two years. When they could no longer grow crops on the land they moved on and repeated this somewhere else. Agriculture in this way destroys nature and results in floods and droughts. Some people in South America still practise this kind of farming.
Over the past twenty to twenty-five years, farmers have recognised some old truths, already known to ancient Chinese farmers. Farming should not go against nature. If the soil is too poor, chemicals can help improve it and grow better crops, but this may damage or destroy land surrounding the farms. Instead, farmers should look for other methods. In the early 16th century, brothers Tan and Xiao Zao of Jiangsu Province cheaply bought fields along lakes nobody wanted because they were too wet. They built dikes around the fields turning the fields into fish ponds and they became fish farmers. They also planted fruit trees on the dikes and kept chickens and ducks. They were very successful farmers.
Answers to Exercise 1:
History of farming farmers in China Protection of nature trees Environmental problems dikes
Answers to Exercise 2:
1 True 2 False 3 False 4 True 5 False
Answers to Exercise 3:
1 (all kinds of) environmental problems 2 destroyed 3 floods 4 droughts 5 farming
6 go against nature 7 too wet8 farming / growing wheat / growing crops 9 fishponds
10 fish / ducks / chickens ll fruit trees
Step 4 Speaking practice
Sample dialogue:
A: Here we have a nice piece of land, and I think the best we could do is grow rice. Rice is an important product and we can make good money growing rice. Another reason why I think we should grow rice is that the soil is very good for rice and there is plenty of water for irrigation.
B: Well, I disagree. I think it would be wrong to grow rice. We should grow more sugarcane in our area, because sugarcane is easier to grow. There are plans to build a sugar factory near the town and that would bring many jobs to this region. Sugarcane can be grown without much work. There are already many rice farms in the area. Adding another sugarcane farm may make the factory owner decide to build his new factory here. .
A: Yes. I have heard about these plans, but it's far from sure that the factory will be built here. If not, then the sugarcane must be transported to the next town, which would not be very good. As far as I can see the best thing to do would be to plant that field with rice.
D: Well, I don't think any of you is right. We have to make a choice, and in my opinion we should raise pigs. Agricultural products such as sugarcane and rice are produced by many farmers around here. Therefore the prices are low. We'd better use the land to raise pigs.
C: Wouldn't it be better to plant trees on the land because a lot of wood has been destroyed over the past forty years and we have to protect the environment. We should give something back to nature. Besides, we could cut down some bf the trees after a few years and sell the wood.
D: No. That would be a, waste of ground and money. We have to make use of the land. The land area is too small for any real crop growing, and you would only be able to plant just a few trees. We have to make a choice. Pig raising doesn't need a lot of space and it can be a way to make a lot of money.
A: You are right about the size of the land. There isn't much we can do with it because it's too small. But I agree with C that the environment in our province has had a lot to suffer. Wouldn't it be better_ as C suggests to just leave that piece of land as it is, or as she says plant some trees on it.
….
（四）總結擴展
Step 5 Necessary language points
Today we ve done some listening and speaking, and learn how to give advice and some everyday English used between doctors and patients.
Listening and speaking聽說要點
1>How are people s eating habits changing over the years?
over the years [用法]此處over意為‘在...期間’
[舉例]My grandchildren will stay over Christmas. 我的孫兒孫女們圣誕節期間將呆在這兒。
2>How has agricultural produce changed during these years?.
produce [用法]n.[U] 農產品
[舉例]The farmer brought his produce to the market. 農民把他的農產品帶到市場。
My cousin sells her garden produce in the market. 我表姐在市場上賣自己菜園里的蔬菜。
This shop sells native produce. 這家商店出售土特產品。
3>Next, farmers have to raise more pigs, sheep and cattle.
raise [用法]vt. 飼養;
[舉例]They increased their income by raising silkworms and so on. 他們靠養蠶等增加了收入。
He is a farmer and raises horses. 他是農民，又養馬。
cattle [用法]n. 牛；牲口；家畜
[舉例]Cattle feed on grass. 牛以草為食。
They keep a large herd of cattle. 他們飼養著一大群牛。
That is a cattle farm. 那是畜牧場。
beef(=feeder) cattle 肉牛 dairy cattle 奶牛
[注意]cattle是復數含義.幾頭牛可以說: three head of cattle
4>Listen carefully to all the group members,take notes of the reasons they give and help to make a good decision.
note [用法]筆記
[舉例]I must look at my notes. 我得看看我的筆記。
Please take notes of the lecture. 請做聽課筆記。
compare notes 對筆記；交換意見
Step 6 Summary小結:
Step 7 Homework
Period 2第二節
（一）明確目標
1. Develop the students reading ability, especially their reading comprehension.
2. Read the reading passage and know about the differences between traditional agriculture and modern one in china meanwhile any necessary common knowledge about fertilization and irrigation.
