第三單元 感受英語(yǔ)幽默
Part 1 Text Explanation 單元內(nèi)容詳解
Reading
NONVERBAL HUMOUR
Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road①? If you do②, you are not alone. Some humour can be cruel but some people seem to enjoy seeing other people’s bad luck at times③. Perhaps it makes us feel more content with ④our life because we feel there is someone else worse off ⑤than ourselves.
However, some actors can astonish⑥ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. Charlie Chaplin was just such ⑦an actor. He was born in poverty⑧ in 1889 and at that time films were silent. He became famous for using a particular⑨ form of acting, including⑩ mime and farce. His entertaining⑾ silent movies are still popular today. His charming character The Little Tramp is well known throughout the world⑿. He played a poor and homeless⒀ person, who wore large trousers, worn-out⒁ shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick⒂. This character was a social failure⒃ but he was loved by all who watched the films for his determination⒄ in overcoming difficulties ⒅and being kind even when people were unkind to him.
So how did he make a sad situation entertaining? Imagine⒆ you are hungry and all there is to eat is a boiled shoe⒇. How would you make eating a boiled shoe funny? That was the problem facing(21) Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films The Gold Rush. He solved it by using nonverbal humour and this(22)is how it was done.
The film is set in (23)California in the middle of the nineteenth century when gold was discovered and thousands of people rushed there in search of(24) it. In the film. Chaplin and his friend are in California, too. Their job is “panning for gold”(25). They wash sand from the river in a pan of water, and expect to pick up (26)gold, but they have been not fortunate enough(27) to find any. Instead they are caught on(28) the edge of a mountain in a snowstorm in a small wooden house, where they have nothing to eat. They are so hungry that (29) they have to boil a pair of leather shoes in a pan and eat it. Chaplin sits down at the table(30) with his plate and drinking cup. First he picks out the laces and eats them as if they were(31)spaghetti. Then he cuts off(32) the leather top of the shoe, treating it as if it were the finest meat(33). Finally he tries cutting and eating(34) the bottom of the shoe. You can imagine how difficult it is to chew, but he seems to eat every mouthful(35) with great enjoyment. He makes it seem as if it were one of the best meals he has ever had! How hungry would you have to be to eat a shoe?
Chaplin produced, directed(36), and wrote the movies he starred (37)in. In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his lifetime outstanding work. He lived the last years of his life (38) in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.
Comprehension
3.He was in such a hurry that he bumping into an old lady.
A knocked into(39) B came across (40) C waved goodbye D looked up at
4.The problem Charlie Chaplin was having to deal with(41) would not go away(42).
A practicing B preferring to talk to C trying to understand D facing
①a. see sb. doing意為“看到某人正在做”。現(xiàn)在分詞在結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行。如果賓語(yǔ)與后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,且賓補(bǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,賓補(bǔ)就用現(xiàn)在分詞。常見(jiàn)的用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：get / leave / keep / set / catch / have sb. doing; see / find / watch / feel / hear / listen to / discover sb. doing 如:
He kept me waiting the whole morning.
他讓我等了整整一上午。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天經(jīng)過(guò)她房間時(shí)，我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在唱英文歌。
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你讓機(jī)器一直開(kāi)著是不對(duì)的。
Don’t have the water running all the time.
不要讓水流個(gè)不停。
The clerk caught the girl stealing in the supermarket.
那個(gè)店員在超市當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住了那個(gè)女孩偷東西。
b. 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):如果補(bǔ)語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)具有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)作具有"完成"概念,或賓補(bǔ)表示已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài),就用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示被動(dòng)或完成。常見(jiàn)的用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)有:keep / leave / have / get sth. done; find / see / discover / observe / notice / hear sth. done; make oneself done如:
I have never heard the song sung in English.
我從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到有人用英語(yǔ)唱過(guò)這首歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次聽(tīng)到有人唱這首英文歌。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
客人們沒(méi)有動(dòng)大部分菜，因?yàn)樗鼈儑L起來(lái)味道不咋樣。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
湯姆打球時(shí)把胳膊弄斷了。
I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要修車。
c. 不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)有兩類:
a) 帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。很多動(dòng)詞如allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式都帶to。 如:
He didn't allow us to smoke in his house.
他不允許我們?cè)谒募依镂鼰煛?/p>
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了，留下我一個(gè)人去做剩余的所有工作。
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我們匆匆忙忙地結(jié)束了會(huì)議，留下了很多問(wèn)題等待解決。
The general ordered his men to withdraw in three hours.
將軍命令士兵三小時(shí)后撤退。
b) 不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to，表示讓某人主動(dòng)做某事;感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to，表示看到或聽(tīng)到事情發(fā)生的全過(guò)程。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，動(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)to要還原。如:
He always makes his sister cry, but today he was made to cry by his sister.
他經(jīng)常把他的妹妹弄哭，今天他卻被妹妹弄哭了。
He made a face and made everybody laugh.
他做了一個(gè)鬼臉,逗得大家都笑了。
I heard her sing a English song just now.
剛才我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她唱了一首英文歌。
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
媽媽讓我去小店里買點(diǎn)鹽。
②a. do在上下文中代替句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~，避免重復(fù)。動(dòng)詞的替代詞通常是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞。如果被替代的動(dòng)詞是及物的，則替代詞后面須跟賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞替代詞可與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中有時(shí)還須引進(jìn)助動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式。如：
I finished my job before they did.
我在他們之前完成了工作。
In the earliest times, people couldn’t count as we do now.
在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)候，人們不象我們現(xiàn)在這樣計(jì)數(shù)。
---- Do you like Beijing?
---- Yes, I do.
--你喜歡北京嗎？
--是的，喜歡。
Mary studies modern history and she doesn’t do modern language.
馬麗學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)代歷史但不學(xué)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何開(kāi)車，對(duì)吧？
You should tell us the truth, if you don’t , you will be punished.
你要說(shuō)實(shí)話，要不然你將會(huì)受到懲罰。
b. do與so搭配的復(fù)合動(dòng)詞do so，既可以替代動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以替代動(dòng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so.
他說(shuō)他要告訴我消息，但他沒(méi)有這樣做。
He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?
他抽煙很厲害，他哥哥也這樣嗎？
…Jane is crying for some more cakes in the kichen.
…Yes, but her little brother isn’t doing so.
－簡(jiǎn)在廚房里哭著還要蛋糕。
－是的，可她的小弟弟可沒(méi)有這樣。
c. 代動(dòng)詞do還可以與so搭配，構(gòu)成兩個(gè)意義不同的常用句型：“So+do＋主語(yǔ)”和“So +主語(yǔ)＋do”，這兩個(gè)句型常用于簡(jiǎn)短反應(yīng)。
a) “So+do＋主語(yǔ)”表示上面的情況同樣適用于另一個(gè)對(duì)象。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語(yǔ)與上文的主語(yǔ)不同。如：
…I like playing football.
…So do I.
－我喜歡踢足球。
－我也是。
…He went to Changzhou last week.
…So did I.
－他上星期到常州去了。
－我也去了。
注〕如果上文表示否定意義，在簡(jiǎn)短反應(yīng)中則用“Neither/Nor+do+主語(yǔ)”。此時(shí)do 是助動(dòng)詞。如：
…He doesn’t speak Russian.
…Neither/Nor do I.
－他不說(shuō)俄語(yǔ)。
－我也不說(shuō)俄語(yǔ)。
b) “So +主語(yǔ)＋do”表示對(duì)別人所說(shuō)的情況加以肯定，這時(shí)，主語(yǔ)與上文的主語(yǔ)相同。如：
…The students work hard.
…So they do.
－學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)很努力。
－確實(shí)是的。
…He does well in English.
…So he does.
－他英語(yǔ)學(xué)的很好。
－是的，確實(shí)如此。
③a. at times意為“時(shí)常，有時(shí)”，相當(dāng)于sometimes。如：
At times I go out to the beach.
有時(shí)我去海邊。
He writes to me at times.
他時(shí)常寫(xiě)信給我。
At times I go by car.