3. To encourage the students to learn more for the future of our country.
（二）整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
Today we come to the Reading. It’s about the differences between traditional agriculture and modern one in china meanwhile any necessary common knowledge about fertilization and irrigation. Let’s look at the pictures and reconstruct the text by comparing traditional and modern farming.
（三）教學過程
Step 2 Pre-reading discussions
Answers to Exercise 1:
The first picture shows a farmer sitting in the courtyard, in front of the house. There is a basket in front of her and two chickens that eat from the basket. On this farm, chickens can walk freely in the yard.
The picture below shows a large building in which thousands of chickens sit in small cages. On this farm, chickens sit in cages inside a building.
The second picture shows a pile of animal shit (manure). The picture below shows a bag of chemical fertiliser.
The third picture show a farmer working on the land with two animals. The animals pull the plough to work the land.
The picture below shows a tractor. In this picture, the farmers use the tractor to work the land.
The fourth picture shows dry, barren land. The earth is so dry that nothing can grow there.
The picture below shows a greenhouse, where plants grow in a building .made of glass.
Answers to Exercise 2:
Ask the students to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of modern farming; they can also think of the advantages and disadvantages of the old ways of farming.
Raising chickens
Small scale Large scale
The farmer can keep only a few chickens. The farmer can keep thousands of chickens.
It does not cost a lot to keep the chickens. It costs a lot of money to keep the chickens.
It is not a lot of work to keep the chickens. It's a lot of work to keep the chickens: feeding, cleaning etc.
The chickens don't have many problems. If chickens get ill, many die or must be killed.
The chickens are not so fat. The chickens are big and fat.
The eggs and meat taste very good. The meat and eggs do not taste so good.
The chickens are free. The chickens are not free.
The farmer can sell the chicken dung
Fertilisers
Natural fertiliser (manure; also dung) Chemical fertiliser
It's free or can be bought at low prices.
It is a lot of work to mix it with the soil.
It has a bad smell.
It takes a lot of place to store.
It is difficult to transport. It's expensive.
It is not a lot of work to mix it with the soil. It has no smell.
It takes little place to store.
It is easy to transport.
Animals (buffalo; also ox) Machines (Tractor) Horsepower
They are not so expensive. They are expensive.
The "fuel" is cheap (grass, hay etc). The fuel is expensive (gasoline).
They don't pollute the air. They pollute the air.
They can be used on different terrain; eg hill slopes or They can only be used on flat (level) and dry terrain.
wet ground. They don't need to rest.
They need to rest sometimes. You can use them for 5-20 or more years if you can get
You can use them for about 10-20 years. enough spare (repair) parts.
If they get young ones, you get more for free.
If they totally "break down", you can eat them.
Climate control
Open air Greenhouse
If the weather conditions are bad you can loose the crops.
The landscape is more beautiful.
The land must be good for farming (arable land).
Weather conditions are controlled, so they cannot damage crops.
It is expensive to build and operate (gas, water, electricity) a greenhouse.
If there is a power failure, you may lose crops.
The landscape is ugly:
Greenhouses can be built where the land is not suitable for farming.
1950s - 1980s 1980s - present
The use of machines eg tractors The use of greenhouses
The use of electric pumps for irrigation To make vegetables bigger or better
The use of chemical fertilisers To change vegetables so they can grow on poor
The use of insect killers soil
The use of special seedbeds Knowledge from abroad
IT technique and technical are words that mean something with
technology FORM machines, then technology must be the noun to match these two
words meaning new machines or doing things that are based on
modem knowledge.
agricultural FORM IT cultural is the adjective for culture, then agricultural must be
,
the adjective for agriculture, meaning to do with agriculture.
Step 3 Reading
Read the text carefully again, and give the students some explanations. Skimming the reading material as soon as possible and then finish the past reading, some more questions may be designed by teachers. Read the passage again and find out the main idea to each paragraph.
Step 4 Listening to the reading passage
Play the tape for the students to listen and follow. Pay attention to the pro- nunciation and intonation.
Step 5 Post-reading
Answers to Exercise 1:
1 D 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 C
Answers to Exercise 2: Sample:
Kind How would you change it? Why do you want to change it in this way?
Fruit Watermelon Grow them like blocks instead of balls Easier to store, takes less space
Vegetable Onion Make sure they don't hurt your eyes anymore EasIer to peel, and cut
Animal Sheep To have red wool Looks funny and then we don't need to dye wool to make clothes
（四）總結擴展
Step 6 Summary 小結
Step 7 Homework
Period 3第三節
（一）明確目標
1. Learn about the useful words and expression in the reading text.
2. Learn “Word formation”.
3. Grammar focus: the use of “it” for emphasis
4. Discuss the answers to all the exercises in the Students’Book.
（二）整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
In this class we’ll first go through the text and learn to use some language points. And then we’ll discuss the exercises together with each other.
（三）教學過程
Step 2 Language points in the reading text
1>It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food for the whole population of China.
It is...that... [用法]此為強調句型,該句型雖是本單元重點,但在高一上冊unit 2; unit 6;
以及高一下冊unit 16皆有出現, 本站也有詳細解釋.請另行查看.
2>Farmers have long used techniques to make their land produce more.
technique [用法]n. 技術；技巧
[舉例]Dick Fosbury had a new technique for doing the high jump.
迪克福斯貝里有一種跳高的新技術。
the mastery of technique 掌握技術
3>Over time, many farming techniques have been modernized.
modernise [比較](1) vt. 使現代化 (2) vi. 現代化
[舉例]modernize a hospital by installing the latest equipment 安裝最新設備使醫院現代化
[拓展]modernization n. 現代化
[舉例]plans for modernization of existing factories 使現有工廠現代化的計劃
4>To make as much use of the land as possible, two or more crops are planted each year where possible.
make use of [用法]利用，使用，采用
[舉例]We make use of electricity every day. 我們每天使用電力。
She makes good use of her time. 她善于利用時間。
5>More advanced technical information was brought in from abroad in the 1980s.
bring in [用法]1) 從外提供；帶入 (2) 引入；提出 (3) 生產出；生出…作為收益
[舉例]The commune is expected to bring in more rice this year. 今年公社可望收獲更多稻谷。
This will bring them in several thousand yuan. 這將使他們得到幾千塊錢的收益
[鏈接]本單元出現該短語的句子:
To the villagers great joy, the tree and tea crops are also bringing in money to them.
6>Import of technology and machines, and the international exchange of delegations have helped Chinese farmers improve their production.
Import [用法]v. 進口，輸入 n. 進口；進口商品；含意
[舉例]You must pay duty if you want to import wine. 如果你要進口酒，你就必須納稅。
None of the machines on display here are imported. 這里展出的所有機器沒有一件是進口的。
delegation [用法]n. 代表團
[舉例]Our delegation left Korea for home last Friday. 我國代表團于上星期五離開朝鮮回國。
a delegation from Japan 日本代表團
send a large delegation 派遣一個大的代表團。
7>Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.
as well as [用法](1) 既…也（又）；不僅…而且 (2) 同樣；同樣好地
[舉例]He has experience as well as knowledge. 他既有學識又有經驗。
She s clever as well as beautiful. 她不但漂亮，而且聰明。
Scott has a flat in London as well as a house in Edinburgh.
斯科特不僅在愛丁堡有座房子，而且在倫敦有個套間。
I, as well as you, know that. 我和你一樣，也知道那件事。
8>Not only is food production important but also taking care of the environment.
Not only...but also [用法]not only...but also...在連接句子時,not only后面的句子要使用倒裝結構.
詳見高一上冊unit 2
9>The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land.
shortage [用法]n. 不足；缺少
[舉例]After the hot summer, there was a shortage of water. 炎熱的夏天過去后，出現缺水現象。
The school has a shortage of teachers; it needs three more.
那個學校的教師不夠，還缺三位。
10>Many vegetables are grown in greenhouses where they are protected from the wind, rain and insects.
protect...from... [用法]見高一上冊unit 3
11>In 1993,a kind of tomato was developed that was different from any grown before.
any grown before
[用法]此處的grown before為過去分詞短語充當定語,和any之間有邏輯上的動賓關系.
12> G stands for genetically from the word genes.
stand for [用法]見高一上冊unit 8
13>In other words, the way tomatoes grow from natural seed is changed.
In other words [用法]也就是說；換句話說
[舉例]Joe doesn’t like work -- in other words, he s lazy! 喬不愛勞動--換句話說，他懶惰！
14>A variety of GM watermelons will be seedless.
variety [用法]見高一上冊unit 10
Step 3 Practice: Vocabulary
Answers to Exercise 1:
Noun Verb Adjective
Fertiliser Fertilise Fertile
Production Produce Productive
Protection Protect Protected
Modification Modify Modified
1 modified 2 Protecting, protection 3 fertile, ferilisers 4 produce, productive
Step 4 Practice: Grammar
Answers to Exercise 1:
1 It is the children who often help their parents do the farm work.
2 It was in 1993 that a tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before.
3 It is the shortage of arable land that is the biggest problem for Chinese farmers.
4 It is the plants grown in the greenhouses that are protected from the wind, rain and insects.
5 It is high technology as well as traditional methods that future agriculture should depend on.
Answers to Exercise 2:
1 It was Henry who gave George a new tie for his birthday last year.
It was to George that Henry gave a new tie for his birthday last year.
It was a new tie that Henry gave George for his birthday last year.
It was last year that Henry gave George a new tie for his birthday.
2 It was during that period of time that they made three important discoveries.
It was three important discoveries that they made during that period of time.
It was they who made three important discoveries during that period of time.
3 It is in South America that some people still practise this kind of farming.
It is some people in South America who still practise this kind of farming.