有時(shí)我坐車過(guò)去。
b. 關(guān)于time的常用詞組有：
in no time 立刻；馬上
at no time 決不；在什么時(shí)候也不（當(dāng)at no time位于句首時(shí)，該句須用倒裝語(yǔ)序）
at the same time 同時(shí)
at one’s time of life 在某人的年紀(jì)
at a time 一次；同時(shí)
at one time 從前；曾有一時(shí)（常與過(guò)去式連用）
( at ) any time 隨時(shí)（at可省略）
any time 哪里，哪里；隨時(shí)效勞（是用來(lái)回答別人道謝的話）
at all times 經(jīng)常；老是（= always ）
behind time 晚點(diǎn)，遲到
from time to time 有時(shí)；時(shí)常
out of time 過(guò)時(shí)
for the time being 暫時(shí)
in time of 在……的時(shí)候
in one’s own time 在某人的業(yè)余時(shí)間
give sb a rough time （使某人）受折磨
time and time again 一次又一次
once upon a time 從前
many a time 許多次
have a good time 玩的開(kāi)心
kill time 消磨時(shí)間
take one’s time 不著急
ahead of time 提前
some time 一段時(shí)間；一些時(shí)候
sometime 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)候
sometimes 偶爾；有時(shí)
some times 若干次
c. time除了能作名詞，表示“時(shí)間、時(shí)刻、次數(shù)、倍數(shù)”外，還能作及物動(dòng)詞使用，表示“安排好時(shí)間、為（比賽或選手）計(jì)時(shí)”。如：
He timed his journey so that he could arrive at the hotel before dark .
他安排好了他的旅程，以便能在天黑以前到達(dá)旅館。
You have timed your holiday cleverly-the weather is at its best.
你真會(huì)選度假時(shí)間---正是天氣最好的時(shí)間。
His remark was badly timed.
他說(shuō)的話不合時(shí)宜。
Kick-off is timed for 2:30.
足球開(kāi)賽時(shí)間定于下午二時(shí)半。
This egg is hard-you didn’t time it properly.
雞蛋煮老了---你沒(méi)掌握好火候。
Time how long it takes me to do two lengths of the pool.
給我記一下我游一個(gè)來(lái)回的時(shí)間。
d. time的常用句型有：
a). It’s time for sth . 或 It’s time ( for sb . ) to do sth . 意為“該是……的時(shí)候了”。如：
It’s time for dinner .
該是吃晚餐的時(shí)候了。
It’s time for children to go to bed .
是小孩睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候了。
It is time to go to school.
該上學(xué)了。
b). It’s ( high/about ) time ( that ) sb . did/should do sth . 意為“該是……的時(shí)候了”。該句型中的that 從句需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去式,也可用should+動(dòng)詞原形（此處should不可省略）。如：
It’s high time that we should start.
我們?cè)摮霭l(fā)了。
It’s time that we devoted ourselves to our country .
該是我們報(bào)效祖國(guó)的時(shí)候啦。
It’s time that I should go to fetch my daughter.
我該去接我的女兒了。
It’s about time that stopped fooling around and started looking for a job。
你可別再游手好閑了，早該找份工作了吧。
c). This is the time when sb . should do sth . 或The time has come when sb . should do sth . 這兩個(gè)句型也用來(lái)表示“該是……的時(shí)候了”，when 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣或“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。如：
This is the time when you should get up .
是你該起床的時(shí)候了。
The time has come when we should part from each other.
該是我們必須道別的時(shí)候了。
The time has come when you should tell me all the truth.
該是你向我說(shuō)出全部實(shí)情的時(shí)候了。
d). every ( each , any , next , first , last ) time 作連詞使用，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Every ( Each ) time I saw him , I found him to be taller .
我每次遇見(jiàn)他，都覺(jué)得他又長(zhǎng)高了。
The last ( first ) time I went to China , I visited Shanghai .
我上（第一）次到中國(guó)時(shí)，游覽了上海。
Next time you see him, tell him the truth.
下次見(jiàn)到他時(shí)，告訴他實(shí)情。
Any time you need help, please tell me.
無(wú)論何時(shí)你需要幫助，盡管告訴我。
e). by the time 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，意為“到……時(shí)為止”，主句一定要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：
By the time he was twelve , Edison had built a chemistry lab for himself 。
愛(ài)迪生十二歲時(shí)，就建立了自己的化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
By the time you saw me, I had had five hamburgers.
你看到我的時(shí)候我已經(jīng)吃了五個(gè)漢堡了。
By the time he went to school, he had leaned more than 3000 words by heart.
到他上學(xué)的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)記住3000多個(gè)單詞了。
f). This is the first ( second , last ) time ( that ) sb . has done sth . 意為：是某人第幾次……。在該句型中，this 可以由that 或it 替換；從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用完成式，且要與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be 的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：
This is the third time I have been to Beijing .
這是我第三次去北京了。
That wasn’t the first time Linda had taken too many pills .
那不是琳達(dá)第一次服用這么多的藥丸了。
It will be the fifth time that he will have been invited to such a meeting .
這將是他第五次應(yīng)邀參加這種會(huì)議。
g). 三倍以上倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式常用以下幾種句型：
A is times + as + 形容詞或副詞的原級(jí) + as + B
A is times + 形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí) + than + B .
A is times + the + 名詞 + of + B . 如：
The sitting room is 3 times as large as the kitchen .
起居室的面積是廚房的三倍。
Your bag is three times larger than mine .
你的包比我的大三倍。
Your cake is twice the size of mine .
你的蛋糕比我的大一倍。
My school is one third the size of yours.
我們學(xué)校只有你們學(xué)習(xí)的三分之一大。
④a. be content with/to do 意為“知足；滿足，滿意；愉快”。content此處為形容詞，常作表語(yǔ)。如：
Are you content with your present salary?
你對(duì)現(xiàn)在的薪水滿意嗎？
Now that she has apologized, I am content.
既然她已經(jīng)道歉了，我也就滿意了。
He is content to stay in his present job.
他對(duì)現(xiàn)在的工作心滿意足。
He is content to remain where he is now.
他安于現(xiàn)狀。
He was content that the thing had happened.
這事終于發(fā)生了對(duì)此他是滿意的。
I am very content with my life at present.
我對(duì)目前的生活心滿意的。
She seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
看來(lái)她愿意在電視機(jī)前坐個(gè)通宵。
b. content作及物動(dòng)詞意為“使?jié)M意；使?jié)M足，使不復(fù)有所求”常用于詞組content oneself with，意為“滿足或滿意于某事物（雖然可能有更高的要求）”。如：
Simple praise is enough to content him.
他只要聽(tīng)到實(shí)事求是的表?yè)P(yáng)就心滿意足了。
As there is no cream, we’ll have to content ourselves with black coffee.
既然沒(méi)有奶油，我們只好喝清咖啡算了。
As the TV’s broken, you’ll have to content yourself with listening to the radio.
既然電視機(jī)壞了你就只好收聽(tīng)無(wú)線電算了。
c. content作名詞， 表示“所容納的東西，所含之物，內(nèi)容（指書(shū)內(nèi)全部章節(jié)）；目錄”時(shí)應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式contents。如：
Look up the contents at the beginning of the book.
查一下卷首的目錄。
The drawer had been emptied of its contents.
抽屜已經(jīng)騰空了。
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents.
她沒(méi)有看那封信，所以不知道信的內(nèi)容。
At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book.
書(shū)的前部有目錄，詳列了書(shū)中的內(nèi)容。
d. content表示“實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容，要旨；意義；容量；容積；含量，成分”時(shí)，常用單數(shù)形式。如：
In my opinion, the movie lacks content.
依我看這部電影缺乏實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)容。
Her life only had content when she was with him.
她只有與他在一起時(shí)生活才有意義。
Oranges have a high vitamin C content.
橙子的維生素C含量很高。
Food with a high fat content is not good for our health.
脂肪含量高的事物對(duì)我們的身體健康沒(méi)有好處。
e. content 作不可數(shù)名詞意為“滿足，滿意”。如：
He takes content in nothing.
他這人從不滿足。
Can’t you see the quiet content of the well-fed child?
難道你看不到孩子喂飽后不哭不鬧的滿足狀嗎？
⑤a. be worse off意為“比以前更窮，更不愉快、更不健康等”。其反義詞組為be better off意為“較好的；較明智的”。如：
The increase in taxes means that we’ll be ￡30 a month worse off.
加稅以后我們每月收入就要少了30英鎊。
I’ve only broken my arm; other patients are far worse off than me.
我只是胳膊折了，其他病人比我嚴(yán)重的多。
He’d be better off going to the police about it.
他最好把這件事報(bào)告警方。
b. worse still相當(dāng)于what’s worse, 意為“更糟的是”，作插入語(yǔ)，修飾全句。如：
Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its month.
更糟的是，獅子會(huì)吃掉嬰兒。
In the earthquake, many houses were destroyed. Worse still, lots of people lost their lives.
地震中很多房子被毀，更糟的是，一些人失去了生命。
It was dark that night. Worse still, it was snowing hard.
那天晚上天很黑，更糟的是，還下起了大雪。
We were very tired at that time, and what's worse, it was raining heavily.
那時(shí)我們已經(jīng)精疲力竭了，更糟的是，天還下著大雨。
c. to make matters/things worse意為“使情況更危險(xiǎn)或更困難”。如：
To make matters worse, he refused to apologize.
更糟的是他拒不道歉。
He was very rude to the Customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
他對(duì)海關(guān)官員十分無(wú)禮，使得情況更糟了。
My car broke down on my way home. To make things worse, it began to rain heavily.
我的車在回家的路上壞了。更糟糕的是天有下起了大雨。
⑥ a. astonish是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意為"使驚訝，吃驚，震驚"。如：
The news astonished everybody.
這個(gè)消息令所有的人感到驚訝。
It astonishes me that no one has thought of this before.
以前誰(shuí)也沒(méi)想到這一點(diǎn)，使我感到驚訝。
He was astonished to hear he had got the job.
他聽(tīng)到獲得了那份工作而感到驚訝。
It will astonish you to hear what I paid for this ring.
聽(tīng)到我花多少錢買這枚戒指會(huì)使你大吃一驚。
b. astonished是形容詞常作表語(yǔ)，意為“感到驚訝，吃驚”。be astonished to do sth./at sth./ that…解釋為"……感到驚訝"，如：
We astonished to hear the loud sound.
我們被那巨大的聲音嚇了一跳。
I was astonished that he appeared at the party.
他出現(xiàn)在聚會(huì)上，令我感到驚訝。
Everybody was astonished at the news.
這個(gè)消息令所有的人感到驚訝。
He was astonished to see his father.
他很驚異的看見(jiàn)他父親。
You look astonished at my appearance.
對(duì)于我的出現(xiàn)你似乎很驚訝。
c. astonishing為形容詞，意為“使人驚訝的，驚人的”。如：
I find it quite astonishing that none of you liked the play.
我感到驚訝的是你們誰(shuí)都不喜歡那個(gè)劇。
There were an astonishing number of applicants for the job.
申請(qǐng)這份工作的人數(shù)多的驚人。
It was such an astonishing performance for such a young musician.
對(duì)于如此年輕的音樂(lè)家來(lái)說(shuō)，這是令人驚異的演出。
d. astonishment是astonish的名詞形式。意為“驚訝，驚奇”。如：
Imagine my astonishment when Peter walked in!
你可以想象，當(dāng)彼得進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我是多么的驚訝。
To my astonishment it had completely disappeared.
使我驚訝的是，它消失的無(wú)影無(wú)蹤了。
He looked at me in astonishment.
他驚奇地看著我。
⑦a. such這里為形容詞，意為“如此的，這樣的”。修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，放于不定冠詞a(an)之前，
若名詞前有one，no，any，some, all, many等修飾時(shí)，such放在這些修飾詞之后。如：
He's such a man.
他就是這么一個(gè)人。
One such table is enough.
這樣的桌子，有一張就夠了。
There is no such thing.
沒(méi)有這么一回事。
b. such位于句首時(shí), 句子須全部倒裝，此句型中的such是 指示代詞，多被認(rèn)為是表語(yǔ)，所以such后的be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的真正的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：
Such is my hope for the future.
我對(duì)未來(lái)的希望就是這樣。
Such were the facts.
事實(shí)就是這樣。
Such are the facts, no one can deny them.
這就是事實(shí)，誰(shuí)也不能否認(rèn)。
Such is Albert, a simple man.
阿爾伯特就是這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的人。
c. such sth. that…，such sth. as…句型意為“下述一類的；（象后面提及的）那樣的，這樣的，如此的”；還可意為“（重要性、價(jià)值等）達(dá)到那種程度的”。如從句不缺少句子成分，用that引導(dǎo)，表示“如此…以至于”；如從句中缺少句子成分，用as引導(dǎo)，表示“像…一樣的“像……”。如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
有的禍?zhǔn)拢笏嚤槐I之類，以前從未發(fā)生過(guò)。
Such advice as he was given proved almost worthless.
給他提的那類建議簡(jiǎn)直毫無(wú)價(jià)值。
The knot was fastened in such a way that it was impossible to undo.
這個(gè)結(jié)系地那么緊，根本解不開(kāi)。
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
他的胳臂很長(zhǎng)，幾乎能碰到天花板。
She is such a good teacher just as we expect.
正如我們所料，她是一位好老師。
d. 用于某些短語(yǔ)中，如：such as表示列舉，有“例如、諸如”等意思，as such則是“作為一個(gè)…，本身；按照某詞通用的或嚴(yán)格的詞義”等意思，such and such意為“某某，這種那種的”等意思。如：
I like drinks such as tea and soda.
我喜歡諸如茶和汽水之類的飲料。
Wild flowers such orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
蘭花和報(bào)春花之類的野花越來(lái)越少了。
Wealth as such doesn't matter much.
財(cái)富本身算不了什么。
I can’t call my book a best seller as such but it’s very popular.
我不敢說(shuō)我的書(shū)是暢銷書(shū)，但可以說(shuō)很受歡迎。
Such and such results follow from such and such causes.
這樣那樣的原因就產(chǎn)生這樣那樣的結(jié)果。
e.so與such的用法區(qū)別由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many，few，much， little連用，形成固定搭配。如：
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可數(shù)] such +n. [不可數(shù)]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
He is so clever that he could work out such a difficult problem.
他很聰明，把那么難的問(wèn)題都解出來(lái)了。
Jack ran so fast that he could catch up with the bus.
杰克跑得很快，居然趕上的公共汽車。
David is so good a player that he has fans all over the world.
大衛(wèi)是個(gè)非常好的球員，全世界各地都有他的球迷。
There were so many people in the street that it was impossible for him to find the lost child.
街上的人太多了，他根本就不可能找到那個(gè)丟失的孩子。
She is such a nice girl that everyone loves her.
她是一個(gè)人見(jiàn)人愛(ài)的好姑娘。
He had made such great progress that he passed all his exams.
他取得了巨大的進(jìn)步，每門(mén)考試都通過(guò)了。
⑧ a. in poverty意為“處于貧困之中”。介詞in加名詞多用于表靜態(tài)狀況，如安全、危險(xiǎn)、健康、涉及人的情緒等。意為“在……狀況中;在……情況下”。如：
in trouble 陷入困境;
in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中;
in order 有序，有條理;
in surprise 驚訝地;
in silence 默默地;
in high/low spirits 情緒高漲/低落等等。
in peace 平靜地
in a mess 亂七八糟
in rags （穿得）破破爛爛
in poor health 健康欠佳
in good repair 保存良好
in fun 開(kāi)玩笑地
in a hurry 匆匆忙忙地
in ruins 呈廢墟狀態(tài)
in anger 憤怒地
in a rage 憤怒之中
如：
She went to school in a hurry.
她匆忙地上學(xué)去了。
The city was in ruins after the war.
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)過(guò)后，這個(gè)城市變成了一片廢墟。
Are you in poor health? You don’t look well.
你身體不太好嗎？你看起來(lái)不怎么好？
Even he is in poverty, he is always ready to help others.
即使他沒(méi)錢的時(shí)候他也總是樂(lè)于助人。
b. on加名詞用語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)態(tài)，如正在從事某種活動(dòng)或處于某種運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)之中。如：
on business 出差;
on a visit 在訪問(wèn);
on show 在上映;
on strike 在罷工;
on watch 在站崗/放哨;
on fire 在著火;
on vacation/holiday 在度假，等等。如：
Are there any live fish on sale in the market?
市場(chǎng)里還有活魚(yú)賣嗎？
The house is on fire.
房子著火了。
The president is on a visit to Paris.
總統(tǒng)去巴黎訪問(wèn)了。
⑨ a . particular為形容詞，意為“非一般的，特別的，特殊的;個(gè)別的，個(gè)人的；難以滿足的，挑剔的”。In particular是習(xí)語(yǔ)，意為“尤其，特別”。如：
She took particular care not to overcook the meat.
她特別小心不把肉烹調(diào)過(guò)火。
He is a particular friend of mine.
他是我的特殊朋友。
Is there any particular color you would prefer?
你有什么特別喜歡的顏色嗎？
She is very particular about what she wears.
她對(duì)衣著很講究。
She is a very particular person.
她這個(gè)人很挑剔。
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
整頓飯都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
---Is there anything in particular you’d like for dinner?
---No, nothing in particular.