It is this kind of farming that some people in South America still practise.
（四）總結擴展
Step 5 Summary
Have we ever tiled to make snacks or seen our mother make snacks. Let’s try to write the recipe for your favorite dish. Before writing, you should read Tips first.
Step 6 Homework
Period 4 第四節
（一） 明確目標
1. Review the language points learnt last period.
2. Get the students to realize the great contribution Chinese
3. Do some writing to develop the students writing skill.
(二) 整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
TaskⅠ have you heard the name Jia SiXie before?
What was he famous for? What was the great (work) book he wrote? Do you know what it was about?
TaskⅠ encourage the students to find out any popular problems about the weather or farming they have know。
（三）教學過程
Step 1 Question the students on some language points
Step 2 Integrating skills
We have learnt how to give advice. Now let’s try to write letters giving advice. Here in our textbook there are letters asking for some advice. Read them quickly, then write down four pieces of advice for each of them using "had better (not) , "ought (not) to or should (not) .
Many students like having snacks. Is the habit good or bad? Let s read “Snacks".
Step 3 Listening to the Passage
Step 4 Reading comprehension
After fast reading, do the following True-or-False exercises.
Answers to Exercise 1:
Some of the advice that Jia Sixie gave to farmers in his book Qimin Yaoshu was as follows:
1 Fanners should do things at the right time of the year. 2 Fanners should examine the soil carefully. .
3 If the condition of the soil is not good, farmers should improve it.
4 Before sowing or planting crops, farmers should clean rough ground and remove weeds.
5 Farmers should let sheep or cattle (cows) walk on the land before sowing or planting crops.
6 Farmers should plough the land, so weeds ate destroyed.
7 When ploughing the land, farmers should plough deep the first time and less deep the second time.
8 Farmers will get the best results if they change crops in their fields.
9 If farmers plant rice in a field one year, and wheat in that field the following year, they will harvest good
crops.
10 If farmers plant wheat close together, they will have better results than when 'they plant wheat leaving space between the plants.
11 It is good to grow different plants next to each other in the same field.
Suggested plan:
Students may need to visit the library or go on the Internet to find out more information about how to make a vegetable garden. They can enter the keyword search "planning a vegetable garden" or "growing a vegetable garden" or "tips for a successful garden."
Month What will be done
November It's in November when we have to plough the land for the fIrst time. The ploughing has to be
done deep. Spread manure and old leaves on the land and plough them under.
December It's in December when we should make a plan for our vegetable garden for next year. Check
the seeds left over from last year. Repair tools and make a list of new tools to buy.
It's in January when we should buy enough seed to plant for two or three crops. Check the
January condition of the soil. If the soil is not good, you should improve it. Put manure and dead leaves
on the land if you did not do this in November. You can also use fertilisers to the soil. Get the
seedbeds or seed boxes ready for growing plants such as tomato, pepper and eggplant.
It's in February when you should plant the seedbeds. Prepare the land for planting. Let sheep
February or cows walk on the land. Their manure will improve the soil and they will destroy weeds or
eat them. Also prepare seeds for planting in April.
It's in March when you should give some attention to the early-planted crops. Add a little
March fertiliser to young crops. Thin the young plants to give them mqre room to grow. Plough the
land a second time to prepare it for the warm-season vegetables.
April It's in April when you should plant beans, corn, eggplant, peas, peppers, tomatoes and
watermelons. Remove weeds and grass.
May It's in May when you have to watch out for insects. Fight insects and disease when you see them.
Water the plants when needed. Build a frame of wood or bamboo for beans to climb on.
It's in June that you have to harvest vegetables such as beans and peas, onions and potatoes.
June Store onions and potatoes dry and cool. Prepare the land for planting new crops. Take care of
Irrigation.
It's in July when you should make a plan for the crops you want to plant in autumn. Fight
July drought with enough irrigation of the land. Remove weeds. Plant second crops for tomatoes,
corn and beans. In July it's also the time to plant big pumpkins for Halloween!
August It's in August when we have to plant broccoli, cabbage, carrots and onions. Make sure to water
.
the plants enough. Harvest ripe fruit and vegetables.
September It's in September when we harvest green peppers and tomatoes before the cold of winter comes.
Water and weed the crops that were planted in August.
It's in October when the last crops are harvested. Put dead plants, old leaves and other materials
October together. Store animal manure for use as fertiliser next year. Start thinking about your garden
plans for next year.
Give the students some explanations when necessary.
Step 5 Writing
Now let s have some listening training. After the team work, read the passage carefully to search more details about the topic.
Step 3 writing skill
TaskⅠwrite a brief introduction to Yia SiXie and his work.
TaskⅡ imagine you own a vegetable garden on something like that try to write a plan for it.