---正餐你有什么特別喜歡的菜嗎？
---沒(méi)有，什么都行。
b. particular作名詞時(shí)常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“信息，事項(xiàng)，細(xì)節(jié)”。如：
Her account is correct in every particular/all particulars.
她的帳目筆筆無(wú)誤。
He gave full particulars of the stolen property.
他詳細(xì)列出全部被盜的財(cái)物。
The policeman wrote down his particulars, ie his names, address, etc.
警察記下了他的個(gè)人資料。
c. especially/ particularly/ specially三詞的區(qū)別。
particularly 為副詞，意為“尤其；格外地”，通常以不尋常的方式突出某一事物的個(gè)性或獨(dú)特之處。它可和especially通用，但更強(qiáng)調(diào)“與眾不同”；especially 是副詞意為“格外地、主要地、尤其”，用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特別感受,起突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。指與其他同類相比，某人(物)情況達(dá)到異常的程度。常在介詞或連詞前常用；副詞specially意為“為了某一特別的目的；專門(mén)”,多指為一特別目的而作。如：
This handbook is particularly useful for middle school students.
這種手冊(cè)對(duì)中學(xué)生尤其有用。
I like all her novels, but her latest is particularly good.
她的小說(shuō)我都喜歡，最新的一部尤其好。
Be particularly careful when driving at night.
晚上開(kāi)車要特別小心。
The sight here is very beautiful, especially when there is fog.
這兒的景色很美，尤其是有霧的時(shí)候。
I came here specially to see you.
我特地來(lái)看你。
Our garden is beautiful, especially in fall.
我們的花園很漂亮，尤其在秋天。
This time I came back specially to see my family, especially my little daughter who was ill.
這次我專程回來(lái)看望我的家人，尤其是我生病的小女兒。
These shoes were specially made for you.
這鞋是專門(mén)為你做的。
I like all the subjects, especially English and math.
所有的科目我都喜歡，尤其是英語(yǔ)和數(shù)學(xué)。
I like the beauty of the countryside, especially when spring comes.
我喜歡郊野的自然美景，特別是當(dāng)春天到來(lái)的時(shí)候。
This book is specially written for children.
這本書(shū)是特地為孩子們寫(xiě)的。
⑩a. including是現(xiàn)在分詞作介詞意為“包含；包括”，后接名詞。included置于名詞后，相當(dāng)于including+名詞。如：
Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people.
這里所有的人，包括老人，都參加了防洪斗爭(zhēng)。
Everybody had something to say, me included/ including me.
所有的人，包括我在內(nèi)，都有些話要說(shuō)。
Many people like the book, including me (或 me included.)
許多人都喜歡這本書(shū)，包括我。
Tom took away all his things, including his books (或his books included.)
湯姆把他所有的東西都拿走了，包括他的書(shū)。
Many women were waiting to buy that kind of cloth, including my mother .
許多婦女都在等著買那種布，包括我媽媽。
I have to prepare food for seven people, including me.
我必須準(zhǔn)備包括自己在內(nèi) 7 個(gè)人的食物。
The band played many songs, including some of my favorites
樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏了許多歌曲，包括幾首我最喜愛(ài)的。
Sales up to and including last month amounted to ￡10,000.
銷售額至上月底為止達(dá)10，000英鎊。
b. include與contain的區(qū)別：
include 是動(dòng)詞，意為“包含（某人/某事物）；包括”；contain為動(dòng)詞，意為“包含，容納” 。contain和 include 雖然都有"包含"的意思，但 contain 可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分，而 include 則只是包含一部分。可以這樣說(shuō)，include 著重"被包含者只是整體中的一部分"。contain 著重"內(nèi)有"。如：
The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorities besides the Hans.
中華民族除了漢族外，還包括五十多個(gè)少數(shù)民族。
The parcel contained a dictionary.
那包裹里裝的是一本字典。
The parcel included a dictionary.
那包裹里也包括了一本字典。
The tour includes a visit to Paris.
這次旅行包括游覽巴黎。
The basket contains a variety of fruits.
這籃子裝有各種水果。
The jar contains ten glasses of water.
這只大口瓶裝了十杯水。
The price includes both house and furniture.
價(jià)錢包括房子和家具。
I include him among my friends.
我把他當(dāng)作朋友。
c.分詞可以作介詞用的詞有concerning關(guān)于; considering考慮到,就…而言; regarding關(guān)于; respecting關(guān)于; compared to/with與…相比; owing to “由于……因?yàn)椤? given考慮; judging from從…來(lái)判斷;等等。如：
Considering his age, he is tall.
考慮到他的年紀(jì)，他算是高的了。
Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
考慮到他只是剛剛開(kāi)始，他對(duì)此的了解已經(jīng)不少了。
She’s very active, considering her age.
就她的年齡來(lái)說(shuō)，她是夠活躍的。
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.
至于他的演講，我無(wú)話可說(shuō)。
I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong, considering his age.
聽(tīng)說(shuō)他已經(jīng) 70 多歲了，但從他的年紀(jì)來(lái)看，他仍然很結(jié)實(shí)。
Considering （ that ） he did not study hard, he did well on the test.
考慮到他沒(méi)有用功，他考得還不錯(cuò)。
Compared with / to her mother, she is tall.
和她母親比起來(lái)，她算很高了。
Owing to unfavorable weather, I was unable to carry on with it.
由于天氣不好，我不能把它進(jìn)行下去。
Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所說(shuō)的來(lái)判斷，他一定是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province.
從他的口音來(lái)判斷，他一定來(lái)自廣東。
Regarding this point, he is correct.
關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，他是對(duì)的。
Respecting your salary, we shall come to a decision later.
關(guān)于你的工資，我們將在以后做出決定。
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable.
關(guān)于來(lái)信，我很高興地通知你，我們覺(jué)得你的計(jì)劃是可接受的。
Given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.
考慮到他們經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，他們的工作做得還不錯(cuò)。
Given his support, I think we'll win the election.
若能獲得他的支持，我想我們會(huì)贏得這次選舉。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身體好的話，我希望這年完成這項(xiàng)工作。
Give the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding artist.
如果有機(jī)會(huì)，他可能早就成為一名優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家。
Given their inexperience, they have done a good jib.
考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，他們干得還是不錯(cuò)的。
Given his age, he is rather healthy.
就他年齡來(lái)論，他是相當(dāng)健康的。
Allowing for / Considering traffic delays, it will take you an hour to get there.
把路上的耽擱算進(jìn)去，你要用一小時(shí)才能到那兒。
I will agree to go provided / providing that my expenses are paid.
假如為我負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用，我就同意去。
We can all leave together ---assuming(that) / supposing (that )the others aren't late.
我們大家可以一起去─假定其他人不耽擱的話。
⑾a. entertaining是形容詞，意為“使人愉快的，有趣的”。如：
He is the most entertaining guest.
他是最風(fēng)趣的客人。
We saw a very entertaining film yesterday.
我們昨天看了一部很有趣的電影。
b. entertain是動(dòng)詞，意為“招待，款待某人；使某人快樂(lè); 愿意考慮某事物”。如：
I don’t entertain very often.
我不常在家請(qǐng)客。
They do a lot of entertaining.
他們時(shí)常設(shè)宴待客。
They entertained us to dinner last night.
他們昨晚設(shè)宴招待我們。
Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper.
我做晚飯時(shí)，你能哄孩子們玩一個(gè)小時(shí)嗎？
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他給我們講故事、說(shuō)笑話、讓我們高興了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
He refused to entertain our proposal.
他拒不考慮我們的提議。
c. entertainment為名詞，意為“招待，款待，娛樂(lè)”。如：
He fell in the water, much to the entertainment of the children.
他掉進(jìn)水里，逗的孩子們樂(lè)不可支。
The local entertainments are listed in the newspaper.
報(bào)紙上登有本地的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。
He often goes to places of entertainment to kill time.
他經(jīng)常去娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所消磨時(shí)間。
⑿a. throughout是介詞，意為“遍及，遍布；貫穿(場(chǎng)所，時(shí)間之中)，從頭到尾”。比through更強(qiáng)調(diào)“完全”。throughout常等于all through。throughout the world意為“全世界”。如：
They went on working all through the night.
=They went on working throughout the night.
他們持續(xù)工作了一個(gè)通宵。
I remained silent throughout.
我自始至終都保持緘默。
The ring is gold throughout.
這戒指是純金的。
The new epidemic spread throughout the country.
那種新傳染病蔓延到了全國(guó)各地。
They searched for the lost child throughout the day.
他們整日尋找那失蹤的孩子。
National Day was celebrated throughout the country.
全國(guó)都在慶祝國(guó)慶節(jié)。
This feeling persisted throughout the day.
這種感覺(jué)持續(xù)了一整天。
b. throughout還可作副詞，意為“各方面，各處；在某事的整個(gè)期間”。如：
The house was printed green throughout.
那房子整個(gè)涂成綠色的了。
Certain names in the book were underlined throughout.
書(shū)中在某些名字下面都劃了線。
I watched the film and cried throughout.
我看那個(gè)電影時(shí)從頭哭到尾。
c. through作介詞，意為“穿過(guò)，通過(guò)；或（指方法，手段等）以、用、憑借、通過(guò)；從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束，在…期間等”。如：
The river runs through our village.
這條河流經(jīng)我們的村莊。
Light comes in through the window.
光線從那扇窗子透近來(lái)。
We sold the car through advertising in the local paper.
我們賣那部車是通過(guò)在地方報(bào)上登廣告。
Their success was achieved through hard work.
他們的成功是靠努力工作而取得的。
He worked all through the summer.
整個(gè)夏季他都在工作。
The exhibit will be open Tuesday through Saturday.
展覽開(kāi)放時(shí)間為周二到周六。
I was in college from 1977 through 1981.
我從1977年到1981年在大學(xué)求學(xué)。
d. through作副詞意為“通過(guò)，穿過(guò)；徹底地，完全地；接通”。如：
I read the book through.
我把這本書(shū)看完了。
He was wet through.
他完全濕透了。
Can you put me through to Mr. Jones?
請(qǐng)給我接瓊斯先生好嗎？
The door opened and we went through.
門(mén)開(kāi)了，我們穿門(mén)而過(guò)。
The gap in the fence wasn’t big enough to get through.
柵欄上的缺口不夠大，鉆不過(guò)去。
Those boards are rotten through and through.
那些木板已完全腐朽。
e. through還可作形容詞，意為“直達(dá)的，直通的（相當(dāng)于direct）；完成的，結(jié)束的”。如：
We took a through train to London.
我們乘直達(dá)火車到倫敦。
When you are through in the kitchen, let me know.
你在廚房忙完后就告訴我。
⒀a(bǔ). homeless為形容詞，意為“無(wú)家可歸的”。-less為否定后綴。如：
countless 不可數(shù)的
wireless 無(wú)線的
ceaseless 不停止的
careless 粗心的
b. 否定前綴：在英語(yǔ)中，有一些表示否定意義的前綴，在表示否定意義的時(shí)候，它們的用法基本相同，可譯成漢語(yǔ)“非”、“無(wú)”、“不（是）”、“未”等。但這些前綴的來(lái)源以及接在后面的詞有一定的差別。此外，除了表示否定意義外，它們各自還可表示其他的意義。下面分別作簡(jiǎn)單介紹。
a) un-：來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)。可加在形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞前構(gòu)成形容詞；加在副詞前構(gòu)成副詞加在名詞前構(gòu)成名詞。如：
unafraid 不怕的，無(wú)懼色的
unaware 不知道的，不注意的
unclean 不干凈的，骯臟的
unhappy 不幸福的，不快樂(lè)的
uninteresting 無(wú)趣味的，乏味的
unknown 不知的；未知的；無(wú)名的
unmarried 未婚的
uncommonly 不普通地；不平凡地
unemployment 失業(yè)
unrest 不寧，不安；動(dòng)亂，騷動(dòng)
b) non-：來(lái)源于羅曼語(yǔ)。加在形容詞動(dòng)詞和名詞前構(gòu)成形容詞、名詞。如： nondestructive 非破壞性的
nondollar 非美元的；非美無(wú)區(qū)的
noneffective 無(wú)效力的，不起作用的
nonstop 不停的，不斷的
nonconductor 非導(dǎo)體，絕緣體
nonsmoker 非吸煙者
c) dis-：來(lái)源于羅曼語(yǔ)。加在形容詞、動(dòng)詞和名詞前。如：
disloyal 不忠誠(chéng)的
dishonest 不老實(shí)的
disagree 不同意、不一致、不符
dislike 不喜歡，厭惡
displeasure 不愉快，不滿、生氣
d) in-：來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)。加在形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、名詞前。如：
incorrect 不正確的，錯(cuò)誤的
inconvenient 不方便的
inexpensive 花費(fèi)不多的；人格公道的
invalid 無(wú)效的
injustice 非正義；不公正
instability 不穩(wěn)定性；不堅(jiān)決
e) il-：來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)。用在以字母“Ｉ”開(kāi)始的詞前面， 后可接形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、名詞。如：
illegal 不合法的、非法的
illiterate 文盲的；無(wú)知的
illogical 不合邏輯的，缺乏邏輯的
illiquid 非現(xiàn)金的；無(wú)流動(dòng)資金的
illiteracy 文盲，無(wú)知
f) im-：來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)。用在以字母“b”、“p”、“m”開(kāi)始的詞前面，后可接形容詞、名詞。如：
imbalance 不平衡，不均衡
immeasurable 無(wú)法計(jì)量的
immemorial 無(wú)法追憶的
impassable 不能通行的
imperfect 不完美的
impossible 不可能的
g) ir-：來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)。用在以字母“r”開(kāi)始的形容詞前。如：
irregular 不規(guī)則的，不規(guī)律的
irrecoverable 能恢復(fù)的
irresponsible 不承擔(dān)現(xiàn)任的，不需負(fù)責(zé)任的
irreplaceable 不能替代的；不能恢復(fù)原狀的
c. 否定前綴表示“否定”以外的其他意義。
a) “un-”表示下列意義時(shí)來(lái)源于日耳曼語(yǔ)，可以在動(dòng)詞或名詞前構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞， 有四種意義,如：
（a)表示“做相反的動(dòng)作”如：
unsay 收回，取消（前言）
unclose 打開(kāi)
unseal 開(kāi)啟......的封印；拆（信）；使解除束縛
unarm 解除......的開(kāi)裝，繳......的械
unbuild 拆毀；摧毀
（b）表示“使喪失”，“奪去”，“廢止”如：
unseat 剝奪....的席位；使失去資格；使退位
unsex 使失去性功能；使失去性別特征（尤指女性）
vunman 使失去男子漢氣概；閹割；撤去（船只或艦隊(duì)）的人員
（c）表示“由.....解脫”“由.....取出”，如：
unhand 把手從......移開(kāi)；放掉
unbosom 吐露（心事），暴露（思想）
unearth 發(fā)掘；掘出
4)表示“徹底”，如：
unloose 松開(kāi)；解放，釋放
b) “non-”的兩種新義：
(a)“不重要的”，“無(wú)價(jià)值的”含有“假冒”，“欺騙”等意思。如：
nonbook 毫無(wú)文學(xué)價(jià)值、濫竽充數(shù)的書(shū)
non-friend 假朋友
nonperson 被認(rèn)為不存在的人：（ 由于政治或意識(shí)形態(tài)原因而）被排除在考慮之外的人（也可用unperson）
nonevent 被期望但未實(shí)現(xiàn)（或結(jié)果使人掃興）的事
(b)“缺乏傳統(tǒng)性的”。如：
non-hero=anti-hero 非傳統(tǒng)式英雄，
nonnovel 不能按傳統(tǒng)創(chuàng)作法寫(xiě)成的小說(shuō)
c)“dis-”表示“分離”、“除去”、“剝奪”，如：
discharge 卸貨；排出（氣體等）
discolour (使)變色，（使）褪色
discourage 使泄氣，使失去信心
dishearten 使失去勇氣，使沮喪 ， 使失去信心
displace 移植，轉(zhuǎn)移
d)“in”表示“在內(nèi)”，“進(jìn)”、“入”、“向”、“朝”。如：
inclose(=enclose) 圍住；圈起；關(guān)閉住
income 收入，收益
vinflow 流入
inland 內(nèi)地的，內(nèi)陸的
inside 里面，內(nèi)部
inlet 進(jìn)口，人口
e)“im-”表示“向......內(nèi)”、“向......上 ”“向......”。如：
imbed(=embed) 栽種（花等）：埋置：把......嵌入
inmigrate （從國(guó)外）移來(lái)；移居入境
immerge 浸入；專心，埋頭
impark把 （動(dòng)物）圍在園內(nèi)
immixture 混合；卷入
f)“ir”表示“進(jìn)入”、“在內(nèi)”。如：
irrigation 灌溉；水利
irruption 侵入，闖入
d. 在學(xué)習(xí)這些前綴時(shí)，必須注意以下點(diǎn)：
a)“un-”有時(shí)并不表示否定。如：
easy 容易的
uneasy 心神不安的：憂慮的：擔(dān)心的
canny 聰明的，精明的
uncanny 神秘的；怪模樣的
[注]“l(fā)oose”、“l(fā)oosen”和“unloose”、“unloosen”這四個(gè)詞的意思完全一樣，都指“松開(kāi)”；“解開(kāi)”；“解放”。
b) 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，“un-”加在本族語(yǔ)詞匯前，而“in ”加在外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞匯前。但有時(shí)候“un-”加在形容詞詞前，而“in”則加在相對(duì)應(yīng)的以拉丁語(yǔ)結(jié)尾的名詞前。如：
unable （不能的，無(wú)能的，無(wú)能為力的）--inability.