Step 4 check the writing
Sample essay:
It is less than a hundred years ago that the vast majority of farmers was unable to read and write. They learnt the work on the farm from their parents. Sometimes, they were told about ways in which they could improve their farming. But if they lived in far off places or in the mountains, there were few opportunities to learn about better ways of farming.
During the second half of the twentieth century, this situation was improved. Farmers were taught how to read and write. Books and magazines were published for farmers so that they could read about new methods of farming and improve their own situation. It also became possible for some farmers to experiment and share their results and discoveries in written reports with others. Still, not all farmers can read and write, but their number is getting smaller.
To modernise and use new techniques, farmers have to be able to read and write. They must be able to read what is written on bags of fertilisers they buy, to know how to use them and how to use them safely. They also have to be able to read the instructions on how to use new tools and machines. In the future, farmers will have to learn more to be able to use modem techniques such as greenhouses and GM.
Many farmers take courses where they learn about new technologies in agriculture. They learn to accept and how to use the new technologies. The government and local agricultural organisations have developed a special programme for farmers, called the "Green Certificate" project. Already more than ten million farmers have completed this course and many farmers are becoming grain-growing expert
（四）總結擴展
Step 6 Necessary language points
Today we ve done some listening and speaking, and learn how to give advice and some everyday English used between doctors and patients.
1>Much of the wisdom discovered by early Chinese scientists is still useful for farmers today.
wisdom [用法] n.[U] 聰明，才智
[舉例]I am struck by Annie s wisdom. 安妮的智慧使我驚嘆不已。
He is a man of wisdom. 他是個聰明人。
Let us consider the wisdom of following his advice. 讓我們考慮按他的意見做是否明智。
2>Jia Sixie s book is a practical guide to farming.
practical [用法]a.實踐的；實用的
[舉例]Earning a living is a practical matter. 謀生是一實際問題。
He is a practical man and doesn’t like empty talk. 他是一個注重實干的人，不喜歡空談。
Rowing across the Atlantic is not a practical idea. 劃船橫渡大西洋不是個明智的想法。
guide [用法]vt. 1.指導 2.導游 n.1.指南，指導 2.手冊 3.向導
[舉例]He guided us through the forest. 他領我們穿過了森林。
He flashed a torch to guide me. 他打手電給我引路。
3>But if you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
go against [用法]見高一下冊unit 16
4>If the condition of the soil is not so good, you should improve it.
condition [用法]n.1.狀況 2.[復]環境 3.（先決）條件
[舉例]the condition of affairs (世界的) 局勢 [事態] ,社會動向
my financial condition 我的經濟狀況 [收支情形]
the condition of weightlessness 無重力狀態
not...on any condition=on no condition 無論在什么條件 [任何狀況] 下都不…,絕不…
What are your conditions for accepting the offer? 在什么條件下你才會接受這個提議？
I will let you go only on one condition. 只有在一種條件下我才會讓你走。
make it a condition that... 以…為條件
5>Before sowing or planting crops, rough ground must be cleaned and weeds removed.
remove [用法]vt.脫掉;去掉,消除(+from)
[舉例]She saw he had removed his glasses. 她看到他摘下了他的眼鏡。
[舉例]Students removed several desks to another classroom.
學生們把幾張書桌搬到另外一間教室。
She removed the painting to another wall. 她把畫搬到另一面墻上。
He was removed from the post. 他被解雇了。
6>The best harvest is reached when farmers change the crops in the fields.
reach [用法]vt. 獲得；占有；收到
[舉例]Your letter reached me the day before yesterday. 你的信我前天收到。
Part of the reply reached my ears. 有幾句答話傳到我的耳朵里了。
The news only reached me a moment ago. 我剛剛得到這個消息。
The two parties reached on an agreement. 雙方達成了協議。
7>For example, do not plant rice year after year in the same field.
year after year [用法]一年又一年;年復一年
[比較]The university gets bigger, year by year. 這所大學每年都在擴大。
Tens of thousands of men, year after year, have travelled southwards to find work.
每年都有好幾萬人去南方找工作。
8>Other scientists said that wheat should be planted with space between the plants.
with space between the plants [用法]with的復合結構.詳見高一上冊unit 2; unit 11
9>He also said that it is good to grow different plants next to each other in the same field.
next to [用法](1) 在…的旁邊；貼近；緊挨著
(2) 僅次于那個，這個，它，我，等 (3) 幾乎
[舉例]Our house is next to the Post Office. 我們的家在郵局旁邊。
You can sit next to Roger at dinner. 吃飯時你靠著羅杰坐。
In one room next to him I found a lot of good books.
在他隔壁的一個房間里我發現很多好書。
the shop next to the corner 路口第二家商店
the largest city next to London 僅次于倫敦的最大的城市
It is next to impossible. 這簡直是不可能的。
10>The wisdom of farmers about the weather and farming is collected and passed on from generation to generation.
pass on [用法]1) 轉告；帶信兒 (2) 把…傳遞給另一人
[舉例]Please pass on the message to your classmates. 請把消息告訴你的同學。
Please pass on my regards to your parents. 請代我向你的父母問好。
Step 7 Homework
Period 5 第五節
（一）明確目標
1. Do some listening to improve the students listening ability.
2. Making simple dialogues to train the students speaking ability.
（二）整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
Today we come to the Workbook and do the listening comprehension and also do some talking practice.
（三）教學過程
Step 2 Listening comprehension
LISTENNIN G TEXT:
Helen talks about her job.
Hello, my name's Helen and I live on the west coast of Canada. I work on a fish farm.
Right now I'm feeding the fish, which are kept in cages in the sea. The cages are tied to the rocks on the j bottom of the sea. It can get very windy here. Twice a ! day I put the fish food in the boat and go out to the cages. The fish are always hungry!
When the fish have grown to the right size, we pull the cages out of the water. The fish are killed and cleaned. Our fish farm is a long way from the nearest market. So we either freeze the fish or smoke them. We don't salt any fish here. Some fish farms do, but we don't.
Three of us work here and there's always a lot to do. Inside that building over there we have tanks for the young fish. We produce all our own fish from eggs. The fish start to grow in fresh water. Then, when they are bigger they go into the sea, which is salty, of course.
There's always a lot of work to do: feeding the fish, cleaning the tanks, getting eggs out of the best of the large fish, harvesting the fish, cleaning them and smoking them. We burn our own wood and that way we get a very good strong smoke. It's more work, but we get higher prices for our smoked fish.
Answers to Exercise 1:
1 She is (probably) a fisherwoman.
2 I think she is going to open the boxes and feed the fish. Or: I think she is on her way to the market to sell the fish.
3 Without listening to the tape, you may have various answers. Sample answer:
If you are a fisherman / woman you have to get up early every morning. The first thing to do is to go out in the boat and see if anything is caught in the nets. Next, you have to bring in the fish and throw out the nets for the next catch. Then, the fish must be brought to land. The fish should be kept in big boxes full of water, so they don't die.
Answers to Exercise 2:
1 We feed the fish twice a day.
2 We produce our own fish from eggs in the tanks.
Or: We clean the tanks.
3 We get the eggs out of the best of the large fish.
4 When the fish are big enough, we put them in cages in the sea.
S When the fish have grown to the right size, we harvest them, clean them, freeze them or smoke them.
6 We take them by truck to the nearest market.
Answers to Exercise 3:
1 The cages have to be tied to the bottom of the sea because it is windy.
2 They freeze or smoke all the fish because the fishfarm is a long way from the nearest market.
3 They bum their own wood because in that way they get a good strong smoke.
4 They smoke their fish themselves, because they get higher prices for smoked fish.
Step 3 Talking practice
Sample dialogues:
Dialogue 1:
SI = Student 1: Pro because he/she thinks this is the best way to do it.
S2 = Student 2: Con because he/she is a vegetarian S3 = Student 3: Pro because he/she is a farmer who thinks this is the best way.
S4 = Student 4: Con because he/she thinks the animals should not suffer.
SI: Well, I don't know so much about factory farms, but the fact is that more and more people want to eat meat, so we have to raise more and more farm animals for food. We must have factory farms to raise these animals.
S2: People should eat less meat or should even try to eat as little meat as they can. Meat is not very healthy for people anyway. That's why so many people get too fat in China.
S3: I like eating meat; but I don't like the idea that the animals have a terrible life before they are killed for food.
S4: It is not so easy. Raising farm animals takes up a lot of space. It is cheaper to have the animals close together, on what you call a factory farm. I need less land and fewer people to take care of the animals. Can you imagine how much time it would take us to look for eggs if I had 1O, OOO chickens running loose in my yard?
S3: China is a very big country. We have enough space and it would be better if more people found jobs feeding, taking care of the animals and collecting the eggs.
S4: That's just what you think. But you don't know much about farming, or you don't understand.
S4: I'm sorry. What I wanted to say is that it is true that China is a big country, but we can't build these buildings just about everywhere and besides, they should not be too far away from the farm. As a farmer I must be able to manage everything myself.
SI: I agree. Farming is important to our economy, and China should not be dependent on foreign countries for food. What S2 says is not true. Of course we could eat other products instead of meat to get the protein we need. But then, farmers would have to grow more soy beans to produce tofu. Our country is big, but only 7% of the land can be used for growing crops. So it is better to use land that is not arable to build factory farms that produce animal meat. That is our best source for protein.
S3: But still we must find a solution for the factory farms. Too many animals suffer. When the animals suffer, the meat will not be as tasty as that from farm animals. Everyone knows that farm chickens are tastier than factory chickens.
S2: Besides, the bio industry produces too much manure that is harmful to the environment.
Dialogue 2:
SI = Student 1: Will take over farm business but doesn't believe in progress.
S2 = Student 2: Wants to take over farm business and believes in progress.