unjust （非正義的，不公正的）一injustice.
unequal （不平等的）--inequality.
c) 以“-ed”結(jié)尾的詞只跟“un-”，以“-ing”結(jié)尾的詞也跟“un-”。如：
undigested 未消化的：未充分理解的--
indigestible 無(wú)法消化的
uncompleted 為完成的
incomplete 不完全的；未完成的
undetermined 為確定的--
indeterminate 不完善的，無(wú)法決定的
irredeemable 不能贖回的，不能償還的
unceasing 不停的，不斷的
incessant 不停的，不斷的，連續(xù)的，頻繁的
undiscriminating 不加區(qū)別的，無(wú)鑒賞的--
indiscriminate 不加區(qū)別的，無(wú)選擇的。
d) “un-”和“non-”雖都是表示否定意義的前綴，但“un-”的否定語(yǔ)氣要比“non-”強(qiáng)。另在表示二者互相比較時(shí)，“non-”通常和“un-”的意思相反。如：
a non-scientific-book 一本與科學(xué)不相關(guān)的書(shū)（可能是小說(shuō)或傳記）
an unscientific book 一本科學(xué)水平低的書(shū)。
e) 要特別注意接“dis-”和“un-”的一些詞的詞性與詞義。如：
unable adj.不能的，不會(huì)的；無(wú)能力的；無(wú)能為力的
disable vt.使無(wú)能為力；使傷殘
unlike a .不同的，不相似的/prep.不象，與......不同
dislike vt./n.不喜愛(ài)，厭惡
uncover vt.揭開(kāi)......的蓋子；移......覆蓋物；使露出
discover vt.發(fā)現(xiàn)，看出
unclose vt.打開(kāi)
disclose vt.揭開(kāi)；揭發(fā)；透露，泄露
比較：
inclose vt.圍住；圈起；關(guān)閉住
[注]unarm和disarm的意思一樣，都表示“繳......的械”，“解除......的武裝”。
⒁ a. worn-out是復(fù)合形容詞在句中定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。意為“使（某物）用的不能再用，用壞或耗盡；疲憊的”。wear (sth./sb. ) out 為動(dòng)詞詞組，意為“穿壞；穿舊；用盡”。 如：
The little girl is playing with a worn-out toy.
那個(gè)小女孩在玩一個(gè)破舊的玩具。
Your suit is almost worn out.
你的西服已差不多穿舊了。
Cheap socks wear out quickly.
便宜襪子很快就會(huì)穿破。
I’m worn out by the hard work.
辛苦工作使我筋疲力盡。
This machine is worn out and will have to be replaced.
這臺(tái)機(jī)器老掉牙了，得換新的了。
I wore out two pairs of boots on the walking tour.
我徒步旅行穿壞了兩雙靴子。
Her patience was at last worn out.
她終于忍無(wú)可忍了。
Just listening to his silly chatter wears me out.
我聽(tīng)著他無(wú)聊的話把我煩透了。
They were worn out after a long day spent working in the fields.
他們?cè)诘乩锔闪艘徽斓幕睿鄣闷v不堪。
b. wear （sth./sb.）down 意為“（使某物）用薄，用壞或用舊；使（某人/物）衰弱”。如：
The tread on the tyres has been worn down to a dangerous level.
輪胎胎面花紋已經(jīng)磨損得到了能發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的地步了。
She was worn down by overwork.
她因過(guò)度勞累而跨了下來(lái)。
The strategy was designed to wear down the enemy’s resistance.
這一策略旨在逐步削弱敵人的抵抗力。
c. wear (sth.) off意為“（使某物）逐漸消失或除去”。如：
The dishwasher has worn the glaze off the china.
這些瓷器經(jīng)常用洗碗機(jī)清洗，光澤都消失了。
The novelty will soon wear off.
這種新奇的感覺(jué)很快就會(huì)消失。
The pain is slowly wearing off.
疼痛的感覺(jué)正在慢慢消退。
⒂ a. walking stick意為“拐杖”。-ing形式表示“供作……之用”（used for）的意思，這類作定語(yǔ)的-ing形式稱之為動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示名詞的屬性或事物的用途。如：
drinking water 飲用水
reading material 閱讀材料
opening speech 開(kāi)幕詞
listening aid 助聽(tīng)器
a waiting room 候車/診室
a swimming pool 游泳池
a sleeping car 臥鋪車
teaching method 教學(xué)方法
freezing point 冰點(diǎn)
fighting post 戰(zhàn)斗崗位
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
閱覽室里不準(zhǔn)大聲說(shuō)話。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我們學(xué)校有一個(gè)游泳池
b. –ing形式表示“……的”意思，稱之為現(xiàn)在分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)對(duì)被修飾詞進(jìn)行限定或描繪，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)則主要是表示被修飾詞正在做什么。如：
a walking child 走路的孩子
working people 勞動(dòng)人民
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(yáng)
the falling leaf 正在飄落的樹(shù)葉
sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家
running water 自來(lái)水
c. 單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，分詞一般說(shuō)來(lái)寫(xiě)在被修飾的名詞、代詞之前；分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞放在被修飾詞之后。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，主要說(shuō)明"正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作"或是"一個(gè)在現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常化動(dòng)作" 。另外，分詞作定語(yǔ)還有"being + 過(guò)去分詞"的形式。這種表達(dá)形式的意義是"分詞動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；但分詞動(dòng)作與其所修飾的詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系" 。如：
The man sitting in the corner is my brother.
坐在角落里的那個(gè)人是我兄弟。
The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.
站在她媽媽旁邊的那個(gè)女孩看上去很膽小。
The cloverleaf intersection being built is designed by a young man .
那座正在興建的立交橋是一位年輕人設(shè)計(jì)的。
The topics being discussed everywhere recently is concerned about the Olympics 2000 .最近到處在議論的話題都與兩千年奧運(yùn)會(huì)有關(guān)。
Who is the comrade standing by the door?
站在門(mén)邊的同志是誰(shuí)？
They lived in a house facing south.
他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
[注] –ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開(kāi)。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫(xiě)的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過(guò)去。
d. 如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no +thing/body/one所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞或指示代詞those等時(shí)，即使一個(gè)單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。如：
Is there anything unsolved?
還有沒(méi)解決的問(wèn)題嗎？
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
自從我離開(kāi)這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)以來(lái)，幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化。
There is nobody living in the old house.
老房子里沒(méi)人住。
⒃ a. failure既是可數(shù)名詞，又是不可數(shù)名詞。要通過(guò)語(yǔ)境，分析語(yǔ)義。此文中意為“失敗者、失敗的事例”是可數(shù)名詞。failure作“失敗”解時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。類似的抽象名詞還有：success, pleasure, honour, favour, surprise, help, pity, joy, delight, interest, fit, shame, etc.如：
Failure is the mother of success.
失敗是成功之母。
Success came after many failures.
寶劍鋒自磨礪出。
He was a failure as a teacher.
他不是一個(gè)好老師。
She was upset by her failure in the exam.
她因考試不及格而感到沮喪。
The project was a complete failure.
這個(gè)計(jì)劃徹底失敗了。
b. fail是failure的動(dòng)詞形式，意為“失敗，不及格”。作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用搭配有fail in 表示“在某方面不成功，考試不及格”；fail to do表示“不能，沒(méi)有”。fail作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“不能，忘記，沒(méi)有讓…通過(guò)考試;使失望,有負(fù)于等等。”如：
The student failed in the examination.
這個(gè)學(xué)生考試不及格。
I failed to understand it.
我無(wú)法理解它。
He never fails to write to his mother every week.
他每周都給母親寫(xiě)信。
She has been failing in health.
她的健康越來(lái)越差。
He failed his driving-test.