S3 = Student 3: Believes in progress, but doesn't want to take over the farm.
S4 = Student 4: Won't take over the farm business and doesn't believe in progress.
S4: No. I don't want to take over the farm of my parents. I have seen enough of it. It is hard work and you can't earn much money. Even if modem ways of farming made farming easier or better, success always depends on the weather. And a lot of hard work can be lost because of a dry summer, a storm or some other disaster. I want to study more so I can look for another job.
S1: What S4 says about the weather is true. But there aren't many other jobs in our village. I don't want to move to a big city. I want to stay in our province, where all my friends and family are. I will take over the farm from my parents. It is hard work, but I know how to do it. Maybe learning something can help a little, but not much.
S2: Well, I want to take over the farm from my parents. But before that, I want to study more agricultural science. My father took a short course about new ways of fertilising and crop rotation a few years ago, and he learnt a lot from that. He also always reads the local magazine about new seeds and new kinds of fruit trees and so on. My uncle wrote a book about growing grapes and my cousins are now making wine. They were the first in our village to do that, and now some other farmers want to try that as well.
S3: I agree with that, but for myself I think farming is a job that is too hard. I think a lot of improvement can be made, but still the work will be dirty and heavy, and you have to get up too early every day.
S2: I don't think the work is dirty. Most materials are natural and you can take a shower when you are finished. It is much healthier than working in a factory where you get dirty with oil and breathe in dangerous smoke and gases.
S1: Yes, but the work is heavy and there is always so much to be done. It's terrible. Sometimes you must work in the burning sun and sometimes in the rain, or worse.
S2: But all that will improve. Growing crops in greenhouses is not only better for the plants, but also for the farmers. And much of the work can be done using machines.
Dialogue 3:
SI = Student 1: Is optimistic and thinks there are many opportunities.
S2 = Student 2: Is pessimistic and thinks there are too many farmers in China.
S3 = Student 3: Believes that farmers in China have no other choice. They must develop new products.
S4 = Student 4: Traditional. Thinks new product don't fit in with Chinese culture.
S1: Welcome everybody to the discussion. Over the past 15 years many farmers have started new businesses growing different crops or doing other things on their farms. Many of them have been very successful.
I think it is great. Farmers have had traditional ideas about farming for too long. There was a time when everybody had the same type of life, and there were only few things to be bought in the shops. But as people have more money to spend, they like buying different products. So now, farmers can grow whatever they like.
S2: Well, that's not true. They can't just grow whatever they like. Farmers can only grow products that people will buy. You can't start growing something that nobody wants.
S4: True. Besides, in many places the land can only be used for some crops. And of course the climate does not always allow growing what you want.
S3: But farmers will have to. If everybody is growing the same few crops, the price will go down and farmers have no opportunity to make more money. Farmers must take a risk. You can't do any business without risk. Farmers will have to read newspapers and magazines to find out what people will want to buy. They should know enough about the land and agriculture to know whether they can grow new crops with success. Then, when they are the first to do something new, they must grab the opportunity.
S2: Haha. That is only for the farmer who starts doing something. As soon as his neighbours see that he is successful, many others will follow. And very soon everybody in the region will be growing that crop. And what happens then? The prices will drop.
SI: Well, farmers must know when to take risks. Many people think that there are no chances in farming, but there are. In fact, there are many. The important thing is to make use of the opportunities.
S3: Yes. Chinese farmers have many opportunities to grow new crops and produce new products, not only for changing markets in China, but also for the export market.
SI: Yes. And that creates even more opportunities.
Step 4 Sample talking
Step 5 Summary 小結
Step 7 Homework
Period 6 第六節
（一）明確目標
1. Discuss all the answers to the exercises in the Workbook.
2. Learn to use the grammar knowledge
3. Further develop the students’ writing skills.
（二）整體感知
Step 1 Presentation
In the class
（三）教學過程
Step 2 Vocabulary
Answers to Exercise 1:
1 against 2 of 3 In 4 Over 5 on 6 of 7 from 8 as 9 from 10 with 110f 12 into
Answers to Exercise 2:
1 Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.
2 Not only food production, but taking care of the environment is also important.
3 The farmers are working hard to improve the quality as well as the quantity of the crops.
4 The book does not only talk about farming but also about gardening.
Answers to Exercise 3:
1 ploughed 2 fertilisers 3 sown / sowed 4 weed / remove weeds 5 irrigation
6 kill insects 7 harvest
Step 3 Grammar
Answers to Exercise 1:
1 No, it is the shortage of arable land that is the biggest problem of Chinese farmers.
2 No, it is in greenhouses that many vegetables are grown today.
3 No, it is with GM technique that these tomatoes are grown.
4 No, it is the ones that have the best colour that are the best seed-heads.
5 No, it was from farmers that Jia Sixie learnt.
Answers to Exercise 2:
1 It was to find happiness that a pretty princess from Heaven secretly came to earth. .
2 It was' her excellent waving skills that the villagers admired.
3 It was for a few years that the family lived peace- fully and happily.
4 It was her grandmother who ordered her to leave at once.
5 It is ,each year on the seventh day of the seventh month that all the magpies in the world form a bridge so that Niu Lang and Zhi Nu may enjoy a short get-together.
Answers to Exercise 3:
1 A 2 D 3C 4D 5 C 6A 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 B
Step 4 Integrating skills
We have learnt how to give advice. Now let’s try to write letters giving advice. Here in our textbook there are letters asking for some advice. Read them quickly, then write down four pieces of advice for each of them using "had better (not) , "ought (not) to or should (not) .
Many students like having snacks. Is the habit good or bad? Let s read “Snacks".
Step 5 Listening to the Passage
Step 6 Reading comprehension
After fast reading, do the following True-or-False exercises.
Answers to Exercise 1:
The correct order of the pictures is: 3,4, 1,2 (or 4, 1,2,3).
Sample sentences:
1 The hills surrounding the villages are green and covered with trees and grasslands. Farmers use the land, but also take care of the environment.
2 The trees are cut down in large numbers. The whole forest has disappeared, and no new trees are lanted.
3 When it rains, the soil is washed away. The barren hills cannot be used for agriculture.
4 Local people start to repair the damage that was done to the environment. By planting trees, the barren hills will be turned green again.
Answers to Exercise 2:
Five rules of what people should do in the woods.
1 WALK on the paths or roads.
2 PLANT new trees when cutting down any.
3 PROTECT young trees from being eaten by deer or rabbits.
4 WATER young trees and give left-over fertiliser to trees near the village.
5 RESPECT nature and care for the trees.
Five rules of what people should not do in the woods.
1 DON'T make any fires in the wood.
2 DON'T throw away any cigarettes.
3 DON'T damage or cut down young trees.
4 DON'T throw away any rubbish.
5 DON'T kill birds or other animals in the wood.
Step 7 Sample writng
Sample writing:
Jackapple from Southern China
The Jackapple (木波羅 ) also known as Jackfruit, grows in southern China. It is the largest fruit in the world that grows on trees. It looks a bit like a melon, and is very heavy. The biggest ones can reach a length of 3 feet, and weigh up to 100 pounds, though most are smaller. The skin is thick and hard. The uncut ripe fruit has a strong smell. On the inside, the ripe fruit looks like a collection of yellow fruit parts, each with a large light brown seed of up to 2.5 cm long. There may be as many as 100 to 500 seeds per fruit.
The green unripe fruit flesh can be cooked as a vegetable and used in dishes and salads. The ripe fruit is cream-coloured or yellow and quite soft. It can be eaten raw as fruit, boiled or fried. The flavour is strong and sweet like that of pineapple or banana, sweet but less juicy. The large seeds can be roasted and have a flavour similar to chestnuts or large white beans.
Jackapple fruit makes an excellent dessert. It is healthy and full of Vitamin C. The seeds can be eaten after cooking. They can be boiled in salted water, or roasted like chestnuts. Jackapple juice tastes wonderful.
（四）總結擴展
Step 5 Summary
Have we ever tiled to make snacks or seen our mother make snacks. Let’s try to write the recipe for your favorite dish. Before writing, you should read Tips first.
4. Workbook
1>Soon the princess fell in love with Niu Lang.
fall in love with [用法]愛上（某人）
2>The time has come to repair the damage that was done to the environment.
to repair the damage that was done to the environment
[用法]此處的不定式短語應理解為The time的定語.
3>Cutting down trees and selling the wood was the only way for poor families to make some money and feed their families.
feed [用法]供養
[拓展]feed的其他用法: vt. 1.喂養，飼養 2.向…供給 n. 飼料
vi. (牛、馬等）吃東西；以…為食物
4>As a result, all the hills surrounding their village are now covered with green trees.
surrounding... [用法]1.現在分詞短語做定語,和all the hills有邏輯上的主謂關系.
2.surround:v. 圍；圍繞；包圍
[舉例]Trees surrounded the lake. 湖的周圍長滿了樹。
The pupils surrounded the teacher. 學生們圍著老師。
5>New Zealand kiwi fruit growers decided to introduce the new fruit to the rest of the world and it was a great success.
success [用法][C] 成功的事 ; 取得成就的人 [U] 成功
[舉例]I wish Jill success with her studies. 我祝愿吉爾在學習上取得成功。
He has had great success in life. 他的事業很成功。
I tried to find him in the crowd, but had no success. 我試圖在人群中找到他，但是沒有找到。
Mary is a great success as a singer. 瑪麗唱歌，紅極一時。
He was not a success as a governor. 作
Step 7 Homework
Period 7 第七節
1． 檢查本單元單詞、短語及相關句型。
2． 講評統一布置的課外基礎練習。