他駕駛測(cè)試不合格。
The examiners failed half the candidates.
主考官評(píng)定半數(shù)應(yīng)試者不及格。
Several banks failed during the depression.
有幾家銀行在不景氣時(shí)期倒閉了。
⒄ a. determination是名詞，意為“決心，決定；（對(duì)某事物的）確定，決心；（數(shù)量，質(zhì)量等的）測(cè)定，計(jì)算。”如：
He is a leader with courage and determination.
他是一個(gè)果敢的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
His determination to marry her is now much stronger than ever.
他想和她結(jié)婚的決心現(xiàn)在比以前更加堅(jiān)定。
She has the determination to overcome all the obstacles to success.
她有決心克服通往成功路上的一切障礙。
I appreciate her dogged determination to learn English.
我佩服她學(xué)英語(yǔ)的那種堅(jiān)定不移的決心。
I’m not sure of the determination of the ship’s position.
我對(duì)船方位的測(cè)定不是很確定。
b. determine是動(dòng)詞，意為“決定，判斷，測(cè)定；使決意；查明，確定。”如：
He determined that he would leave.
他決定離開(kāi)。
His advice determined me to delay no more.
他的勸告使我決定不再拖延。
The policeman wanted to determine all the facts.
那個(gè)警察想要查清全部事實(shí)。
She determined to go that very afternoon.
她決定就在那天下午走。
We should determine the date in time.
我們要即使定好日子。
c. determine to do與be determined to do都意為“決心做。”但前者表動(dòng)作，后者表狀態(tài)。determine on (doing) sth.意為“決定（做）某事。”如：
we are determined to get the work done before Friday.
我們決心在周五前完成這項(xiàng)工作。
We have determined to get the work done before Friday.
我們已決定在周五前完成這項(xiàng)工作。
We determined on an early start.
我們決定早出發(fā)。
⒅ a. overcome為動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞分別為overcame, overcome。意為“戰(zhàn)勝，克服；（感情等）壓倒，使受不了。”如：
He’s trying to overcome his fear of flying.
他極力克服對(duì)飛行的恐懼。
He overcome a strong temptation to run away.
他抵制了要逃跑的強(qiáng)烈誘惑。
We shall overcome.
我們一定勝利。
The old woman was overcome by gas fumes.]
那老婦人被煤氣熏倒了。
He was overcome by anger.
他因?yàn)闅鈵蓝荒茏猿帧?/p>
We’ll overcome that difficulty when we get to it.
那種困難到時(shí)候我們自有辦法解決。
She was overcome with the emotion.
她激動(dòng)得不能自持。
You must overcome your bad habits.
你必須克服你的壞習(xí)慣。
The fire was completely overcome by daybreak.
黎明時(shí)大火已被完全撲滅。
b. 動(dòng)詞詞組come over (to…) (from…)意為“（通常為遠(yuǎn)處）來(lái)到另一地”；come over sb.意為“（某種）感覺(jué)刺激或影響某人”；come over (to sth.)意為“改變立場(chǎng)或意見(jiàn)等”。如：
Why don’t you come over to England for a holiday.
你怎么不到英國(guó)來(lái)度假呢？
I will come over and see you after work.
下班后我來(lái)看你.
Her grandparents came over to America from Ireland during the famine.
她的祖父母是在饑荒時(shí)期從愛(ài)爾蘭來(lái)到美國(guó)的。
A fit of dizziness came over her.
她感到一陣頭暈?zāi)垦！?/p>
I can’t think what came over me.
我不知道我是怎么了。
She will never come over to our side.
她決不會(huì)站到我們這邊來(lái)。
⒆ a. imagine用作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“想像”“設(shè)想”。如：
Imagine that you are in London.
想像一下你正在倫敦吧。
It is difficult to imagine their sufferings.
他們的苦難是難以想像的。
Can you imagine life without electricity?
你能想像出沒(méi)有電時(shí)的生活嗎？
Imagine a house with a big garden.
設(shè)想有一所帶大花園的房子。
She imagined walking into the office and telling everyone what she thought of them.
她想像自己走進(jìn)辦公室，對(duì)每個(gè)人說(shuō)出她對(duì)他們的看法。
b. imagine作及物動(dòng)詞用，意為“料想”“設(shè)想”“想到”。如：
I can’t imagine living anywhere but England.
我很難設(shè)想到英國(guó)以外的地方去生活。
I couldn’t imagine his saying so.
我料想不到他會(huì)這樣說(shuō)。
I can’t imagine that anyone one cares what I do.
我想不也誰(shuí)會(huì)關(guān)心我的所作所為。
c. imagine用作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“猜想”“認(rèn)為”
I imagine she must be very tired after her journey
我想她旅行后一定很累。
I imagine that he’ll be there.
我想他會(huì)到那兒去。
I can’t imagine what you mean.
我猜不出你的意思。
I can’t imagine what she looks like.
我猜不出她是什么樣子。
[注] imagine 用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后的賓語(yǔ)可能是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，但不能直接接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
d. imagine與guess, suppose的區(qū)別：
imagine主要指“想像”“幻想”，側(cè)重指在腦海中形成一個(gè)清晰明確的印象，或認(rèn)為
某事物可能發(fā)生或存在。Guess意為“猜測(cè)”“臆測(cè)”，是一個(gè)較通俗的詞，側(cè)重指未
知道前的猜測(cè)。而suppose意為“想像”“推測(cè)”，側(cè)重指假設(shè)或假定中的情形。如：
I like to imagine myself flying a plane.
我喜歡想像自己駕駛飛機(jī)。
Can you guess what my weight is?
你能猜出我的體重嗎？
You have guessed right.
你猜對(duì)了。
Let’s suppose that the news is right.
讓我們假定這消息是真的。
Can you guess his age?
你能猜出有的年齡嗎？
Let us suppose that we had not helped him, what would have happened?
假定我們當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有去幫助他，會(huì)發(fā)生什么事呢？
⒇ 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
a. a boiled shoe意為“一只煮熟的鞋子”。此處boiled是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，已經(jīng)完成并具有被動(dòng)意義。有時(shí)也不表示時(shí)間性。作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般由及物動(dòng)詞變來(lái)，因?yàn)橹挥屑拔飫?dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)意義。如：
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預(yù)定的座位在哪里？
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來(lái)幫助那些無(wú)家可歸的人。
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本書(shū)是用淺顯的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的，適合初學(xué)者。
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個(gè)緊迫的問(wèn)題。
He is a teacher loved by his students.
他是個(gè)很受學(xué)生愛(ài)戴的老師。
They decided to change the material used.
他們決定更換使用的材料。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的學(xué)生是我的女兒。
b. 單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞前加一名詞或副詞，常用連字符將它們連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞，放其修飾的名詞前，作前置定語(yǔ)。分詞前加的名詞表示分詞的動(dòng)作或行為主體，所加的副詞表示方式、時(shí)間、程度、性質(zhì)等意義。如：
This is a state-owned factory.
這是一家國(guó)營(yíng)工廠。
This is our school-run factory.
這是我們的校辦工廠。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
c. 有些不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般作前置定語(yǔ)，它不表示被動(dòng)意義，只表示主動(dòng)意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成。不能像及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞那樣放在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)。這類過(guò)去分詞常作前置修飾語(yǔ)。常用的這一類詞有：fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。如：
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
This is the wounded soldier.
這就是那個(gè)受傷的戰(zhàn)士。
This is the soldier wounded in the battle.
這就是在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的戰(zhàn)士。
We needed much more qualified workers.
我們需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student.
我的朋友是個(gè)歸國(guó)的留學(xué)生。
(21) facing Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films此處是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾名詞the problem，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的作用。即the problem which faced Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示“正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作”，現(xiàn)在分詞可以單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)，也可以構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ)，但在更多的情況下是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，包括限定性和非限定性（用逗號(hào)與其他部分分開(kāi)），在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義。如：
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后來(lái)的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。
The man following was obviously in a hurry.
后面的人顯然很匆忙。
They acted just like a conquering army.
他們就象是一支侵略軍。
Do you know the man standing over there by the motorcar?
你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)站在摩托車旁邊的人嗎？
Last night, we caught a thief stealing John's bike.
昨晚有個(gè)小偷在偷約翰包的時(shí)候被我們當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住了。
（22）a. this此處為指示代詞。代替上文的he solved it by using nonverbal humour。表示“這個(gè)”、“那個(gè)”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。指示代詞有: this這個(gè); that那個(gè); these這些; those那些; it那個(gè)，這個(gè); Such如此的，如此的事物; same同樣的，同樣的事物。指示代詞this，these，that，those在句中的用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞，可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如：
This is a plane.
這是一架飛機(jī)。(作主語(yǔ))
Oh，it's not that.
噢，問(wèn)題不在那兒。(作表語(yǔ))
How do you like these?
你喜歡這些嗎?(作賓語(yǔ))
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.這是一本關(guān)于中醫(yī)的書(shū)。(作定語(yǔ))
b. 指示代詞this，these，that， those的其它用法。
a) This (these)常用來(lái)指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物，that(those)則常用來(lái)指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。如：
This is a sickle and that is an axe.
這是一把鐮刀，那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.
這些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.
在那些日子里，窮人生活很苦。
b) 有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過(guò)的事物，this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。如：
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.
我傷風(fēng)很厲害，所以我沒(méi)有來(lái)。
Those two statements are not true.
那兩種說(shuō)法是不真實(shí)的。
What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is very important in learning English.
我所要說(shuō)的是：語(yǔ)音在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中非常重要。
Chairman Mao honored Liu Hulan with these words：“A great life A glorious death”.毛主席用下面的話表彰劉胡蘭：“生的偉大，死的光榮。”
c) 有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到過(guò)的名詞，常可用that或those代替。如：
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing.
沈陽(yáng)的氣候跟北京的一樣好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.
這個(gè)縣1987年的糧食產(chǎn)量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
南京出產(chǎn)的電視機(jī)和上海的一樣好。(those代替television sets)
d) This和that有時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)用，表示“程度”，意謂“這么”和“那么”。如：
The book is about this thick.
那本書(shū)大約有這么厚。
I don't want that much.
我不要那么多。
e) 指示代詞在作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物，不能指人，如：
That is my teacher.
那是我的老師。（ that作主語(yǔ)，指人）
He is going to marry this girl.
他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。（this作限定詞）
I bought this.
我買這個(gè)。(this指物，可作賓語(yǔ))
f) That和those可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時(shí)，在作先行詞時(shí)，只有those可指人，如：
He admired that which looked beautiful.
他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
He admired those who looked beautiful.
他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
He admired those who danced well.
他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）
He admired those which looked beautiful.
他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）
c. it指人時(shí)亦用作指示代詞。指示代詞it在漢語(yǔ)中不必譯出。 如：
Who is it?
―it's me.
是誰(shuí)?
-是我。
Oh, it's you，Lao Wang.
哦，是你呀，老王。
d. such和same也是指示代詞，其單、復(fù)數(shù)的形式相同。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。如：
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外賓說(shuō)他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這樣美麗的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.
我們談的不是一回事。
Such were his words.
這就是他講的話。(作主語(yǔ))
The same can be said of the Other article.
另一篇文章也是同樣情況。(作主語(yǔ))
Take from the drawer such as you need.
你需要什么，就從抽屜里拿吧。(作賓語(yǔ))
His name and mine are the same.
他和我同名。(作表語(yǔ))
（23）a. set為動(dòng)詞，意為“設(shè)置（戲劇，小說(shuō)等）的背景”。be set in 的意思為“以……為背景;（戲劇、影片）的背景是”。如：
The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century.
這部影片是以十九世紀(jì)中葉加利福尼亞為背景的。
The novel is set in pre-war London.
這部小說(shuō)以戰(zhàn)前的倫敦為背景。
The novel is set in Shanghai in the 1930’s.
這部小說(shuō)以二十世紀(jì)三十年代的上海為背景。
The play is set in the early days of World War Two.
這個(gè)劇是以第二次世界大戰(zhàn)初期為背景的。
b. set about與set out都可表示“著手做某事”。但set about短語(yǔ)中因?yàn)閍bout為介詞，所以一般后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，不接不定式；set out后一般接不定式，不接動(dòng)名詞。set out/off還可表示“出發(fā)，動(dòng)身”。其后一般接介詞for表目的地。如：
I don’t know how to set about this job.
我不知道怎樣著手這項(xiàng)工作。
I’ll set about preparing supper.
我去做晚飯。
She set about the business of cleaning the house.
她動(dòng)手打掃起房子來(lái)。
We need to set about finding a solution.
我們得著手尋找一個(gè)解決辦法。
That winter we set out to write a history of the Party.
那年冬天，我們著手寫(xiě)一部黨史。
She set out to break the world record.
她一心努力要打破世界記錄。
They succeeded in what they set out to do.
他們實(shí)現(xiàn)了既定的目標(biāo)。
They set out on the last stage of their journey.
他們動(dòng)身踏上最后一段行程。
Then he set out/off for Paris.
然后他動(dòng)身去巴黎了。
c. set out還表示“安排，擺放，陳列”或“（有條理地）陳述、闡明”。如：
We’ll need to set out some chairs for the meeting.
我們需要為會(huì)議擺些桌子。
Her work is always very well set out.
她總是把工作安排得很有條理。
He set out his objections to the plan.
他陳述了他對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。
She set out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
她寫(xiě)了一封長(zhǎng)信說(shuō)明自己辭職的原因。
d. set的其他短語(yǔ)：
(24) a. in search of意為“搜尋，尋找”。此處的search為名詞。in (one’s) search for 和 in search of都意為“尋找”、“尋求”，在句中既可作狀語(yǔ)，也可作表語(yǔ)。注意兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)介詞的搭配，如果名詞search前帶有限定詞a，the或one’s后面一般用介詞for，如果search前不帶限定詞，后面一般用介詞of。如：
The husband joined the wife in her search for the unknown element.
丈夫和他妻子一起尋找那種未知元素。
Some birds fly south in search of winter sun.
鳥(niǎo)兒飛向南方去尋找冬日的暖陽(yáng)。
They started at once in search of the missing child.
他們馬上開(kāi)始尋找這個(gè)失蹤的孩子。
Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.
科學(xué)家們想研究出治療這種疾病的方法。
We should go in search of a cheap hotel.
我們要去找個(gè)便宜的旅館。
b. search做動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“搜尋、搜查”。search的賓語(yǔ)一般是被搜查的人或某一場(chǎng)所，而不是所要尋找的東西。search for相當(dāng)于look for。search for的賓語(yǔ)一般為要找的東西，而不是被搜查的人或場(chǎng)所。如：
We searched around for hours, but couldn’t find the book.
我們各處找了半天，卻找不到那本書(shū)。
The policeman searched the woods for escaped prisoners.
警察搜查樹(shù)林尋找逃犯。
The police searched her for drugs.
警察搜查她，看她身上是否有毒品。
I searched my memory, but couldn’t remember her name.
我想來(lái)想去也想不起她的名字。
I searched through the drawers for the missing papers.
我翻遍抽屜尋找遺失的文件。
The villagers are searching for the missing child.
村民們正在搜尋那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。
Mary searched the dictionary for the use of a word.
瑪麗在詞典中尋找一個(gè)單詞的用法。
They searched every room for the missing papers.
他們?cè)诿恳粋�(gè)房間搜尋丟失的文件。
The policeman searched the thief to see what he had in his pockets.
那個(gè)警察對(duì)小偷搜身，看他口袋里有什么東西。
(25) a. panning for gold此處為動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)，意為“淘金”。pan此處為動(dòng)詞, 意為“用淘盤(pán)淘”。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。如：
Our work is serving the people．
們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps．
他的愛(ài)好是集郵。
Seeing is believing.
眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
My hobby is growing flowers.
我的業(yè)余愛(ài)好是種花.
What I thought most was going to France.
我考慮得最多的是去法國(guó).
My favorite sport is playing table tennis.
我喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是打乒乓球.
b. 動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作表語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特性, 稱之為現(xiàn)在分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞。能夠用于表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞常見(jiàn)的有：amusing 有趣的; astonishing 令人驚訝的; confusing 迷惑的; discouraging 令人喪氣的; disappointing 令人掃興的; couraging 令人鼓舞的; exciting 令人興奮的; interesting 有趣的; missing 不見(jiàn)的; moving 動(dòng)人的; promising 大有希望的; shocking 令人震驚的; puzzling 莫名其妙的; surprising 令人奇怪的。如:
The colour is pleasing to the eyes.
這種顏色悅目。
The film is frightening.
這部電影很嚇人。
Traveling is interesting but tiring．
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The argument is very convincing．
他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
c. 分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite，interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”；過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式。凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說(shuō)，若人對(duì)……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...；若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見(jiàn)的有：
interesting使人感到高興 interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的 excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的 delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的 puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的 satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的 surprised感到驚異的